01: 



A 



Issued Aug. U, 1917. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 

CONTRIBUTION FROM THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, L. O. HOWARD, CHIEF, 

IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL 

BOARD, C. L. MARLATT, CHAIRMAN. 



A MANUAL 



OF 



DANGEROUS INSECTS 

LIKELY TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE 

UNITED STATES THROUGH 

IMPORTATIONS. 



EDITED BY 



W. DWIGHT PIERCE, 

Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFIOE. 

19Lf 




^.- 



U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Frontispiece. 




Different Stages of the Gipsy Moth (Porthetria dispar). 

Egg mass on center of twig; female moth ovipositing just lielow: female moth below, at left, 
enlarged: male moth, somewhat reduced, immediately above- female moth immediately above, 
somewhat reduced: male moth with wings folded in upper left: male chrysalis at right of this: 
female chrysalis again at right; larva at center. (Howard and Fiske.) 



Issued Aug. 15, 1917. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 

CONTRIBUTION FROM THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, L. O. HOWARD, CHIEF, 

IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL 

BOARD, C. L. MARLATT, CHAIRMAN. 

A MANUAL 

OF 

DANGEROUS INSECTS 

LIKELY TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE 

UNITED STATES THROUGH 

IMPORTATIONS. 



EDITED BY 



W. DWIGHT PIERCE, 

Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1917 






d; of D. 
OCT 22 1917 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRO- 
DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTATIONS. 



This publication has been prepared in the Bureau of Entomology 
at the request of and in cooperation with the Federal Horticultural 
Board to supply such information as is required by its officers 
and others in the enforcement of quarantines and the safe- 
guarding of this country against foreign insect pests. It should 
assist materially in preventing the introduction of additional pests 
like the gipsy moth, boll weevil, and alfalfa weevil. Only a brief 
sketch can be given of each of the more important species. The 
plants making up the commerce in vegetable products are arranged 
alphabetically by the American common name, with the scientific 
name following. It is believed that this arrangement is most con- 
venient for inspectors. A brief sketch of certain important facts 
concerning each plant is also given. 

The arrangement under each plant of the insects in two or more 
categories, A, B, etc., is merely one of convenience. Under A are 
grouped the better known insects, or those concerning which there 
is available literature. This category especially contains pests 
which are easily imported. LTnder B are listed many important 
pests, possibly sometimes more important than those listed in A and 
often just as readily introduced. They are merely listed because 
full descriptive matter was not available and for other similar reasons. 
In later editions probably many of these pests will merit fuller 
discussion. 

It is not to be expected that inspectors will attempt to make final 
determinations with the aid of this work. In fact, it would be very 
unwise to do so. The book is merely to indicate to inspectors and 
entomologists the insects likely to be found associated with impor- 
tations. 

The references to foreign literature under the species give the best 
or most easily available source of additional information. Tables 
and keys to species could not possibly be included in a work of this 
kind. It is expected that the inspector, on finding important insects 
not already familiar to him, will immediately transmit specimens to 
the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, for reference to the 
proper authorities or to other competent specialists in the groups to 
which the insects belong. 



4 A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

This compilation was only possible by the cooperation of all the 
divisions of the Bureau of Entomology, some of which prepared the 
matter in the form in which it now appears. The editor therefore 
wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. C. L. Marlatt, W. D. 
Hunter, A. D. Hopkins, the late F. M. Webster, F. H. Chittenden, 
A. L. Quaintance, W. K. Walton, E, R. Sasscer, Jacob Kotinsky, 
Dwight Isely, H. L. Sanford, and R. W. Rust for the collection of the 
notes on the insect enemies of the crops investigated by them, 
and of Messrs. W. R. Walton, Harry B.- Bradford, and the late J. F. 
Strauss in the preparation of the illustrations. 

The lists of insects included in this manual are necessarily incom- 
plete, and no doubt important species have been omitted. Fre- 
quently the literature on dangerous species is so meager as to make 
it impossible to conclude as to the importance of the species. 

Regarding the nomenclature, it should be remembered that this 
work is strictly a compilation. Many of the names will undoubtedly 
be changed as the result of future studies. The ones used, however, 
are the ones current in European literature. To have attempted to 
make the nomenclature more exact would have involved practically 
the revision of many large groups of insects. This would have been 
entirely impracticable and would have delayed publication of the 
manual for years. Moreover it would have resulted in a publication 
which inspectors would have had difficulty in using on account of the 
fact that the literature accessible to them would have, in many 
cases, used other names. In order to make future editions of this 
handbook more useful, the bureau will be greatly obliged for criticism, 
additions, and recommendations as to treatment. 

The majority of the insect pests in the United States which now 
occasion the greatest damage to orchard, field, and garden crops and 
to stored products and in homes, etc., are of foreign origin, and were 
introduced with the host plants or accidentally in the course of com- 
merce. Such introductions of new pests are going on all the time, 
as illustrated by such recent arrivals as the Argentine ant in New 
Orleans and the alfalfa leaf weevil in Utah. The list of over 100 
introduced insect pests given below illustrates the nature of the 
most important of these introductions in the past. This handbook 
contains the names of hundreds of other insects which now occur in 
different parts of the world and which are liable to be introduced at 
any time with nursery stock or in merchandise or as accidental guests 
or stowaways on ships or in baggage. It also includes a considerable 
number of introduced pests which are not now generally distributed 
and which therefore should be guarded against both as to further 
entry and to further distribution witliin the United States. 

Throughout the work species which have been introduced into the 
United States are marked with an asterisk (>|c) and the fact of the 



LIST OF INTRODUCED FOREIGN INSECTS. 5 

introduction is mentioned. Many of the most important introduced 
insects are omitted because they are now so generally distributed 
that the importation of a few additional individuals will have no 
effect upon the existing economic conditions. 

LIST OF IMPORTANT FOREIGN INSECTS WHICH HAVE BEEN 
INTRODUCED INTO THE UNITED STATES. 

MITES (ACARINA). 

Orange rust mite or lemon mite. Eriophyes oleivorus Ashmead. (See Citrus.) 

Grape blister mite. Eriophyes vitis Landois. (See Grape.) 

Pear leaf blister mite. Eriophyes pyri Pagenstaecker. (See Pear.) 

Plum blister mites. Eriophyes phlaocoptcs Nalepa and E. padi Nalepa. (See Plum.) 

Potato root mite. Rhizoglyphus ( Ctepophagus) echinopvs Fumouzc and Pobin. (See Potato.) 

THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA). 

Onion thrips. Thrips tabaci Lind. 

Pear thrips. Tseniothrips pyri Daniel. 

Red-banded thrips. Heliothrips rubrocirictus CAard. (See Fruits.) 

SCALES, BUGS, APHIDS (HEMIPTERA). 

San Jos^ scale. A spidiotus perniciosus Comstock. 

Apricot scale. Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio. (See Apricot.) 

Greedy scale. Aspidiotus camdlix Signoret (rapax Comstock). (See Asparagus.) 

Box scales. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi Morgan, Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead, and Pin- 

naspis bun Bouchf'. (Sec Box.) 
Catalpa scale. Diaspis pentagonaTetrgioni. (See Catalpa.) 

Citrus scales. Aspidiotus orientalis Newstead and Parlatoria zizyphus Lucas. (See Citrus.) 
Coconut palm scale. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock. (See Coconut palm.) 
Fig scales. Conchaspis angrseci Cockerell and Lepidosaphes ficus Signoret. (See Ficus.) 
Hawthorn scales. Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni. (See Hawthorn.) 

Mango scales. Coccus mangiftrx Green and Lcucaspis indica Marlatt. (See pi. I, fig. 1.) (See Mango.) 
Oak scales. Astcrolecanium variolosum Ratzeburg. (See Oak.) 
Orchid scales. Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis Cockerell, ParZa^oria proteus Curtis, and P. pseudaspidiotus 

Lindinger. (See Orchid.) 
Pear scale. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ostrexformis Curtis. (See Pear.) 
Rose scale. Leucaspis japonica Cockerell. (See Rose.) 
Sago palm scale. Diaspis zamiae Morgan. (See Sago Palm.) 
Sugar-cane mealy-bug. Pseudococcus texcnsis Trnsley. (See Sugar cane.) 
Black scale. Saissetia olex Barnard. 
Fluted scale. Icerya purchasi Maskell. (See pi. n, flg. 2.) 
Oystershell scale. Lepidosaphes ulmi hinnxus. 
Purple scale of the orange. Lepidosaphes beckii Newman. 
Hop aphis. Phorodon humuli Schrank. 
Spinach aphis, Myzus persicx Sulzer. 
Cabbage aphis, Aphis brassicx Linnaeus. 
Melon aphis. Aphis gossypii Glover. 
Pea aphis, Macrosiphum pisi Kaltenbach. 
B?an aphis, Aphis rumicis Liim^us. 
Wheat plant louse. Aphis avenx Fabricius. 
Pear-tree psylla. Psylla pyricola Forster. 
Tarnished plant-bug. Lygus pra.tensis Linnaeus. 
Cotton stainer. Dysdercus suturellus Herrich-Schaeffer. (See Cotton.) 

BEETLES (COLEOPTERA). 

Beet carrion beetle. Blitophaga opaca Linnaeus. (See Beet.) 

Red-legged ham beetle. Necrobia rufipes De Geer. 

Leather beetles. Dermestes vulpinus Fabricius and D.frischi Kugelarm. 

Pear borer. Agrilus sinuatus Olrvier. (See Pear.) 

Confused flour beetle. Tribolium confusum Duv. 

Saw-toothed grain beetle. Silvanus surinamensis Linnaeus. 

Calslle or bolting-cloth beetle, Tenebrioides mauritanicus Linnaeus. 



6 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Lesser grain-borer, Rhizopertha dominica Fabrieius. 

Drug-store beetle, Sitodrepa panicea Linnaeus. 

Cigarette beetle, Lanioderma. serricorne Fabrieius. 

Rust-red flour beetle, Triholium ferrugineum Fabrieius. 

Poplar borer. Saperda carcharias Liangdus. (See Poplar.) 

Willow leaf-beetle. Phyllodecta vitellinae LinnEeus. (See Willow.) 

Elm leaf-beetle. Oalerucella luteola Miiller. 

Crucifer leaf-beetles. Phyllotreta vittata Fabrieius and P. armoracix Koch. (See Crueifer.) 

California grape rootworm. Adoxus obscurus hinnasus. (See Grape.) 

Beet tortoise beetle. Cassida nebulosa hinnseus. (See Beet.) 

Asparagus beetle. Crioceris asparagi hinnmus. (See Asparagus.) 

Asparagus beetle. Crioceris IS-punctata Unmsxis. (See Asparagus.) 

Bean weevils. Mylabris^ rufimanus Boheinan, M. pisorum Linnaeus, M. lentis Froliehs, Acanthoscelides 

obtectus Say, Pachymerus chinensis Linnaeus, P. quadrimaculatus Fabrieius. (See Beans.) 
The poplar and willow curculio. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnasus. (See Alder, Birch, Poplar.) 
Austrian alfalfa leaf weevil. Hypera vieles Fahncias. (See Alfalfa.) 
The clover leaf weevil. Hypera punctata FahTicius. (See Alfalfa.) 
The alfalfa weevil. Hypera postica Gyllenhal. (See Alfalfa.) 

Clover leaf weevils. Hypera meles Fabiicius and Hypera nigrirostris FahTicius. (See Clover.) 
Broad-nosed grain weevil. Caulophilus latinasus Say. (See Avocado.) 
Root weevils. Polydrusus sericeus Schaller and P. viridicollis Baudi. (See Beech.) 
Coffee-bean weevil. Arxcerus fasciculatus De Geer. (See Corn.) 
Sweet-potato weevil. Cylas formicarius Fabrieius. 

Clover root weevils. Sitona flavescens Marsh and Sitona hispidula Fabrieius. (See Clover.) 
Strawberry root weevil. Brachyrhinus ovatus Linnfeus {Otiorhynchus). (See Conifers.) 
Grain weevils. Calendra granaria himixus and C. oryza hinnieus. (See Com.) 
Grape root weevil. Brachyrhinus sulcatus Fabrieius. (See Grape.) 
Fruit-tree hark beetle. Scolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg. 

MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA). 

The gipsy moth. P orthetria dispar 'LinmBus. (See Forests.) 

The cotton bollworm. Chloridea obsolela Fabrieius. 

The beet army worm. Laphygma exigua Hiibner ( Caradrina). 

The apple moth. Argyresthia conjugellaZeller. (See Apple.) 

Horse-chestnut borer. Zeuzera pyrina Linnfeus. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Beech tor tricid. Peroneaferrugana Treitschke. (See Beech, Birch.) 

Hawaiian beet webworm. Hymeniafascialis Cramer. (See Beet.) 

Beet worm. Plusia gamma Linnaeus. (See Beet.) 

Diamond-back moth. Plutella macuUpennis Curtis. (Attacks turnip, cabbage, cauliflower.) 

Cabbage webworm. Hellula undalis Fabrieius. 

Celery leaf-tyer. Phlyctsenia ferrugalis Hiibner. 

European pine-shoot moth. Evetria buoliana Schiffermiller. (See Conifers, C.) 

Pine bud and gall moths. Evetria turionana Hiibner; E. pinivorana Zeller; E. duplana Hiibner. (See 

Conifers, C.) 
Brown-tail moth. Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus. (See Forests.) 
Pea moth. Laspeyresia nigricana Stephens. (See Pea.) 
Sugar-cane borer. Diatrxa saccharalis Fabriuius. (See Sugar cane.) 
Mediterranean flour moth. Epheatia Tiuehniclla Zeller. 
Imported cabbage butterfly. Pontia rapx Linnaeus. 
Angoumois grain moth. Sitotroga cerealclla Olivier. 
Codling moth. Laspeyresia pomonella Linnaeus. 
European ijrain moth. Tinea granella Linntx'us. 
Indian-meal moth, Plodia inter punctella Hiibner. 
Fig moth, Epheslia cautclla Walker. 
Cutworros, Pcridroma, Agrotis, Feltia, etc. 

SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA). 

Coniferous sawfly. Diprion simile B.ari\g. (See Conifers, B.) 

Currant worm. Pteronidea ribesii Scopoli. 

Rose sawfly, Cladius pectinicornis Fouc. 

Larch sawfly, Ncmalus crichsoni Hartis;. ' 

Rose sawfly Caliroa aethiops Fabrieius. 

Plum sawfly, Eriocampoides limacina Retzius. 

Elm sawfly, Fcnusa dohrnii Tischbein. 

1 The generic name Mylabris Geoffroy 1762 has precedence over Laria Scopoli and Bruchus Linnaeus 
as used for the bean weevils and is the name which should be followed in future litesature.— W. D. 
Pierce. 



INSECTS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO IMPORTATION. 7 

FLIES (DIPTERA). 

Imported cabbage maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) brassicse Bouch6. 

Seed-com maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) fusciceps Zetterstedt. 

Grain gall midge. Contarinia tritici Kii'by. (See Grains.) 

Hessian fly. Phytophaga destructor Say (Mayetiola). (See Grains.) 

Pear gall midge. Contarinia pyrivora Riley. (See Pear.) 

Imported onion maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) cepetorum Medde. 

Spinach leaf miner. Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami Linnaeus (vidua Lintner). 

INSECTS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO IMPORTATION AT ANY 

TIME. 

There are certain groups of insects which are uniformly injurious 
and can not therefore be given full justice in a bulletin of this type. 
These insects should be especially guarded against and excluded on 
general principles, whether incriminating evidence is found or not. 

TERMITES (TERMITID^). 

There have been several cases of introduction of termites ijito the United States, 
notable among which was the importation of Leucotermes lvx:ifugus Rossi in packing 
boxes from Germany. The termites are uniformly injurious to wood and plant 
growth and may be imported in any type of wood, whether in the form of nursery 
stock, lumber, or manufactiu'ed product. A list of species is to be found in Wyts- 
man's Genera Insectorum by Desneux (1903). 

THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA). 

The tiny fringe-winged thrips are very destructive to many crops, and should 
always be guarded against. 

SCALE INSECTS (COCCID^). 

These tiny insects are inconspicuous and the greatest of care is necessary on the 
part of inspectors to prevent their introduction. This family may be considered, as 
a whole, a most undesirable group of insects. Many species have already been in- 
troduced and become serious pests. Reference to Mrs. Fernald's Catalogue of Coc- 
cidce as well as Technical Bulletins 12 and 16 of the Bureau of Entomology will 
give full data as to literature. L. Lindinger, in his "Die Scliildlause (Coccidse)," 
gives tables to the species of European scale insects attacking each plant. All names 
of scale insects used in this bulletin have been verified by Mr. E. R. Sasscer. Several 
genera of scales are illustrated on plates i-v to assist in determination. Some of the 
species illustrated are not treated in the text, although congeneric species are. 

WHITE FLIES (ALEYRODID^). 

The tiny white flies are very apt to slip in past even a zealous inspector. The 
flattened scalelike larvjse of some species look so much like the plant tissue that they are 
easily overlooked. The active little white-winged adults fly so quickly that rough 
handling would tend merely to disperse them and increase the dangers of introduction. 
Kirkaldy in 1907 issued a world checklist in Bulletin 2, Hawaii Board of Commis- 
sioners Agriculture and Forestry. (See Technical Bull. 27, of the Bureau of Ento- 
mology and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 2156.) 

RED SPIDERS; MITES (ACARINA). 

These tiny eight-legged creatures are not insects, but so closely related that they 
are generally treated as such. The red spiders are exceedingly minute and occur 
on almost every type of vegetation. As their rate of multiplication is very rapid 



8 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

they have become serious pests to agriculture. There are a number of four-legged 
blister mites of great importance and yet so small that they can only be seen with a 
very high power lens. 

BARKBEETLES (SUPERFAMILY SCOLYTOIDEA: FAMILIES IPID^, 
SCOLYTOPLATYPODID^, SCOLYTID^, AND PLATYPODID.*). 

All of the bark beetles, ambrosia battles and other members of this family are 
more or less injurious to tree growth, forest products, tree seeds, fruits, etc., and 
species known to be injurious must be carefully guarded against. These beetles 
are small, cylindrical with elbowed and clubbed antennae. The head is without 
or with very short beak and the submentum is without a gular peduncle. In Ipidse 
and Scolytidae (Hopkins's classification) the first joint of the tarsus is shorter than the 
others combined, while in Platypodidse the first joint is as long or longer than the 
others. They all bore in the plant tissue to deposit their eggs and their burrows 
or galleries are characteristic of groups, genera, and species. The food consists of 
plant tissue except in the ambrosia beetles where it consists of so-called ambrosia 
fungi. Genera Insectorum has issued a fascicle on Ipidae=Superfamily Scolytoidea 
of Hopkins,' with catalogue of species of the world. 

BEAN WEEVILS (MYLABEID^— BRUCHIDiE, LARIID^E). 

The seed weevils or bruchids breed almost entirely in the seeds of plants, especially 
of the bean and pea family. They are uniformly injurious and should he excluded. 
These beetles are usually small and either oval or elongate, with the head carried in a 
downward position and with the antennae often pectinate or plumose. The elytra do 
not completely cover the abdomen. A catalogue of the Mylabridae (Bruchidse) has 
been issued by Junk. 

CUTWORMS; ARMY WORMS (NOCTUID^). 

Several species of cutworms and army worms have already become world wide in 
their distribution through their strong flying ability and by commerce. As the larvse 
are very generally destructive and not at all exclusive in food habits, they need to be 
carefully guarded against. Larvse may be transported anywhere on the ships. Cirphis 
unipunda Haworth, the army worm; Spodoptera mauntia Boisduval, the grass army 
worm, and Agrotis ypsilon Rottenburg, the greasy cutworm, are practically cos- 
mopolitan. A discussion of most of the injurious species will be found in Sorauer's 
Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 348-374. 

WEEVILS. RHYNCHOPHORA— COLEOPTERA. 

The experience of the last few years m the quarantine of horticul- 
tural products has shown that one of the groups most likely to intro- 
duction is the group of weevils which comprise a large section of the 
order Coleoptera. 

Owing to the development of many species of weevils in the roots, 
stems, and fruit of almost every type of plant known, it is very easy 
to introduce them in immature stages in such a manner that they may 
take hold and attack the introduced plant. Owing to the necessity 
of determining practically all of the weevils introduced by a search 
through foreign literature a majority of the species so far introduced 

iTech. Sferies 17, part II, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agric, 1915. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate I. 





Dangerous Scale Insects. 

The mango scale {*Leucaspis indici), upper figures. The haekberry scale (*Lecaniodiaspis ceUidis), 
lower figures. (Original, Sasscer.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate II. 






Dangerous Scale Insects. 

Fig 1.— The bamboo scale (Chionaspis graminis). Fig. 2.— The fluted scale (*Icerya purchasi). 
Fig. 3.— The citrus scale {*Pseudococcus citri). Fig. 4.—* Coccus hesperidum, a scale of citrus, 
tea, and palms. (Original, Sasscer.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate III. 




Australian Scale Insects. 

Fig. 1. — The cordyline scale (Leucaspis cordylinidis). Figs. 2, 3.— A scale (Lepidosaphes pallens), 
of Xanthorrhoea. Fig. 4. — A scale {Chionaspis nitida) of Daviesia corymbosa. (Original 
Sasscer.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate IV, 




Dangerous Scale Insects. 

Fig. 1.— The Atriplex scale (PuU-inaria maskelli). Fig. 2.— A scale {*Orthezia insignis) of citrus, 
tea, etc. Fig. 3.— The plum and peach scale {Lecanium prunastri). (Original, Sasscer.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate V. 




"'"•ic^ sjnig^ .^ifc*.. 'If^ 






r;j»-. 



"i^^^x^vJ-J^ ^ *^- 



> l^*#l^» 



i^r^^-'-^ 



'r-it'Kn^- 



"^- 



Dangerous Scale Insects. 

Fig. 1. — The cosmopolitan tea and olive scale {*FioTinia theae). Fig. 2. — The Mexican agave scale 
( Chrysomphalus agavis). Fig. 3. — The date palm scale (Parlatoria blanchardi). (Original, Sasscer.) 



ACACIA INSECTS. 9 

have not been determined or described. For this reason many im 
portant species are not included in the present edition. 

The larvae of weevils are white or yellowish with a aark head 
shield and are usually found in a more or less curved position. Most of 
them are rather robust and with a very few exceptions have no legs 
or rudiments thereof. 

The pupa can always be distinguished by the presence of the beak 
lying flattened between the legs. 

The adult weevils are distinguished by the prolongation of the head 
into a beak. This may be very short and broad or very long and 
slender. They are furthermore characterized by having the tarsi 
four-jointed. Inspectors are urged to take every possible precaution 
against the introduction of any species of weevils and where imma- 
ture or adult stages are found they should immediately place them in 
alcohol and send them to Washington for determination. 

DANGEROUS FOREIGN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRO- 
DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTA- 
TIONS, ARRANGED BY HOST PLANTS. 

ACACIA; WATTLES. 

(Acacia spp. Family Leguminosse.) 

This genus contains several hundred species distributed throughout the world in 
semitropical and temperate climates. The gum arabic of commerce is derived from 
Acacia Senegal; a drug of commerce is obtained from the wood of A. catechu; a soap 
or hair wash from A. concinna; others furnish dyes, fiber, scented wood, or valuable 
timber. A number of species of this genus or very nearly related to it grow in our 
Southern States. 

IMPORTANT ACACIA PESTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldse. 

Armored— 

Aspidiotus (Targionia) acacix Morgan; New South Wales, Tasmania; Acacia pycnantha. 

Aspidiotus tasmanix Green; Australia. 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) guadriareolata Malenotti; Africa; A. asak, 

Fiorinia acacise Maskell; Australia, New Zealand; A. pycnantha, A. pulchella, A. longifolia. 

Lepidosaphes acacix Maskell; Australia; A . linifolia. 

Lepidosaphes spinifera Maskell; Australia; A.pendula. 

Lepidosaphes somalensi^ JAsdenotti; East Africa; A. asak. 

Protodiaspis anomala Green; Australia. 

Pseudotargionia glandulosa'Newstea.A; Egypt; A.arabica. 
Unarmored — 

Akermes scrobiculatus Maskell; Australia. 

Akermes levis Maskell; Australia; A. longifolia. 

Asterolecanium ventruosum Maskell; Australia. 

Ceroplastes erithrxus Leonardi; Africa. 

Ceroplastes mimosx Signoret; Egypt; A. arabica. 

Cryptes baccatus Maskell; Australia; A . armata, A . calamifolia, A . linearis. A . longifolia. A . melanoxylon 

Epicoccus acacix Maskell; West Australia; A . pulchella. 

Kermes acacix Maskell; Australia. 

Lecaniodiaspis acacix Maskell; West Australia; attacks A. calamifolia, A. cyanophylla, A. micro- 
botrya, and A . longifolia. 

Lecaniodiaspis africana Newstead; Egypt; A. arabica. 

Lecaniodiaspis dilatata Froggatt; Australia; A . discolor. 

Psevdococcus acacix Maskell; Australia; A. linearis, Albizzia lophania. 



10 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Coccidse— Continued. 

Unarmored— Continued. 
Pseudococcus albizzix MaskoU; Australia, Hawaii; A. dealbata, A. discolor, A. haileyana. 
Pseudococcus farnesianx Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy; A. farnesiana. This is the huisache of the United 

States and is here known as Vachellia farnesiana. 
Pseudococcus swezeyi 'EhrhOTn; Hawaii; A.koa. 
Pseudococcus nitidus Brain; South Africa; A . caffra. 

Pseudococcus quaesitus Brain; South Africa; A. caffra, A. robusta, A. horrida. 
Pseudococcus soUtarius Brain; South Africa. 

Pseudococcus ftlamentosus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mauritius, Hawaii, Japan; attacks A . arabica in Egypt, 
Rhizococcus lobatulatus; Australia; A. pendula. 
Saisscfiu mirifica Maskell; Australia; A. pendula, 
Sphseroeoccus acacix Maskell; Australia. 
Tachardia acaciss Maskell; Australia; A . greggii. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidae. 

Melobasis splendida Donovan; Australia; breeds in dead branches of Acacia longifoUa. 

■ Scarabaeidse. 

Diphucephala aurulenta Kirby; Australia; attacks foliage of black wattle. 
Heterorhina hookeri White; India; attacks foliage of ^cacin catoftw. ' 

Melolontha Mppocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots ol seed 
lings. 

Polyphylla fullo Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of seedlings and adults attack foliage. 

Cerambycidae. 

Ccelosterna spinator Fabricius; India; bores in shoots of ^ . arabica. 

Lygesis mendica Pascoe; Australia; bores in twigs of black wattle. 

Pachydissus sericus Newman; Australia; breeds in trunks and branches of A . longifoUa, A . decurrens. 

Piesarihrius marginellus Hope; Australia; breeds in wood of A. longifoUa. 

Sternotomis bohemani Chevrolat; German East Africa. 

Symphyletes neglectus; Australia; girdles branches of A . longifoUa. 

Symphyletes nigrovirens; Australia; A.juniperina. 

Symphyletes vesUgialis; Australia. 

Uracanthus triangularis Hope; Australia; attacks branches of black wattle. 

Uracanthus strigosus, U. bivittata and U . simulans; Australia; attack A. longifoUa. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Elaphodestigrinv^; Australia; defoliator. 

Paropsis picea Oliver; Australia; attack foliage of black wattle. 

Curculionidae (sens. lat.). 

Chrysolophus spectabilis Fabricius; Australia; black wattle. 

Leptops tribulus Fabricius; Australia; black wattle. 

Ehinotia hxmoptera Kirby; Australia; breeds in stems ol Acacia suaveolens. 

Myllocerus acaciae; India. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidae. 

Zeuzera eucalypti Boisduval, a goat moth; Australia; bores in the thicker branches and trunk of living 
tte^soi Acacia decurrens. 

Geometridae. 

Biston suppressarius Gn., a defoliator; India; attac'ks Acacia catechu, and A. modesta, as well as other 

trees. 
Euchloris submissaria Walker, Lophodes sinistraria Guer. and Selidosema lyciaria Gn. attacks the foliage 

of black wattle in Australia. 
Selidosema excursaria and Thalaina clara Walker attack the foliage of wattles in Australia. 

Hepialidae. 

Pileus hyalinatus breeds at the roots of wattles in Australia. 
Charagia lignivora Lewin; Australia. (See Apple.) 

Lyman triidae. 

Teia anartoides Walker, the wattle moth; Australia; skeletonizes foliage. (See Fruit.) 
Teara contraria Walker; Australia; defoliates. 



INSECTS OF ACACIA AND ALDER. 11 

Xyloryctidae. 

Cryptophaga rubriginosa; Australia; bores in twigs. 

Tortricldae. 

Argyroploce illepida Bxihl.; Australia; India; Ceylon; Africa; attacks seed pods of .4 cada/arnesi'ana. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Formlcldae (sens. lat.). 

Camponotus Ugniperdn Latreille; an ant; Europe; attacks living wood. 

LITERATURE. 

SoEAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

Feoggatt. Australian Insects. 

LiNDiNGER. L. Die Sehildlause (Coccidse). 1912. 

Fernald, Maria E. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 88. 1903. 

ALDER. 

(Alnus spp. Family Betulacese.) 

Hardy ornamental trees and shrubs grown in Asia, Europe, North America, and 
South America. Alnus rubra is the most important timber tree. The genus is not 
attacked by many very serious pests, but any of the wood borers, especially, might 
become serious when transported to another country in nursery stock. Several 
pests have gained admission to the United States in some manner. These are indicated 
by an asterisk. 

A. AN ALDER PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Coleophora fuscedlnella Zell. 

(Alder Bud Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Alder. 

Injury: Attacks buds and foliage. 

Description and biology: Adult moth with wing expanse 10-13 mm., forewings dark 
brownish gray, in the male with a little yellowish; hind wings dark gray. Egg over- 
winters in buds. Larva chocolate brown, head and thoracic shield black; third and 
fourth pairs of prolegs rudimentary. Feeds in buds and on foliage. Pupates in case. 

Distribution: Germany. 
NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. p. 433. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ALDER PESTS. 

ACARINA. 
Eriophyidae. 

Eriophyes laevis Nalepa, a blister gall mite; England; on leaves of Alnus glutinosa. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Acridiidae. 

Podisma alpina Koll., a green grasshopper of the mountain sections of Europe, Amur, and Japan; 
very destnictive at times. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Psyllidae. 

Psylla alni Linnaeus, a sucking bug; Germany; breeds on the leaves. 

Coccidse. 

Phenacoccus aceris Signoret; Europe; attacks Alnus glutinosa, and A. incana. 

Pulvinaria betulae alni Douglas; England; attacks Alnus glutinosa. 

Lecahium caprese Linnaeus; England. 

Lecanium corni Bouch6; Eiu^ope; attacks Alnus incana. 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; attacks A. glutinosa and A. incana. 

Ckionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe, Egypt; attacks Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, and A. viridis. 

Hemichionaspis sp.; Japan. 

Aspidiotis ( Targionia) alni Marchal; France; attacks Alnus glutinosa. 



12 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xestobium rufovillosum De Geer, a brown wood-boring beetle; Europe; injures the wood for technica 

purposes. 
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus, a shining dark-brown wood-boring beetle; Europe; injures the wood 

for technical purposes. 

Buprestidae. 

:^Agrilus viridis Linnaeus, a greenish wood-boring beetle; Europe; bores in the wood of stems and 
branches. (See Oak.) 
Lampra rutilans Fabricius (Paecilonota) , a yellowish-red wood-boring beetle with greenish or bluish 
shimmer; Europe; bores in the bast and sapwood of branches. 

Scarabaelrtae. 

Anomala grandis Hope, a large bright-green beetle; India; adult strips leaves, larvfe at roots of 

A Inus nepalensis. 
Mclolontha hippocastani Fabricius, a large May beetle; Europe; gnaws roots. 
Melolontha mclolontha Linnseus, a large May beetle; Europe; gnaws roots. 

Cerambycidse. 

Oberea linearis Liimaeus, a long-horned wood-borer; Europe; attacks nursery stock especially. 
Chrysomelidae. 

Agelastica alni Linnaeus, a blue leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize foliage. 

Haltica quercetorum Foudr., a metallic blue or green leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize 

foliage. (See Oak.) 
Melasoma xnea Linnaeus, a leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize leaves. 

Attelabidae. 

Apodcrus coryli Linnaeus, a long-necked weevil; Europe; adults roll leaves into nests for young. 

Rhynchitldae. 

Byctiscus betulx Linnaeus, a metallic blue or green leaf-rolling weevil; Europe. 
Rhynchites betulx Linnaeus, a brown or black leaf-rolling weevil; Europe. 

Curcullonidae. 

^ Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus, a weevil; Europe, and introduced into the United States; bores in 
young shoots, branches, bark, and wood. It attacks also poplars and willows in the Eastern United 
States and is an important pest. 
Hylobius abietis Linnaeus, an elongate weevil; Europe; bores in bark of seedlings. 
Orchestes alni Linnaeus, a jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves. 
Orchcstes testaceus scutellaris Zetterstedt, a jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves. 

Scolytidae. 

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius, a small wood-boring beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in wood. 
Dryoccetes alni Georg, a bark beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in bark and sapwood. 
TrypophlcEus alni Lindemann,a bark beetle; Europe; breeds in galleries in bark and sapwood of 

Alnus incana. 
Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus, an ambrosia beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in wood and 
sapwood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tortricidse. 

Peronea ferrugana S. V., a greenish leaf-feeding larva; Europe, North America. 

Cossldse. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus, a goat moth; Europe; bores in the wood. (See Willow.) 
:^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, a white moth; Europe, Africa, North America; bores in the wood. This is 
an important pest. (See Horse chestnut.) 

Sesiidse. 

Sesia culiciformis Linnaeus, a clear-winged moth; Europe; bores in bark and stumps of branches. 
Sesia spheciformis Gerning, a clear -winged moth; Europe; bores in wood. 

Geometridre. 

Anisopteryx xscularia Schiffermiller, a greenish measuring- worm; Europe: feeds on foliage. 
Larenfia dilutata Borckh., a measuring-worm; Central Eiu"ope; feeds on foliage. 

Lymantriidae. 

Dasychira pudibunda Liimaeus, the red-tail moth. (See Forest defoliators.) 
i^Porthetria dispar Linnfeus, the gipsy moth. An important pest in New England. (See Forest 
defoliators.) 

Notodontidae. 

Phalcra bucephala Linnaeus, the moon-flecked moth. (See Forest defoliators.) 



INSECTS OF ALDER AND ALFALFA. 13 

HYMENOPTERA. 

Cimbicidse. 

Cimbex variabilis Klg., a sawfly; Europe; breeds on the foliage. 
Trickiosoma lucorum Luin;eus, a sawfly; Europe; breeds on the foliage. 

Tenthredinldae. 

Nematus { Crasus) septenlrionalis Linnaeus, a sawfly; Europe; breeds on the foliage. 
Phyllotoma vagans Fallen, a sawfly; Eurqpe; breeds on foliage. 

Xiphydrldae. 

Xiphydrya camclus Linnieus, a wood wasp; Europe; breeds in the wood. 

LITERATURE. 

SORAUER, p.: Handbuch, der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3d ed., vol. 3, by Lindau and Reh, 1913. 
NtJssLiN, Otto.: Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
Bargagli, p.: Rassegna Biologica Rtncofori Europe!, 1883-1887. 
LiNDiNGER, L.: Die Schildlause (Coccidfe), 1912. 

ALFALFA; LUCERNE. 

{Medicago sativa Linnaeus. Family Leguminosse.) 

Alfalfa is a staple forage plant in many parts of the world, being grown extensively 
in Europe, Asia, and South America, as well as in this country. Except in shipments 
of hay, the only danger of introducing pests is with the seed. Some very important 
European pests of alfalfa have in some manner already reached this country and are 
doing serious damage. 

Most insects attacking clover are potential alfalfa pests and it is therefore advisable 
to consult the list of clover pests when dealing with alfalfa. 

A. BETTER KNOWN ALFALFA PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Colaspideiua atrum Olivier. 
(Black Alfalfa Leaf Beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Alfalfa. 

Injury: Verj- serious. 

Description and biology: A small shining black beetle with brownish tint on sides. 
Larva about 6 mm. long, blackish. Oviposits on leaves and tender shoots. The 
larvae feed on the foliage and move from field to field in armies. Pupates in the soil. 

Distribution: Spain, Southern France. 
Clario-Soulan, I. v., and Comas, J. N.: Dos plagas que atacan a los Alcoriiocales y 
Alfalfares. Servicio Agron. Nacional Prov. Barcelona, 1911, pp. 9-11. 

Hypera murina Fabricius (Phytonomus). 

(Alfalfa Leaf Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Alfalfa {Medicago sativa L. and M. s.falcata L.) 

Injury: Defoliates, very injurious. 

Description: Weevil dull brown, oval, about 4 mm., covered with fine gray and 
brown hairs. Oviposits in stems long rows of eggs. Larvae feed on the foliage. 
Pupates in silken cocoon on plant. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Bargagli, P. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887, pp. 94, 95. 



14 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



^ Hypera lueles Fabrieius (Phytonomus). 
(Austrian Alfalfa Leaf Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera). 




Fig. l.— Chrotogonus trachypterus. An Indian pest of alfalfa. 
(Maxwell-Lefroy.) 




Fig. 2. — Brachytrypes achatinus. An Indian pest of alfalfa. 
(Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



Hosts: Alfalfa, Grami- 
naceae. 

Injury: Defoliates. 

Biology: The larvse feed on 
the foliage and spin silken 
cocoons. 

Distribution: Europe, and 
has been recently collected 
in the United States. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT 
ALFALFA PESTS. 

COLLEMBOLA. 

Sinynthiiridae. 

Smynthurus sp., a springtail, is 
very injurious to alfalfa Ln New 
South Wales, when abundant 
skeletonizing the fields in moist 
seasons. 

(A. Mollneux, Agric. Gaz. N. S. 
Wales, Nov., 1896, pp. 807-809. ) 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Acridiidse. 

Chrotogonus trachypterus Blan- 
chard, a destructive grasshop- 
per of India. (See text fig. 1.) 



Gryllidae. 

Brachytrypes achatinus Stoll., a brown cricket of India. (See text fig. 2.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuidae. 

Prodenia litura Fabricius, also known as the Egyptian cotton worm, attacks alfalfa in India. 
Plima nigrisigna Walker, attacks fruit In India. 
y^CMoridea obsoleta Hubner, the cotton bollworm; :^AgTOtis ypsilon Rott., the greasy cutworm; and 
^Laphygma eiigua Hubner, serious pests already in the United States, attack alfalfa in India. 

Tortricidae. 

ToTtrix divulsana Walker, the lucerne moth of New 
South Wales; spins the heads together and feeds on 
them. 

COLEOPTERA. 

Cocclnellidae. 

Subcoccinella 24-pu7ictata Linnaeus; Europe; larvse and 
adults Injure the foliage. 

Cerambycidae. 

^Clyttis floralis Pall.; Russia, imported to United States 
in roots; root borer. (See text fig. 3.) 

Curcullonldse. 

>^: Hypera punctata Fabricius, the clover-leaf weevil of 
Europe, now common in the United States; also at- 
tacks alfalfa. 
^ Hypera postica Gyllenhal, the alfalfa wecAil of Europe, 
Introduced Into western United States, and very in- 
jurious. (See text fig. 4, a-f.) 
Apion meliloti Kirby, a tiny weevil; Europe; breeds in the pith of the stems 
Apion tenue Kirby, a tiny weevil; Europe; breeds in stems. 





Fig. 3.— Clytusfloralis. A Russian al falfa 
root borer. (Original, Walton.) 



INSECTS OF ALFALFA AND APPLE. 



15 



Itonididse. 

:)fAs'phondylia miki Wachtl; gall midge; Europe, Arizona; forms galls in seed pods. (See text fig. 5.) 

LITERATURE. 

Maxwell-Lefkoy, H. Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Entom. ser. vol. 1, No. 2, June, 1907, pp. 113-252. 
S0R.\UER, P. Handbuch dor Pflanzenkrankhelten, 3d ed. vol. 3, 1913. 
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologiea Kincofori Europe!, 1883-1887. 
Webster, F. M. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Entomology, Bui. 112, 1912. 
Webster, F. M. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Entomology, Cire. 147, 1912. 

DIPTERA. 








Fig. 4.— Alfalfa weevil ( Hypera postica): a, Adults clustering on sprig of alfalfa; 6, adult weevil; c, eggs; d, 
larva; e, cocoon; /, pupa, o. Natural size; 6, d, e, f, much enlarged; c, greatly enlarged. (Webster.) 

APPLE. 

{Malus malus, etc. Family Rosacese.) 
Fruit trees of America, Europe, and Asia, much cultivated in this country. 

A. BETTER KNOWN APPLE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Termes australis Hagen. 
(The Victorian White Ant. Termitidse; Isoptera.) 

nosts: Apples and other deciduous fruits, orange. Eucalyptus, vines, geraniums, 
timbers, furniture, books, etc. 



16 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Injury: Makes galleries in above plants and is also injurious to timbers in houses, 

furniture, etc. 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook of Destruc- 
tive Insects of Victoria, 1893, pt. 
2, pp. 136-144, plate 32. 

Psylla mali Schmidbc. 

(The Apple Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Apple. 

Injury: Very injurious in Eng- 
land. 

Desmption and biology: Adult 
2.5-3 mm. long; color variable 
from greenish to brownish yellow 
(some show dark markings, with 
even red or yellow); wing veins 
greenish or greenish yellow. 
Nymphs flat, at first yellow or dirty 
yellow, with brown markings and 
red eyes, later becoming green all 
over; body partly covered with 
white or pale-blue curly waxen 
threads, and there is a long thread 
with a waxy globule. Eggs 
creamy yellow, but before hatch- 
FiG. 5.— The alfalfa gall midge (Asphondylia miki): Adult ing are faintly dusty red in color. 
female, with autenna of male above, at left. Greatly en- ^J^g -winter is passed in the e'^g 
larged. (Original, Walton.) ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^ p^^^^^ ^^ 

the spurs, around leaf scars, in cracks, among fine hairs, on the new wood, and else- 
where. The nymphs hatch in spring as the buds begin to open and [attack the 
blossom and leaf buds, often destroying the blossoms and greatly stunting the shoots. 
(See text fig. 6.) 





a bed 

Fig. 6.— Apple psylla {Psylla mali): a, Adult; 6, injured twig; c, nymph; d, eggs on shoot. (TheobalOj 

Distribution: Europe, Central Russia. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 153. 



U S Dept. of Agncultuce, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate VI. 




The Harlequin Fruit Bug 
The harlequin fruit Inig (Dindijmus verHicolor): Adults, nymphs, and injury to apple. (French.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of, Dangerous Insects. 



Plate VII. 




Apple Moths. 

Fig. 1.— The apple pith moth (Blastodacna hellerella) and injury to twig and adult. Fig. 2.— The 
"flgure-of-8 moth" (Diloba caruleocephala.) Dorsal and lateral views of adult, and eggs (Theobald). 
Fig. 3.— The apple moth {Argyresthia conjugella). Adult, and injury to apple. (Berettning.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate VIII, 




The Green Hanging Moth of the Apple. 

The green hanging moth of the apple ( Charagia Ugnivora): Adults, pupa, and larva in twig showing 
sawdust swelling. (French.) 



APPLE INSECTS. 17 

Dindymus versicolor 11. -S. 

(Harlequin Fruit Bug. Pyrrhocoridae; Ilemipteri.) 
Hosts: Apple. 

Injury: Disfigures apples by puncturing the skin in feeding. 

Description and biology: Adult about 12 mm. long, orange red, black, and yellow in 
color. Nymphs of both sexes, when about half grown, are more highly colored than 
when mature. Eggs are deposited in late summer among rubbish, crevices of old 
posts, etc., or even in stubble. The newly hatched nymphs on hot days occur in 
8,. arms on many kinds of plants, on fences, and among rubbish. (See plate vi.) 

Distribution: Australia. 
French, 0. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 89. 

Rhizopertha collaris Erichson. 

(Apple-tree Borer. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.) 
Hosts: Apple. 

Injury: Regarded as serious pest. 

Description and biology: Adult length 4 to 6 mm. Adults bore into wood. Larva 
bores horizontal burrows into wood of trees; remains in tree after it is dead. Eggs 
are deposited in the holes bored in trees. 

Distribution: Australia, Tasmania, 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 61. 

Phylloblus inacullcornls Germar. 
(Green Leaf Weevil. Brachyrhinidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, pear, cherry, plum, nuts, oak, hawthorn, sloe, maple. 

Injury: Injury frequent. Attack young buds and leaves. 

Description and biology: Adult length 12 mm.; brown; clothed with green or 
greenish scales; slightly hairy; antennae reddish, with black, clublike apices; legs 
black and brown. Occurs throughout May and June. Pupates in spring. Larva 
white, footless, curved, slightly hairy, with bro-^n hairy head. Feeds on roots of 
various plants. Winters as larva. Eggs deposited in ground. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 119. 

Laptops hopei Sehonherr. 
(Apple-root Borer. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, pear, cherry. 

Injury: Very serious injury. Attacks roots. 

Description a7id biology: Adult length 25 mm.; Ught grayish brown. Occurs just 
before buds begin to swell. Disappears in December (Victoria). Pupates in ground. 
Larva length 25 mm.; whitish; tunnels roots of trees. Eggs deposited on upper 
sides of leaves, which have their edges glued together, hiding the eggs. Deposited 
in masses of 40 to 50. (See text fig. 7b.) 

Distribution: Victoria. 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 71. 

Magdalis barbicornls Latreille. 

(Apple-stem Piercer. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, quince, and medlar trees. 

Injury: To twigs. 

Description and biology: Adult length 2-2.5 mm.; black; neck-shield without 
knobs on sides; very thickly punctate, elytra strigose-punctate, the space between 
punctations ridged. Occurs in June. Pupates in gallery in twig under bark. 
Larva burrows in twig, by preference in bark, to the sapwood which is only slightly 
attacked; the bark becomes reddish-brown and sinks away. 
55266—17 2 



18 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Distribution: Europe. 
Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 94. 




a b 

Fig. 7.— Work of apple weevils: a, Apple buds injured by Anthonomus pomorum ( Henschel) ;^6, appl« 
root tunneled by Leptops hopei (French). 

Anthonomus pomorum Linnaeus. 
(Apple-blossom Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Apple, pear. 

Injury: Often very destructive to apple. 
Larva injurious to buds and blossoms; adult 
feeds on leaves. 

Description and biology: Adult length 3 to 
4 mm.; pitch black or fuscous black, with 
ashy pubescence; most easily recognized by 
pale V-shaped mark on elytra. Appear in 
late spring and live until next spring, when 
they copulate and oviposit. Hibernate in 
rubbish. Pupa yellowish brown. Pupates 
in withered flower bud. Pupation lasts 7 to 
10 days. Larva length 4-5 mm.; white, 
footless, head brown; feeds in flower bud. 
Larval stage 8 days to 3 weeks. Eggs de- 
posited in blossom buds. A single female 
deposits 50 or 60 during a period of 2 weeks. 
(See text figs. 7a, 8.) 

Distribution: Em-ope. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 104. 




Fig. 8.— Apple bud weevil {Anthonomus 
pomorum). (Theobald.) 



APPLE INSECTS. 



19 




Cossus tristls Drury. 
(Apple and Quince Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, quince, pear. 

Injury: Bores in sap wood. 

Description and biology: Adult occurs from September to November (South Africa). 
Broods may overlap. Pupa may be found in July and September. Larva length 50 
mm.; wholly flesh-colored or mottled with red. Young larvae feed first beneath the 
bark, older larva; burrow in middle wood. Eggs de- 
posited on bark, singly or in groups; especially in the 
fork of branches. 

Distribution: South Africa. 
LouNSBURY, C. P. Kept. Gov. Entomologist for 1898. '^^^ „' w.v^3^^ii^ 

Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town. 1899. 

Blastodacna putripennella Zeller. 
(Apple Pith Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Apple. 

Injury: Not seriously destructive. 

Description and biology: Adult forewing brownish gray 
with golden and whitish spots and stripes, head gray; 
eyes white; antennae, gray ringed with white. Occurs 
in July and August (Germany). Pupates about end of 
June between dry leaves on dead twigs. Larva yellowish, 
with broad reddish segmental divisions; head, neck, anal 
shield, and feet dark brown; prolegs and a side stripe 
above the feet yellow. Hatches in autumn and feeds on 
leaves; on approach of winter bores into buds of 1-year- 
old twigs; in spring bores into pith of twig. EggsdJd 
placed on leaves. (See text fig. 9.) 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d 

ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 255, figs. 186, 187. ' 

Blastodacna vinolentella H.-S. 

(Pith Moth. Elachistidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Apple. 

Injury: Considerable injury. Larva burrows into buds, 
shoots, and spurs. Fig. 9.-Apple pith moth (.Blastodac- 

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse a little "^ pnripenndla): Adult and in- 
, ^ _. ,,.,,, jured twig. (Sorauer.) 

less than 12 mm. Forewmgs may be almost black or 

may be marked with dark brown and rusty brown; inner margin white to beyond 

middle, where an irregular faint white oblique bar proceeds to tip of wing; two 

branches from which intersect black apical portion; hind wings gray and fringed; 

head black. Occurs in July and August. Pupa ochraceous; head, front of thorax, 

and tip of body, mahogany red; cylindrical in form; length 6 mm. Larva length 

8 mm. Dull reddish brown with deep brown head and first thoracic segment. 

Larvae hatch in late summer, feed on leaves, bore into bud, pass the winter there, and 

mature in June. Eggs are unknown. 

Distribution: England, Europe. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 92. 




20 A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Blastodacna hellerella Dup. 

(Pth Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.) 

This moth is similar to B. vinolentella in habits and description, except that head of 
adult is white. (See plate vii, fig. 1.) 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 92. 

Chloroclystls rectangulata Linnaeus. 

(Green Pug Moth. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Apple. 

Injury: Feeds on blossoms and young leaves. Not serious. 

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 18 mm.; forewings deep green with 
dark brown and gray bands; hind wings with similar greenish tinge. Flies in May, 
June, and July. Pupa thorax and wing cases yellow; caudal end deep red, tinged 
with olive. Larva pale yellowish green, with rusty red line down back; division 
between segments reddish; a line at sides yellowish green. Larvae appear in early 
spring. Pupate in earthen cocoon on ground. Eggs deposited on trees in early sum- 
mer, whore they remain over winter. 

Distribution: Europe, England. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 68. 

Charagia llgnivora Lewin. 
(Green Hanging Moth of the Apple. Hepialidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, acacia, aster, eucalyptus, etc. 

Injury: Injuries confined largely to native trees; sometimes destructive to apple. 
Bores in wood. 

Description and biology: Adult male forewings pea-green, with silvery white mark- 
ings; hind winds pale green; female forewings darker green than those of male, with 
purplish bands; hind wings orange pink. Larva pale pink, yellow or purplish yellow, 
head dark-brown. A "swelling" sawdust covering covers burrow of larva. Eggs 
deposited on bark of tree. (See plate viii.) 

Distribution: Victoria. 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1909, pt. 4, p. 77. 

^ Argyresthla conjugella Zeller. 
(Apple Moth. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, cherry, plum, whortleberry, mountain ash, service berry. 

Injury: Serious to fruit. 

Description and biology: Moth with front wings violet gray, sprinkled with lighter, 
with yellowish white stripe on the inner margin, and a whitish spot near apex. Larva 
with black head, body at first whitish, later fleshy red with many dark brown setiger- 
ous spots; 7 mm. long. Breeds in fruits. Pupates outside of the fruit in cocoons. (See 
plate VII, fig. 3.) 

Distribution: Europe, British Columbia, Japan. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 269-270, 

figs. 196-197. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 193. 
Report No. 6, Hokaido Agric. Exp. Sta., Sapporo, Japan, March, 1916. Plates 1, 3. 



APPLE INSECTS. 



21 



>(cHypo.ionieuta nialinellus Zellor. H. padelliis I-innsBiis. 

(Apple and Cherry Ermine Moths. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.) 

These two ermine moths, which are destructive fruit-tree pests, have recently 
been introduced into the United States, the one well treated in Technical Bulletin[24, 
of the Geneva, N. Y., Agricultural Experiment Station (1012), to which the reader is 
referred. (See text fig. 10.) 

Diloba caeruleocephala l.iniiffins. 
(Flgure-of-8 Moth. Blue-head. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, plum, cherry. 

Injur If. • Seldom serious; defoliation. 

Descriplion and biology: Adult wing expanse of male less than 25 mm. , female 30 mm. ; 
forewing grajnsh brown and brown, with a pale spot shaped like a figure 8 on each wing; 
hind wing grayish brown with darker ray-like lines and a dark wedge-shaped patch at 
the hinder angle. Occurs in September and October (England). Larva over 25 mm. 
long; head blue with two small 
black dots; body color varied, 
yellowish green or bluish gray, 
with broken yellow line along- 
side below spiracles; small black 
spots on segments. Larvae appear 
when leaves expand and are ready 
to spin up in June ; pupate in crev- 
vices in bark and on limbs of trees. 
Eggs usually laid singly on shoots 
and spurs of fruit trees; they are 
round, flattened below, gray or 
grayish brown in color. (See plate 
VII, fig. 2.) 

Distribution: England, Europe, 
and Asia Minor. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of 

Fruit, 1909, p. 35. 

Sesia myopBeformls Bosk. 

(The Apple Clearwing. Sesiidte; 
Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, apricot. 

Injitry: Larv* work under bark. 

Description and biology: Adult 
wing expanse 22 to 25 mm. ; head, 
thorax, and abdomen black; male 
abdomen has red band above and white beneath; female has only a white edge under- 
neath, with tail-like fan of black scales; wings transparent with dark scaled areas. 
Day-flying moths; occur in May, June, and July. (England). Pupa pale brown, 
protected by silken cases covered with chips. Larva length 15 mm.; dull yellowish 
white, head reddish brown; second thoracic segment with brown dorsal shield. Eggs 
laid on tree trunk. (See text fig. 12.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 17. 




Fig. 10. — Apple ermine moth (Hypnnomcuta malinellus) Eggs, 
larva, pupa, adult, and nest. (Henschel.) 



22 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Tortrix ashworthana Newman. 
(Light Brown Apple Moth. Tortricidfo; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Apple. (A. Busck states that this species feeds on Acacia only.) 

Injury: Very serious; attacks fruit in manner similar to codling moth. 

Description and biology: Adult female wing expanse, 18 mm.; forewings light brown, 
slightly barred. Larva light green in color, seldom penetrates apple as far as seeds. 
Eggs deposited in calyx. 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. I, p. 66. 




IFiG. II. — The apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea). 

(Theobald.) 



Adult and injured apples. 



APPLE INSECTS. 



23 



Hoplocampa testudlnea Klug. 

(Apple Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.') 

Host: Apple. 

Injury: Local. Damages fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, female, length 6-8 mm.; reddish yellow, with a 
black patch on the head, another on thorax and on dorsum of abdomen; head and 
mesothorax punctured; antennae dusky in middle: male, slightly smaller. First 
brood occurs about apple-blossom time; second brood occurs in July. Pupate in soil. 
Larva, length 12 mm., creamy white; grub-like with brown head and a double, 
black chitinous plate on dorsum of anal segment; eats out cavities in interior of 
fruit. Many larvae migrate from one apple to another. Larval period in first brood 
4 or 5 weeks. Winters as larva in second brood. Eggs are deposited in blossom. 
This stage varies from 8 to 14 days. (See text fig. 11.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 122. 

B. IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS. 

Coccldae: HEMIPTERA. 

Armored— 
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanm Marlatt; South Africa. 

Diaspis pyri Colvde; Spain, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Croatia, Austria, Switzerland, Tyrol. 

•JfiEpidiaspis piricola Del Guercio, 

France, Russia, Italy. (See Pear.) 

^Leucaspis japonica CockereU; Japan. 

Parlatoria affinis Newstead; Algeria, 

Egypt. 
Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and 
Leonard!; Italy, Spain, Victoria, 
and New South Wales. 
■^Parlatoria pyri Marlatt; China; scale 
of female 1-1.25 mm. in length, 
oval; larval exuvia, purplish green, 
second exuvium dark olive, almost 
black. Apparently a dangerous 
pest. 
Unarmored— 

Coccus hoferi King; Switzerland. 
5^; Lecanium hituberculatum T a r g i o n i- 
Tozzetti; England, France, Swe- 
den, Italy, Germany. 
Lecanium caprex Linnaeus; Europe, 

Nova Scotia. 
Lecanium glandi Kuwana; Japan. 
ii^ Lecanium persicse Fabricius; Europe, 
Australia, Canada. 
Lecanium pyri Schrank; Europe, 

Prince Edwards Island. 
Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, 

Germany. 
Lecanium variegatumGoethQ; Europe. 
Lecanium vini Bouche; Europe. 
Pseudococcus glaucus Maskell; New 
Zealand. 




Fig. 12.— The apple clearwing (Sesia myopxformis). Moth, 
cocoon, larva, and borings. (Reichelt.) 



Tlngltidae. 

Stephanitis pyri Fabricius; Europe. (See'Pear.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cerambycidse. 

Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly; Europe; borer. 
Saperda scalaris Liimaeus; Europe; borer. 
Liopus nebulosus Linnseus; Europe; borer. 

Curculionidae. 

^fagdalis cerasi Linnaeus and M. pruni Linnaeus; Europe; breed under bark. 

Anthonomus ineurvus Panzer, A. pedicularius Linnseus, and A. pyri Boheman; bud weevils; Europe. 



24 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Anthribidse. 

Doticus pestilans Ollff; Victoria; a pest of dried apples. 

Scolytidse. 

Scolytus pruni Ratzeburg; Europe. (See Plum.) 
Scolytus mali Bechst.; Europe; galleries in bark. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

Dichocrocis punctJferalis Gnen4e; Queensland. (See Corn.) 

Lymantrlldae. 

Teia anartoides Walker; Australia. (See Fruit.) 

Lasiocampidse. 

Gastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus; Europe. (See Fruit.) 
Odonestis australasix Fabricius; Australia; defoliator. 

Geoiuetridae. 

Hibernia dcfoliana CXexck; Europe. (See Forests.) 
Anisopteryz xscularia ^c^d^^TvaxWer; Europe. (See Forests.) 
Cheimatobia brumata Linnaeus. 

Elachistidae. 

Coleophora ariutipenncUa Tluhner; 'Europe. (See Plum.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredinidse. 

Hoplocampa fulvicornis Klug, sawfly; Europe; mines in fruit. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

CeratUis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
BactToccra tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 
Bactrocera cucurbitx. 

APRICOT. 

(Prunus armeniaca, etc.) 

Fruit trees of the Orient, now widely cultivated. 

A. AN APBICOT PEST UKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Capua ant^ustiorana Haworth. 

(Small Apricot and Vine Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apricot, vine, pear and a great variety of other trees. Attacks foliage and 
fruit clusters. 

Injury: Does much harm to foliage of wall fruit. 

Description and Biology: Adult wing expanse 12-18 mm.; female forewing reddish- 
ochreous, with a reddish brown basal patch forming an oblique streak and a reddish 
central spot; a costal spot is pale yellow; male wing grayish-ochreous with brown 
and black markings. Occurs from June until August. Pupation takes place among 
leaves. Larva length more than 12 mm. ; color yellowish, or grayish green with pale 
spots from which arise hairs; occurs in greatest numbers in April and May; rolls leaf. 
Eggs deposited on twigs, hatching in spring. 

Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Africa. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 181. 

B. IMPORTANT APRICOT INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldae: 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa. 
^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Germany, Italy, France, established in California. 

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Italy. 
Unarmored — 

Lecanium coryli LLrmaeus; Europe. 

Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China. 
^Lecanium prunastri Fonscolombe; Europe, Japan. 

Lecanium vini Bouch^; Europ e. 



INSECTS OF APRICOT, ARAUCAEIA, AEBORVITiE, ASH. 25 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cerambycldae. 

Liopus nebulosus Linnseus; Europe; borer. 

Uracanthus acutus Blackburn; Australia. (See Peach.) 

Scolytidae. 

Scolytus amygdali Gu6rin; Europe. (See Almond.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Sesiidae. 

Sesia myopaeformis Bosk.; Europe. (See Apple.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Geometridse. 

Lophodes sinistraria Gu^rin; Australia; defoliator. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Prunus armeniaca. (See Fruit.) 
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 
BactTOcera cucurbitx. 

ARAUCARIA. 

(Family Coniferse.) 

Small evergreen plants much used in horticulture. 

IMPORTANT ABAUCARIA INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Unarmored — 

Ctenochiton araucarise Green; Australia. 

Eriococcus araucarix Maskell; Europe, Canary Islands, Brazil; Araucaria excelsa, A. bidwiliii. 
Eriococcus angulatus FTOgga,tt\ Australia; Araucaria eicclsa. 

Pseudococcus aurilanatus Maskell; New Zealand, Australia, Auckland, Natal, Hawaiian Islands; 
A raucaria excelsa. 

ARBORVIT^. 

(Thuya STpTp. Family Juniperaceae.) 

Ornamental evergreen trees of North America, East and Central Asia. The wood is 
light and soft, brittle, and rather coarse grained, durable in the soil; much used for 
construction, cabinet making, and in cooperage. T. occidentalis contains a volatile 
oil used in medicine. 

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ARBORVIT^. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored — 

;<c Chionaspis striata Newstead; Egypt, Algeria, Arizona, California; attacks Thuya africana. 

Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Thuya occidentalis. 
Unarmored — 
Lecanium arion Lindinger; Europe; Thuya occidentalis. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Scolytldae. 

Phlceosinus thujae Perris; Europe. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912. 
EiCHHOFF ,W., Europ. Borkenkafer, 1881. 

ASH. 

[Fraxiniis spp. Family Oleaceae.) 

Hardy ornamental trees grovring in Europe, Asia, and America. These trees are 
important also for their timljer. F. ornus exudes a manna. Certain Chinese species 
yield the Chinese white wax. The various species are generally readily transplanted 



26 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



and hence will be found in nursery stock shipments. They are usually propagated 
from seed. As several species of insects breed in the seed, care must be taken about 
introducing seed for planting. 



A. AN ASH PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Eriophyes traxlni Nalepa. 

(Ash Gall Mite. Eriophyiidse; Acarina.) 

Host: Fraxinus excelsior, F. viridis. 

Injury: Forms galls in flowers, fruit, and leaves. (See text fig. 13.) 
Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which causes galls by its feeding. 

Liable to introduction on 
nursery stock. 

Distribution: Europe, 
Mexico. 

SoRAUER, P.: Handbuch 
d 6 r Pflanzenkrankhei- 
ten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913, 
pp. 127, 128. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT 
ASH INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 

Aphldidse. 

Prociphilus bumelise 
Schranck, a gall-making 
louse of Europe, which at- 
tacks the tender leaves and 
petioles of ash and on its 
intermediate host, the fir, 
breeds at the roots. The 
form on fir roots has been 
known as Holzneria posch- 
ingeri Holzner. 

Coccidaj. 

Armored — 
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) 
nigropunctatus Cockerell; 
Mexico. 




Fig. 13.— Ash gall mite (Eriophyes fraxini): Gall formations on twigs 
of Fraxinus excelsior. (Gillanders.) 



Chionaspis solids Linnaeus, the willow scale; Europe; attacks Fraxinus excelsior and many other trees. 
Parlatoria afflnis Newstead; Algeria; attacks Fraxinus oxyphylla and olive. 
Unarmored — 
Fonscolombia fraxini Kaltenbach; Europe; attacks Fraxinus excelsior. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Oedipodidae. 

Pachytylus migratorius Linnaeus, the migratory locust; Europe; injures many plants. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cantharidse (Meloidae). 

Lytta vesicatoria Linnaeus, the Spanish fly; all Europe; very injurious as adult. 

Cerambycidae. 

Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, the great oak borer; Europe; bores in wood. (See Oak.) 

Scarabseidae. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, a May beetle; Europe; injures the roots of seedlings of various 

trees. 
Melolontha melolontha Lmnaeus, a May beetle; Europe; mjures the roots of seedlings, and the adults 

attack the foliage. 



INSECTS OP ASH AND ASPARAGUS. 



27 



Curcullonldae. 

Clonus fraiini De Geer, a small oval weevil; Europe; breeds externally on the leaves of ash and o'ivo, 
pupates in cocoons on the leaf. 

Scolytoldea. 

Hylesinus crenatus Fabricius, a bark beetle; Russia, Germany; bores the bark of ash and oak. 
Hylesinus frazini Panzer, a bark beetle; Europe; bores the branches and tops, attacking bark of 

ash, olive, and acacia. 
Hylesinus oleiperda Fabricius, a bark beetle; Europe; attacks ash and olive. 
Phlaotribus caucasicus Reitter; a bark beetle; Russia; attacks young portions of the trees. 
■^^^ Scolytochelus muUistriatus Marsh., a bark beetle; Europe; attacks bast and sapwood of trees. 
Scolytus scolytus Fabricius, a bark beetle; Europe; attacks bark, bast, and sapwood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidae. 

Cosstis cossus Linnaeus, a goat moth; Europe; bores in the wood. (See Willow.) 
:if.Zeuz€ra pyrina Linnaeus, a wood borer of Europe, Africa, North America. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Seslid%. 

Sesia spheciformis Gmg., a clear-winged moth; Europe; bores in the wood. 

Tortriclda;. 

Tortrix podana Sc, a 
grass-green larva, 
which occasionally 
attacks ash; Europe. 

Hypononieutldse. 

Prays curlisellus Don., 
a small moth ; Europe ; 
larva mines leaves, 
skeletonizes, webs 
leaves, or mines buds, 
in its different genera- 
tions. 

Gracillarildae. 

Gracillaria syringella 
Fabricius, a yellowish 
olive-brown moth; 
Europe (Sweden); 
larvse first mine the 
leaves and then roll 
them; attack also 
Syringa. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredlnldse. 

MacTophya punctum-album Linnaeus, a saw-fly; England; very injurious. 

LITERATURE. 

SoRAuER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913. 
NCssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde 2d ed., 1913. 

ASPABAGUS. 

(Asparagus officinalis Linnseus. Family Liliacese.) 

Various other species of asparagus are cultivated for decorative purposes. The 
above-mentioned species is useful both for its delicious edible shoots and its graceful 
foliage. Pests introduced on any type of asparagus are likely to attack the culti- 
vated crop. 

A. BETTER KNOWN ASPARAGUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Criocerls spp. 
(Asparagus Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: >|<C asparagi Linnaeus; Europe, introduced into North America and widely 
distributed; asparagus. (See text fig. 14) A very important pest. >|<C. 12-punc- 
tata Linnaeus; Europe, introduced into North America and widely distributed; aspara- 




FiG. 14.— Asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi): a, Adult; 6, egg; 
young larva; d, full grown larva; e, pupa. (Chittenden.) 



28 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



giis. (See text fig. 15.) A very important pest. C. merdigera Linnseua; Europe; 
onion, leek, garlic, lily of the valley, asparagus. 

Injur y: Feed on the stems of the asparagus and cause much injury, amounting 
often to thousands of dollars. 




Fig. 15.— Asparagus beetle ( Crio-eris duoiedmp'inzt^ti): a. Adult; 6, larva; c, d, details of larval structure. 

(Chittenden.) 

Biology: Eggs laid on plant. Larva feeds on stems and foliage. Pupates in soil. 
Two broods per annum. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913, p. 510. 

Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, circ. 102, 1908, 12 pp., 6 figs. 




Fig. 16.— Asparagus miner (Agromyza simplex): Adults. (Chittenden.) 

Agromyza luaura Mei.^en. j); Agromyza simplex Loew. 

(Asparagus Miners. Agromyzidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Asparagus. 

Injury: Mine immediately under the bark of the asparagus stem. The latter 
species has been introduced into the United States. 

Description and biology: Adult fly very small. Larva white, legless. Pupates in 
mine. (See text figs. 16, 17.) 



INSECTS OF ASPARAGUS, ASSAM RUBBER, ASPEN, AVOCADO. 29 

Distribution: A. maura; Hungary. A. simplex; Europe, North America. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, p. 406, 407, fig. 252. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., bull. 66, pt. 1, 1907, pp. 1-5, 2 figs. 

Platyparaea poeclloptera Schrank. 

(Asparagus Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: 'Asparagus. 

Injury: Mines the stems. 

Description and biology: Fly dark brown, abdominal segments banded whitish; 
face.negs,^ and antennaej reddish yel low : 
wings clear with a dark zigzag longitudinal 
band; length 6-8 mm. Maggot whitish, 
apical stigmatal plates shining black with 
two forward turned hooks; length 10 mm. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanze i 

krankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913, p. 421 

422. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ASPARAGUS 
PESTS. 




HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored — 

Chionaspis berlesei Leonard): Europe; attacks As- 
paragus acutifolius and A . umbellatus. 



Fig. 17. — Asparagus miner (Agromi/za simplex): 
a, Larva; ft, c, larval details: d, c, puparium; 
/, injury. (Chittenden.) 



COLEOPTERA. 
Brachyrhinidse. 

Cneorhimis plagiatus Schall.; a weevil, causes serious injury in England. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuidae. 

Mamestra oleracea Linnajus; Europe; larvae feed on plants. (See Cabbage.) 

DIPTERA. 
Anthomyiidae. 

Chortophila cilicrura Rondani; Europe; breeds in stems. (See Onion.) 



ASSAM RUBBER. 

(Ficus elastica. Family Urticacese.) 

Assam or India rubber is a native of Assam and the Malay region. It can be grown 
from cuttings or seed. As it belongs to the same genus of plants as the fig, its insects 
are treated under the discussion of that plant. (See Fig.) 

ASPEN. 

(Populus tremula. Family Salicaceae.) 
AVOCADO; ALLIGATOR PEAR. 



See Poplar. 



{Persea gratissima, etc. Family Lauraceae.) 

This tropical American species is much prized for its large edible fruit, and is now 
cultivated extensively in Florida and southern California. Several other species of 
the genus are prized by the American trade for their evergreen foliage. 



30 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

A. AN AVOCADO PEST MKELY TO BE IMPORTED 

Hellipus laurl Boheman. 

(Avocado Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Fruit of Persea persea L. (Laurus drymifolia) and Persea pittieri Mez. 

Injury: Larvae make galleries in the seed. Lia le to ' e introduced in seed and fruit. 
Live specimens have been received in the United States. 

Description: Adult weevil of a red ground color, with red femora, or dark ' rown 
with unicolorous legs and prominent patches of white scales; rostrum long, prothorax 
conical. The larvse l)reed in the seed and their presence is not easily detected. In 
the case of the recent introductions the seeds were planted and the injury was not 
noticed until faulty germination caused an examination. 

Distribution: Mexico, Costa Rica. (See plate xlix.) 
Barber, H. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 14, 1912, pp. 181-183, plate 9. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT AVOCADO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Mexico (See Coffee). Scale of adult female 1 mm. in 

diameter, circular, reddish brown with central portion blackish, exu via covered. 
:^ Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persese Comstock; Mexico. 
Aspidiotus persearum Cockerell; Hawaii; on Persea gratissima. Scale of female 1.25 mm. long, 1 mm. 

broad brownish cream color, exu via sublateral. 
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; Westlndies, Mexico; Persea americana. (See Olive.) 
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Mexico, Central America. (See Citrus.) 
Lcpidosaphes longula Leonardi; Java; scale of female about 2.35 mm. long, elongate, curved, narrow, 

coffee colored. 
Pinnaspis rhombica Leonardi; Java; scale of adult female 1 mm. long, rhomboid, castaneous brown. 
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides Comstock; Brazil, Mexico; on Persea carolinensis. Scale of adult 

female about 1.4 mm. in diameter, light yellow, exuvia very large, extending from center of scale to 

margin, having the appearance of a Parlatoria. 
Unarmored— 
Ceroplastes cistudiformis Townsend and Cockerell; Mexico; wax scale. Adult female covered with 

dirty gray wax which is marked into plates; 6-8 mm. in length and 4.5 to 5.5 mm. in width. 
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, India, Ceylon, Hawaii. Adult female 2.2-6 mm. in length, 

covered with wax which is rather thick and dull red or pinkish throughout. 
Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; Mexico. (See Citrus.) 
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Isle of Pines. 
Pulvinaria mammese Maskell; Hawaii, Natal; on Persea persea. Adult female reddish brown covers 

with a thin grayish meal, ovisac large, snow white, irregular, forming a mass of loose cotton. 
Pulvinaria simulans Cockerell; Mexico. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lasiocampidse. 

Suana concolor Walker; Java, defoliator. 

Cossidse. 

Zeuzera coffex Nietner; India, Ceylon, Java, East Africa, Kamerun. (See Coffee.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostryohldaj. 

Apate monachus Fabricius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.) 

Brachyrhinldae. 

Diaprepes abbreviatus Liimaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 

Calandridae. 

>K Caulophilus latinasus Say; Florida, probably imported; bores in seed. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Persea persea. (See Fruit.) 



BAMBOO INSECTS. 



31 



BAMBOO. 

{Bamhusa spp.; Dendrocalamus strictus, etc.; Arundinaria spp.; Cephalostachyum 
pergradle; Melocanna bambusioides; Phyllostachys spp. Family Bambusese.) 
Treelike grasses much used in cultivation. 

A. BETTER KNOWN BAMBOO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Dlnoderus minutus Fabr. 
(Smaller Bamboo Shot-hole Borer. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa). 

Injury: Commonly found attacking bamboos and is also found in cut sugar cane. 
Description and biology: Beetle brown, shining, 2.5 mm. long, with black head and 
thorax, the bases of elytra lighter colored, occasionally almost reddish. Larva pale 




Fig. 18.— Smaller bamboo shot-hole borer (Dinoderus minutus): a, Larva; 6, pupa; 
c, adults. (Stebbing.) 

canary yellow, opaque, curved; head small orange brown with black mandi'l 
three-jointed. Length 3 mm. Bores in the lamboos. (See text figs. 18, 19.) 

Distribution: India. 
Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, pp. 133-143,[pl. 9. 

Dlnoderus pillfrons Lesue. 
(Bamboo Shot-hole Borer. Bostrychidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), various kinds of wood. 
Injury: Bores in bamboos. 



32 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Description and biology: Adult reddish brown, 3.3 mm. long, 
appendages and lateral edges of abdomen lighter colored. 
Larva yellowish white, mouth parts brownish, mandibles black; 
length 3.2 mm. Pupa with yellow abdomen, wings white, head 
and prothorax dirty white. 

Distribution: India. 

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, 
pp. 130-133, fig. 89, pi. 131. 

Eucosoma paragramma Meyrick. 
(Bamboo Borer. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Bamboo. 

Biology: Caterpillar bores in the stem of green 1 amboo, 
pupates in tunnel. 

Distribution: India. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 530. 

Ceratitis striata Froggatt. 



Vh 



(Bamboo Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Bamboo shoots. 

Injury: Larvse feed in decayed shoots of bamboo. 

Description: Adult length 5-6 mm., color pale yellow to 
grayish with upper surface of thorax variegated with black. 
(See plate xxvi, fig. a.) 

Distribution: Ceylon. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' 

Bull. 24, 1909, p. 51. 



Fig. Vi.—Dinoderus mi- 
nutus. Injury to bam- 
boostalks. (Stebbing.) 



B. IMPORTANT BAMBOO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldae: 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) bambusarum Cockerell; Japan. 

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) canaliculata Green; Ceylon. 

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) inusitata Green; Japan, Ceylon; Arundinaria, Phyl- 
lostachys bambusoides. 
^.Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) secreta Cockerell; Hawaii, Japan; Bambusa and 
Arundinaria. Has been taken in quarantine at San Francisco. 

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) secreta saccharicaulis Zehntner; Java. 

Aulacaspis javanensis Newstead; East Java. 

Chionaspis arundinarise Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria. 

Chionaspis bambusx Cockerell; Japan. 

Chionaspis colemani Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys bambusoides. 

Chionaspis elongata Green; Ceylon. 

Chionaspis graminis Green; Ceylon, Japan. (See PI. II, fig. 1.) 

Chionaspis hikosani Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys bambusoides. 

Chionaspis simplex Green; Ceylon. 

Fiorinia bambusx Maskell; Hongkong, China; Bambusa fortunei. 

Fiorinia diaspiformis Newstead; Java. 

Fiorinia signata Maskell; Japan; Bambusa tessellata. 

Fiorinia tenuis Maskell; Japan; Bambusa. 

Hemichionaspis scrobicularum Green; Ceylon. 

Lepidosaphes bambusicola Cockerell; Brazil. 

Leucaspis bambusx Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys. 
^Leucaspis japonica Cockerell; Japan. 

Pinnaspis bambusx Cockerell; Jamaica. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate IX. 




The Bamboo Borer. 
The bamboo horer (^Cyrtotrachelus longipes): Adults, eggs, larva, cocoon, injury.; (Stebbing.) 



INSECTS OF BAMBOO AND BANANA. 33 

Coccidae— Continued. 
Unarmored — 

Aclerda distorta Green: Ceylon. 

Aclerda japonica Cockevell; England (in greenhouses); Arundinaria japonica. 

Aclerda tokionis Cockerell: Japan; Bambusa. 

Antonina socialis Newstead; England (in greenhouses); Arundinaria japonica. 
:^Antonina crawii Cockerell: Japan; California; New Jersey. 
^Aslerolecanium bambusx Boisduval; Guatemala; Florida; Bainbusa viridis, Bambusa viridi-striata. 

Asterolecanium coronatum Green: Ceylon; Dendrocalamus giganteus. 

Asterolecanium solenophoroides Green; Ceylon. 

Asterolecanium exiguum Green; Ceylon, Hawaiian Islands. 

Asterolecanium flavociliatum Gveen; Ceylon; Arundinaria. 

Asterolecanium lanceolatum Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria. 

Asterolecanium miliaris Boisduval; Ceylon, Cuba, Algeria, Maui'itius, Brazil, Jamaica, Trinidad; 
Bambusa vulgaris, B. distorta, B. oliveriana. 

Asterolecanium pudibundum Green; Ceylon. 

Asterolecanium rubrocomatum Green; Ceylon. 

Asterolecanium tenuissimum Green; Ceylon. 

Asterolecanium tumidum Green: Ceylon. 

Asterolecanium udagamx Green; Ceylon. 

Asterolecanium bambusicola Kuwana; Japan. 

Asterolecanium hemisphaericum Kuwana; Japan. 

Asterolecanium masuii Kuwana; Japan. 

Ceroplastes theobromx Newstead: Cameroon. 
>(c Chxtococcus bambusss Maskell: Hawaii, Ceylon, India, Mauritius, Brazil; Bambusa tulda. 

Coccus arundinarix Green: Ceylon; Arundinaria. 

Eriococcus graminis Maskell: China, Japan. 

Eriococcus onukii Kuwana; China, Japan; Arundinaria hindsii var. graminx. 

Pentatomidae. 

Ocrophara montana, a sucking I)ug; India; feeds in all stages on the seeds of bamboo (Dendrocalamus 

stricius). 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychidae. 

Bostrychopsis parallela; India; bores in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus. 
:^Dinoderus brevis Horn, India: United States; very important borers in the stalks of Dendrocalamus 
strictus. 
Heterobostrychus unicornis Waterhouse; Sinoxylon anale Lesne; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus 

strictus. 
Dinoderus distinctus Lesne: India; bores bamboos. (See Mango.) 

Lyctidse. 

Lyctus spinifrons Lesne; India; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus strictus. 

(/Ucujidse. 

Psammcecus trimaculatus Motschulsky; India; bores in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus. 

Tenebrlonldae. 

*Tribolium confusum Duval, and T. castaneum Herbst; India; bore In wood of Dendrocalamus strictus, 

Chrysomelidae. 

Estigmena chinensis Hope: India: bores in youngstems of Dendrocalamus strictus and Cephalostachyum . 
pergracile. 

Cerambycidae. 

Stromatium barbatum Fabricius; India; horosm Dendrocalamus strictus. 

Curculionidae. 

Cyrtotrachelus dux Boheman; India; bores in tops and shoots of Dendrocalamus hamiltoni. 
Cyrtotrachelus longipes Fabricius; India; bores in Melocanna bambusioides. (See plate ix.) 

Cossonldae. 

Conarthrus afflnis WoUaston: India; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus strictus. 

LITERATURE. 
Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, 1914. 

BANANA; PLANTAIN. 

(Musaspp. (especially pararfmaca). Family Musacese.) 

Bananas and plantain have become a very important article of commerce, being 
mainly imported from the West Indies and Central America. Since the plant can 
55266—17 3 



34 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

only be propagated from suckers or sprouts there is danger of introducing pests into 
the country in this manner. The banana is grown very extensively in the Southern 
States as a hedge plant. The compact nature of the fruit bunches makes it possible for 
many insects of considerable size to find entrance into the country in the bunches as 
well as in the fruit itself. 

A. BETTER KNOWN BANANA PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Sphenophorus.) 
(Banana Root Borer. Calandridae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Banana (all varieties), sugar cane. 

Injury: Serious pest to young banana plants in Fiji. 

Description and biology: Adult 14 mm. in length, 4 mm. in lireadth, color dark l)rown 
to black, head with prominent rostrum, antennae elbowed. Pupa soft and white 
when newly formed. Pupal stage lasts from 6 to 8 days in the bulb. Larva 20 mm. 
in length, 8 mm. in lireadth, cream colored, footless, and requires about 20 days to 
reach pupal stage. Eggs presumably deposited singly on base of stem near the crown. 
The larvse, upon hatching, work their way inward and down toward the Ijulb. 

Distribution: Fiji, British New Guinea. [In eastern hemisphere South Pacific 
Ocean to Indian Archipelago.] Jamaica, India, Brazil. 

Jepson, Fkank p. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Rept. Econ. Entom., Council Paper No. 25, 

1911, p. 48, fig. 

Dacus curvipennis Froggatt. 

(Banana Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Ilost: Banana, 

Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Description: Adult about 6 mm. long; head yellow; thorax with elongate bar of 
silvery white; legs yellow; tarsi and hind femora darker; abdomen elongate with 
base and two narrow transverse black l^ands below, sheath and ovipositor elongate. 
(See plate xxviii, figs, b, d.) 

Distribution: Fiji. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 28. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BANANA INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aleyrodidae. 

Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. (See Cocoanut.) 

Coccidse. 

Pseudococcus grassi Leonardi; Italy. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Calandridse. 

Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval. (See Sugar cane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

DichocTocis punctiferalis Gu6n6e; Queensland. (See Com.) 

Castnildse. 

Castnia licus Drury; South America. (See Sugar cane.) 

Tineidse. 

Ereunetis flavislriata Walsingham; Hawaii. (See Sugar cane.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidre. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Rioxa musae Froggatt; Australia. (See Fruit.) 
BcKlTocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 



INSECTS OF BARLEY, BAY, AND BEAN. 35 

BARLEY. 

(Hordeum vulgare. Family Graminese.) 

Barley is a grain with many varieties grown in various parts of the world, especially 
Europe and Asia. There is danger of importing pests of the grain only, unless the 
straw should be used for packing. Its pests are discussed under Grains and Grasses. 

BAY. 

(Laurus spp. Family Lauracese.) 
Evergreen plants much cultivated for their shrubbery. 

INSECTS ATTACKING BAT TREES. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidje: 

Armored — 

*Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead; Europe. 

Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Germany, Australia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal; Laurus 
canariensis. 

Aspidiotus { Chrysomphalus) paulistus Hempel; Brazil. 

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Mexico, Central America. 

Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides Lindinger; Canary Islands; Laurus canariensis. 

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese & Leonardi; Italy. 
Unarmored — 

Coccus acuminatus Signoret: Hawaii, Ceylon, France. 

Eucalymnatus brunfelsix Hempel; Brazil; Laurus camphora. 

Icerya montserratensis RUey & Howard; West Indies, Mexico; Laurus camphora. 

Paralecanium geometricum Green; Ceylon, China; Laurus canariensis. 

Platinglisia noacki Cockerell; Brazil. 

Pseudococcus indicus Signoret; France: Laurus indicus. 

Pseudococcv^ laurinus Boisduval; France; Laurus nobilis. 

Pulvinaria plana Lindinger; Canary Islands; Laurus canariensis. 

BEAN. 

{Phaseolus vulgaris. Family Leguminosse.) 

This species includes the kidney, common field, garden, snap, and string beans. 
It is probably of tropical American origin. The beans are an article of commerce and 
very likely to introduce pests. 

BROAD BEAN. 

( Vicia faba. Family Leguminosse . ) 

The broad bean is a native of Asia, but is grown extensively in Europe and North 
America, especially as a food for domestic animals and for human consumption. 
The beans are an article of commerce and quite likely to introduce pests. 

LIMA BEAN. 

{Phaseolus limatus. Family Leguminosee.) 

The lima or sugar beans are native to South America. They are articles of com- 
merce and quite likely to introduce pests. 

A. BETTER KNOWN BEAN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Mylabris (Bruchus) spp., etc. 

(Bean and Pea Weevils. Mylabridae [Bruchidse]. Coleoptera.) 

Many of the weevils attacking beans are cosmopolitan and have been introduced 
into the United States. The fact that they breed in perfectly dry stored beans makes 
their distribution very easy. 



36 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Species: M. loti Paykull; seed of Lotus and Lathyrus. M. atomarius Linnaeus; very 
common; Vidaf aba, Lathyrus, Vicia sepum. etc. ^M. rufimanusBoheina,i\; 'Europe, 
North Africa, Egypt, Persia, SjTia, introduced into California; beans, peas. 

An important pest. M. affinis Fro- 
lichs; France, imported into Ireland 
and East Indies; beans. * M. piso- 
rum Linnaeus; distributed from 
Orient until now cosmopolitan; a 
very serious pest; peas. Vicia, 
Cytisus laburnum. (See text fig. 
20.) M. lentis Frolichs; Europe, 
Egypt, Syria, lentils. M. pallidi- 
cornis Boheman; lentils. -^Acan- 
thoscelides obtectus Say; now cosmo- 
FiG. 20.— The pea weevil ( Mylabris pisorum): a, Beetle; h, politan ; peas, cowpeas, lentils, 
larva; c, pupa. Enlarged. (Chittenden.) beans. (See text fig. 21. ) ^Pachy- 

meruscMnensis Ijinnseua; now almost cosmopolitan; cowpeas, Phaseolus radiatus, Caja- 
nus indicus, peas, lentils, beans, Dolichos. sorghum. (See text fig. 22.) *P. quadri- 
viaculatus Fabricius; now almost cosmopolitan; cowpeas, peas, beans. (See text 
fig. 23.) 

Desaiption: These weevils are small, somewhat flattened, rounded or oblong, with 
head concealed beneath. The larvae breed in the seed of beans and peas and pupate 
there. 

SoRAUER, P.: Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 535-537. 
Chittenden, F. H.: U. S. Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1898, pp. 233-260. 




Spermophagus pectoralis Sharp. 

(Mexican bean weevil. Mylabrida?; Coleoptera.) 
Host: Beans. 

Injury: To dried beans, which it destroys for successive generations like the common 
bean weevil. 




Fig. 21.— Bean weevil (Xeaw/7io«ce/i(ie«o6?fo?Ms): a, Adult; 6, larva; c,pupa. (Chittenden.) 

Description: A small black rounded Ijeetle with white marks on the eh-tra or wing- 
covers. 

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Texas. 
Chittenden, F. H.: U. S., Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1898, pp. 233-260. 



BEAN INSECTS. 



37 





Fig. 22. — Bean weevil {Packymerus cliinensis): a, Adult; 
6, egg; c-e, larva and^details. (Chittenden.) 



Agromyza phaseoli. 

(Bean Fly. Agromyzidae; Diptera.) 

Bosts: Lima, Tonga, French, and Madagascar beans. 

Inj\iry: Larvae bore in stalky. 

Distrihuiion: Australia. 
Froggatt, W. W. Agricultural Gazette, N. S. W. Feb., 1911. 
Jarvis, E. Queensland Agricultural Journal, March, 1913, pp. 192-195, Plates 30, 31. 

Lycsena bsetlca. 

(Blue or Haii-streak Butterfly. Ly- 
caenidee; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Beans, garden peas, cow- 
peas, Jack beans, crotalarias, and 
pigeon peas. 

Injury: Larvae attack pods, devour- 
ing growing seeds. 

Distribution: Hawaii. 
FuLLAWAY, D. T. Annual Report, 

Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. 1911 (1912), 

p. 21. 

Hyalopeplus pellucidus. 

(Hawaiian leaf-bug. Capsidae; Heteroptera.) 
Host: Pigeon peas. 

Injury: By sucking juices from plants. 
Distribution: Hawaii. 
FuLLAWAY, D. T. Annual Report, Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. 1911 (1912), p. 23. 

Zizera labradus Godt. 
(Victoria Bean Butterfly. Lycaenida;; Lepidoptera.) 
Hosts: Beans, peas. 

Injury: Feeds in the pods, a serious pest in Victoria. 

Dcscrij'tion: Butterfly one of the group known as "Blues."|| Larva flattened, 

green, very hairy. Egg 
circular, pitted. 

Distribution: Australia. 
French, C: Handbook of 
Destructive Insects of 
Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 
fi2-GG, pi. 49. 

Maruca testulalls Geyer. 

(Bean Pod Borer. Pyrali- 
dte: Lepidoptera.) 
Hosts: Mung {Phaseohis 
mungo), moth (Phaseoltis 
aconitifolius), tur {Cajamis 
indicus). 





Fig. 23.- 



-Bean weevil {Pachymerus quadrimandatus): a, Adult; b, 
larva; c, pupa. (Chittenden.) 



Injury: Breeds in the pods of legumes. 

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 26-30 mm., fuscous brown, forewing 
with conspicuous black edged white spot, hind wing white, with a marginal fuscous 
band. Larva 12 mm. long, green: sometimes with a pink tinge, hairs on small black 
tubercles. Bores inside of the pods and pupates in its borings. 

Distribution: Australia and Asia. 

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 216, fig. 66. 



38 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEAX INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Clirysomelidae. 

Cerotoma denticornis Olivier, leaf beetle; Porto Rico (see text flg. 24). 

Curculionidae: 

Sitona lineata Linnaeus,^ S.flavescens Marsh.; Europe. (See Clover.) 
Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe. (See Clover.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; India, Ceylon, Hawaii; attacks fruit. (See Cucurbits). 
Ceratitis capitata "Wiedemann, attacks Phaseolus vulgaris. (See Fruit.) 
Bactrocera cucurUtx. 
Sactroccra tryoni. 

Anthomyiidae. 

>K Chortophila (Pegomya) fusciceps Zetterstedt. (See Corn.) 

AgromyzidsB. 

^Agromyza fabalis Jack; bean stem maggot, Rhodesia, mines stems of cowpeas, French beans, kidney 
and haricot beans. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Hespcridae. 

^Eudamus proteus Linnaeus, bean leaf roller; Porto Rico; Southern States. 





Fig. 2-1.— Bean leaf-beetle (Cerotoma denticornis): Adults, two_varieties. (Chittenden.) 

BEECH. 
(Fagus spp. Family Fagacese.) 

This genus contains tall, hardy, deciduous trees favored for parks. The wood is 
valuable and the nuts edible. The nuts also >ield an oil used for cooking. Propa- 
gated from seed. Valuable for nursery stock. 

A. BEECH PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Laspeyresla grossana Haworth. (Carpocapsa.) 
(Beech Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut, oak, beech, chestnut. 

Injury: Seldom serious. Attacks fruits of its hosts. 

Description and biology: Adult, forewing bluish ash-gray; translucent spot brownish 
gold streaked with black, brown at base, bounded by triangular spots. Fliea in 
June and July (Germany). Pupates in spring in the earth. Larva attacks nuts in 
late summer, winters in earth. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 276. 



BEECH INSECTS. 39 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEECH PESTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididse. 

Pterochlorus exsiccator A\t\im. aaoamigratory plant louse; middle Europe; very injurious to the twigs 
and stems of young trees. 
■J^ Phyllaphis fagi Linnaeus, nonmigratory plant louse; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

Coccidae: 

Unarmored — 
Calostomidia assimllis Tii^tsk^W; New Zealand; attacks Fagus menziesii and F.fusca. 
Codostomidia pilosa Maskell; New Zealand. 
Cryptococcus fagi Baerensprixag; Europe; Fagus sylvatica. 
Eriococcus accris Signoret; Europe; Fagus silvatica. 
Eriococcus fagicorticus Maskeli: New Zealand; Fagus fusca. 
Eriococcus palUdus 'Haskell; New Zealand; Fagus fusca. 
Eriococcus raithbyi Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. 
Gossyparia cavellii Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. 
Inglisia fagi Maskell; New Zealand. 
Phenacoleachia zealandica Maskell; New Zealand. 
Pulvinaria betulx Linnaeus; Europe; Fagus sylvatica. 
Rhizococcus iniermedius Maskell: New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. 

Rhizococcus pulcMlus Ua.ske\l: New Zealand; Fagus fusca, F. menziesii, F. cliff ortioides. 
Rhizococcus totarx Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. 
Ripersia fagiHaskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. 
Solenococcus fagi Maskell; New Zealand. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xestobium plumbeum Illiger; Europe; injures wood for technical purposes. 
Xestobium rufovillosum De Geer; Europe; injures wood for technical purposes. 
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. 

Elateridse. 

Athous subfuscus Miiller, a snapping beetle; Europe; larvae destroy germinating beech. 

Lymesylonidae. 

Hylecoetus dermestoides Linnaeus; Europe; breeds in bark and wood. 

Scarabseldse. 

Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus; Europe; develops like the June beetle at the roots of trees. 
Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; also breed at the roots of 

seedlings and as adults feed on the foliage. 
Polyphylla fullo Linnaeus; Europe; breeds at the roots of trees and the adults feed on the foliage. 

Buprestidae. 

Agrilus angustulus Illiger, A. biguttatus Fabricius, A.elongatus Herbst, and 5|<^.OTn'dis Linnaeus (see 
Oak); wood borers; Europe: attack bast and sapwood, especially of young trees. 

Cerambycldae. 

Callidium xneum DeGeer; and C. violaceum Linnaeus; long-homed wood borers; Germany; attack 

wood of felled trees and lumber. 
Saperda scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Poplar.) 

Chrysomclidae. 

Haltica quercetorum Foudr.; a leaf beetle; Germany. (See Oak. ) 

Brachyrhinidse. 

Strophosoma capitata De Geer, and S. melanogramma Forster, weevils; Europe; adults feed on the 

leaves and buds of seedlings. 
Polydrusus cervinus Linnaeus, P. chrysomela Olivier, P. griseomaculatus Desbrochers, P. lateralis Gyl- 

lenbal, P. micans Schonherr, P. mollis Stroem, P. picus Fabricius,;^? P. sericeus SchaU., and ^ P. 

viridicollis Baudi, weevils; Europe; as adults feed on buds and foliage; probably breed at the roots. 

The two latter species have been introduced into the United States. 
Phyllobius argentatus Linnaeus, P. urticx Dc Geer and P. viridicollis Fabricius; weevils; Europe; 

adults injure buds and leaves. 

Attelabldse. 

Apoderus coryli Linnaeus, a leaf rolling weevil, Europe; larva breeds in the leaf rolls. 

Rhynchites alni Miiller and Rhynchites betulae Linnaeus, leaf rolling weevils; Europe; larvae breed in 

the leaf rolls. , 

Byctiscus betulx Linnaeus, a leaf rolling weevil; Europe. 



40 A MANUAL or DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Curculionidse. 

Orchestes fagi Linnaeus, a small jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves. 
HyloMus abietis Linnaeus, a large weevil; Europe; bores in the bark of seedlings. 

CossoDidae. 

Rhyncolus lignyarius Marsh., a small elongate weevU; Europe; bores in the trunks. 
Rhyncolus truncorum Germar, a small weevil; Europe; bores in timber. 

Scolytidse, Ipldae. 

Scolytus intricatus Ratzeburg; Russia, Germany; makes galleries in bast. 

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; makes galleries in wood, causing great damage. 

Ernoporus fagi Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in bark of Fagus sylvatica. 

Taphrorychus bicolor Herbst, and T. villifrons Dufour; Europe; make galleries in bark. 

Xyleborus dryographus Ratzeburg, and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in the 

wood of living trees. 
Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in sapwood of 

branches and in the wood of the trees. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidae. 

^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, North America; breeds in the wood. (See Horse-chest- 
nut.) 
Cossus cossus Linnaeus; the goat moth; Europe; breeds in the wood. (See Willow.) 

Drepanidae. 

Drepana cultraria Fabricius; Europe; defoliator. 

Notodontidae. 

Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.) 

Geometridse. 

Cheimatobia boreata Hiibner; Germany; feeds on young growth. 

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Lirmaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; feed on foliage. 

Larentia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

Lasiocampidae. 

Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on buds and leaves (see Forests). 

Lymantriidee. 

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, ^^Euproetis ehrysorrhaa Linnaeus, -^LymantTia roonacfto Linnaeus, 
■:)f^PoTth€tTia dispar Lumaeus, Porthesia similis Fuessly (see Forests). 

Xoctuidae. 

A cronycta acer it hiDJUBUs; Europe; defoliator. 

Scopelosoma satellitia Linnaeus; Germany; injurious to young growth. 

Plutellidae. 

Cerostoma parenthesella liinnaius; Europe; attacks leaves of seedlings. 

Tortrlcidse. 

:^c Peronea/frrw^ana Treit-schke; Europe; North America; attacks leaves. 
Tortrix podana Sc.; Europe; attacks leaves of seedlings. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Cimbicidae. 

Cimbexfagi Zadd.; sawfly; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

Xiphydrldae. 

Xiphydrya camelus Linnaeus; wood wasp; Europe; bores in wood. 

DIPTERA. 
Itonididae. 

Hormomyia annulipes Htg. and H.fagi Htg., gall midges, Europe; from galls on leaves. 

LITERATURE. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

LmDiNGER, L. Bie Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912. 

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. 

Fernald, Maria E. Catalogue of Coccidae of the World, Mass. Agr. Coll., Bui. 88, 1903. 



BEET INSECTS. 41 

BEET; M ANGEL WURZEL OR MANGOLD; SUGAR BEET; CHARD. 

{Beta vulgaris Linnaeus. Family Clienopodiacese.) 

The beet and its varieties are grown from seed. The varieties have been developed 
either for their roots or their foliage, which are edible. A race of showy foliage beets 
has been developed which make excellent flower-garden borders. The species occurs 
in America, Europe, and as far east as Persia, and the Caspian Sea. Insects are most 
likely to be introduced in shipments of beet roots. 

A. BETTER KNOWN BEET INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Atomaria linearis Stephens. 

(Pigmy Mangold Beetle. Cryptophagidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Mangolds, beets, sugar beets. 

Injury: Very destructive by destroying sprouts at time of germination and later 
attacking both roots and leaves. 

Description: Beetle 1-] .5 mm. long, dark brown, with fine pubescence. The life 
history has not been worked out. 

Distrihuiion: Europe (England), 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 475, fig. 290. 
Theobald, Fred. V. First Rept. Econ. Zool.. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, pp. 8, 9, 

figs. 
Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by Julius 

Reitzer), 1909, pp. 136-142, fig. 31. 

* Cassida nebulosa Linnaeus. 
(Beet Tortoise Beetle. Cassididse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Beets, sugar beet, orache, lambsquarter, Atriplex, etc. 

Injury: Both larva and adult feed on the foliage. 

Description: Beetle dorsally flattened in the shape of a tortoise shell, about 6 mm. 
long, yellowish gray or pale green. 

Distribution: Europe, Asia (Persia to Siberia), and recorded from California in 1894. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. p. 533. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entom., 1903, bul. 43, p. 14, fig. 6. 
Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierschen Feinde der Zuckerriibe translation by Julius 

Reitzer), 1909, pp. 261-263, fig. 55. 

Cleonus punctiventris Germar. 
(Beet Root Weevil. Curculionidft; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Beet, Polygonum, thistle, goosefoot, tobacco, Salsola, 

Injury: Adults feed on young plants: larvse feed at the roots of beets. Very 
destructive in east Europe. 

Desciiption and biology: An elongate subcylindrical weevil with stout beak. The 
larvse feed at roots as low as 60 cm. below the surface. Pupate in the larval feeding 
places. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d od., 1913, vol. 3, p. 546, 547. 

Gelechia ocellatella Boyd; Gelechia atriplicella F. R.; Gelechia instabilella Douelas. (Lita.) 

(Beet leaf miners. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.) 
Hosts: Beets, sugar beets, mangolds. 

Injury: Mine the leaves, and sometimes G. ocellatella bores in the crown and a short 
distance into the roots. 



42 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Description and biology: G. ocellatella is a small yellowish, gray moth with dark ribs 
and an apical spot on the front wings; hind wings as large as front and whitish gray; 
pupates in leaf rolls, in the roots or outside. Larva 10 to 12 mm. long, pale greenish 
with a transverse row of reddish spots on each segment and two or three longitudinal 
rose colored stripes. Feeds on leaves and for a short distance into the roots. " 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUEK, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol 3 p 263 
f. 192. . ' ' ' 

Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerrube (translation by 
Julius Reitzer), 1909. pp. 136-142. 

* Hyiuenia fasclalis Cramer. 

(Hawaiian Beet Webworm, Pyra- 
lidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar beet, Swiss chard, 
mangel-wurzel; Amarantus, Euxo- 
lus, purslane (Portulaca oleracea), 
cucumber, Chenopodiaceae. 

Injury: Capable of doing consider- 
able damage to truck by feeding on 
foliage. Has been widely distrib- 
uted. (See text figs. 25, 26.) 

Distribution: Japan, Hawaii, Trop- 
ical America, Porto Rico, Europe. 
South Africa, Australia, Madagascar, 
Reunion, Mauritius, Florida, Ala- 
bama, CaUfomia, District of Colum- 
bia. 

Marsh, H. O. U. S. Dept. Agr., 
Bur. Entom., Bui. 109, pt. 1, 1911. 
pp. 1-15, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2. 

^Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyaml 
Panzer. (Phorbia vlcina Lintn.) 

(Beet fly or spinach leafminer. An- 
thomyidae; Diptera.) 

Fig. 25.— Hawaiian beet webworm (Hymenia fascialis): Hosts: Spinach, beets, sugar beeta, 
o, Egg on leaf; 6, larva, dorsal view; c, larva, head and mangolds, orache, henbane, goose- 
first thoracic segment; d, abdominal segment, lateral foot 

view; e, anal segment; /, pupa, lateral view; g, cremas- r„ • . yr- i rp, • 

ter; A, cocoon. All enlarged. (Marsh.) ^ry wry. mines iea\es. ine mines 

are blisterlike. 
Description and biology. Fly thorax lead gray, with five faint dorsal stripes, abdo- 
naen yellow gray with a faint brownish stripe; entire body with black bristles; head 
silver white, with reddish shimmer; front and scutellum with orange, silver gray 
streaks; eyes red; palpi yellow with dark apex; femora yellowish, tibiae brown; 
length, 6 mm. The species varies in color and has received a number of names. 

Distribution: Europe. Introduced into the United States and quite injurious to 
spinach. 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 428, 429, 

fig. 261. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., bul. 43, 1903, pp. 50-52, fig. 50 (P. 

vicina Lintner). 
Ormerod, Miss E. Manual Injurious Insects, 1890, pt. 1, pp. 144-147, fig. (P. betae 

Curt.). 
Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerrube (translation by Julius 

Reitzer), 1909, pp. 303-315, figs. 61-63. 




BEET INSECTS. 



43 



B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEET INSECTS. 

ACARINA. 
Tetranychldae. 

Tetranychus telarius Linnseus, the red spider; Europe; very injurious to sugar-beet foliage. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididae. 

A-phis rumicis Linnaeus; Europe; sugar-beet foliage. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Grjilotalpidae. 

■^Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus (vulgaris Latreille); Europe, introduced into New Jersey; injures 
roots. 
Gryllidse. 

Gryllus mclas Charp.; Europe; seriously injures the roots. 

COLEOPTERA. 
SUphidse. 

^BlitopUaga opaca Linnaeus; Europe, North America; feeds as larva on foliage of beets, an imusua 
habit for this family. It is harmless in America at present. 
Blitophaga undata Miller; Silpha obscura Linnaeus; and Phosphuga atrata Limiaeus; Europe; larvae 
feed on foliage of beets. 




Fig. 26.— The Hawaiian beet webworm (Hymenia fascialis): Female moth. Enlarged. (Marsh.) 

Tenebrionldie. 

PadinMs/emoraZu Linnaeus, and Gonocephalum (Opatrum) sabulosum Linnaeus; Hungary; larvae in- 
jurious to roots of sugar beet; adults injure the foliage. 

Coecinellidae. 

Subcoccinella 24-punctata Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults injure vegetation. 

Elateridae. 

Lacon murinus Linnaeus and Corymbites aeneus Linnaeus, wireworms; Europe; attack the roots of 

seedlings. 
Athous niger Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 
Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 

Meloidae. 

Epicauta rufidorsum Goeze, blister beetle; Europe; defoliates and sometimes destroys entire plants. 

Scarabseidse. 

Melolontha vulgaris Linnaeus, June beetle, Europe; larvae feed at roots. 

Rhizotrogus xquinoctialis Herbst; Europe; the larvae feed at the crown and roots killmg many plants. 



44 A MANUAL OF DA]SrGEROL"rS INSECTS. 

Clirysomelidae. 

Cassida vittata Vill; Europe; larva and adult feed on foliage. 

Chalcoides chloris Foudr., Chxtocnema tibialis Illiger, Psylliodes attenuata Koch, P. chrysocephala Lin- 
naeus, PhyllotrUa vittula Redtenbacher, P. nemorum Linnaeus, P. nigripes Fabricius, P. atra Fabri- 
eius, P. cruciferx Goeze, flea beetles; Europe; injure the foliage. 

Brachyrhinldae (Otlorhynchldae). 

Brachyrhinus raiicus Fabricius (Otiorhynchus), B.ligustici Urmadns, B. orbicularis Herbst; Europe; 

adults injure the foliage and young plants. 
Psallidium maxillosum Fabricius; Europe; adult injures plants. 
Curculionidae. 

Liparus coronatus Goeze; Europe; breeds in the roots. 

Bothyf oderes punctiventris Germar; and B.farinosus Fahraeus; Europe; adults injure foliage, larvse 

breed in roots. 
Cleonus piger Scopoli, C. fasciatm Miiller, C. mendicus Gyllenhal, C. tigrinus Panzer, C. ucrainiensis 

Gawr., C. pedestris Podg., C. cinereus Schr.; Europe; breed in roots of beets or adults attack seedlings 

and foliage. 
Lixus ascanii Linnaeus: Europe: breeds in the stems. 
Cionus scrophulirix Linuieus; Europe; adults feed on foliage of beets and mangolds. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

y^Phlyctxnia ferrugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America (see Cabbage). 

Xoctuida;. 

Agrotis segetum Schiffermiller, A. plecta Linnaeus, A. (xclamationis Linnaeus, cutworms; Europe; 

injure young plants and roots. 

Mamestra brassicx Linnaeus, M. dissimilis Kn., If. oleracea Liimseus; Europe; feed on foliage. 

Calocampa exoleta Linnaeus; Europe; attacks beets. 

if.Plusia gamma Linnaeus; Europe; Asia, North America; in Europe injurious to beets. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredlnldae. 

Athalia spinarum Fabricius, a saw fly; Europe; South Africa; attacks foliage of beets (see Turnip). 

DIPTERA. 
Tlpulidae. 

Pachyrhina macuUta Meigen, a crane fly; Europe; larva attacks the roots of beets. 

Tipula oleracea Linnaeus and Tipula paludosa Meigen; Europe; also occasionally attack beet roots. 

LITERATURE. 

Jablonowski, J. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by J. Reitzer), Budapest, 1909. 
SoRAUEE, P. Handbueh der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d edit., 1913, vol. 3. 
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica di Rincofori Europei, 1SS3-1887. 

BERSEEM; EGYPTIAN CLOVER. 

{Trifolium alexandrinum Linnaeus. Family Leguminosse.) 

This forage plant has been introduced in a small measure into the United States 
from Egypt. It has a number of important enemies in Egypt which attackjother 
crops also grown in this country. (See Clover.) 

BETEL NUT. 

{Areca catechu, etc. Family, Palmaceae.) 
A tropical palm yielding the betel nut of commerce. 

IMPORTANT ARECA INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse; 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) alienus Newstead; Areca lutcscens. 

i^Pinriaspis buxi Bouch6; Trinidad, Brazil, New York, DLstrict of Columbia; Areca catechu, A. lutes- 

cens. Female scale 1 — 1.5 mm. long, narrow, reddish-brown or orange-brown with extremity lighter. 

Second exuvium comparatively large, occupying a trifle over one-third the puparium, which bears 

a strong resemblance to that of Lepidosaphes. Sides nearly parallel. 

Unarmored— 

Coccus acutissimus Gieen; Ceylon; Areca catechu. (See Mango.) 

Coccus mmimus Newstead: England; Mexico; Areca catechu. 

Leucodiaspis cockerelli de Charmoy; Brazil; Areca Ivtescens. 



BIRCH INSECTS. 



45 



BIRCH. 



{Betula spp. Family Betulacese.) 

Ornamental deciduous trees or shrubs grown chiefly for their bright green handsome 
foliage. There are many species occurring in North America, Europe, north and 
central Asia. Propagated from seed and readily transplanted. The bark and wood 
are of value in the arts and crafts, and some species yield a sap used as a beverage. 
The bark of B. papyrifera is used in making canoes and for tanning leather. 

A. BETTER KNOWN BIRCH PESTS LIKELY TO 
BE IMPORTED. 

Eriophyes rurtls Can. 

(Birch Blister Mite. Eriophyidae; Acarina.) 

Hosts: Betula alba, B. pubescens, B. odorata. 

Injury: Causes gall-like swellings of the buds. Ulti- 
mately kills a tree. 

Description and biology: A foui'-legged blister mite 
which forms gall-like swellings of the buds. Very easy 
to Introduce on nursery stock. 

Distribution: Europe, England (especially severe 
around London). 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d 
edit. vol. 3, 1913, p. 117, 118. fig. 93. 

Magdalis carbonaria Lianaiiis. 

(Birch Twig Weevil. Curculionidas; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Corylus avellana L., Pruniis domestica L., 
Betula alba L., Juglans regia L., Pinus. 

Injury: Breeds in young twigs. Fig. 27.-Mole cricket, Grytlo- 

Description and biology: Weevil similar to the com- talpa. (Kurdiiimov.) 

mon Magdalis species of this country. The eggs are laid in small dead or injured 
twigs. Larva feeds in medullary canal of twigs. Pupates in tunnel. Adults 
feed on foliage. 

Distribution: Europe. 

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887, p. 194. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BIRCH PESTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididse. 

Glyphina betulse Kaltenbach, a plant louse: Germany; attacks leaves and twigs. 
Coccidae: 
Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe. 
Unarmored— 

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe. 

Lecanium coryli Linnseus; Europe. 

Lecanium pulchrum Ma,Tcha\; Europe; Betula verrucosa. 

Pulvinaria hetulx Liimseus; Europe; Betula alba. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Gryllotalpidae. 

^Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus; Europe, New Jersey; injures roots, young shoots, and germinating 
seed. (See text, fig. 27.) 




46 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestldae. 

^^Agrilus viridis Linnseus; a wood borer; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of seedlings and young 
stems and branches of older trees. 

Lymexjionidae. 

Hyleccetus dermestoides Linnaeus; a wood borer; Germany, Sweden. 

Passalidae. 

Basilianus cantori Perch.; a large black beetle; India; breeds in rotting wood. 

Scarabseidse. 

Anomala xnea De Geer, Europe, adults attack foliage. 

Melolontha Mppocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha Linnaeus, June beetles; breed at the roots of 

seedlings, and adults feed on foliage. 
PolyphyllafuUo Linnaeus; Europe; also attacks roots and foliage in the same manner. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Agelastica alni Liimaeus; a leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage. 
Lochmsea caprex Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage. 
Melasoma xnea Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage. 
HalticaquercetoTum'PoudiT.; Europe; defoliates. (See Oak.) 

Cerambycidae. 

Rhagium mordax De Geer; Sweden; bores in stems and branches. 

Attelabidae. 

Rhynchites betulx Linnaeus, Apoderus coryli Linnasus, and Byctiscus betulse Linnaeus; leaf-rolling 

weevils; Europe; the larvae breed in the rolls. 

Brachyrhinldae (Otiorhynchidae). 

Strophosoma capitata De Geer, and 5. melanogramma 
Forster; weevils; Europe; adults feed on foliage, and 
larvae at the roots. 
Brachyderes incanus Linnaeus, a weevil; Europe; adults 

feed on foliage. 
Metallites iris Olivier; Europe; breeds at roots, adults 

attack buds and leaves. 
Polydrusus cervinus Linnaeus, P. intermedius Zetter- 
stedt, P. planifrons Gyllenhal, and P. undatus 
Fabricius; Europe; feedasadultsonfoliageof£e<Mto 
alba, and probably some of them breed on the plant. 
This is a dangerous genus. 
Phyllobius argentatus Linnaeus, P. betulx Fabricius, 
Fig. 2S.-Scolytus ratzeburgi: Male much en- -P- maculicornis Germar, P. pyri Linnaeus, and P. 

larked (Niisslin ) sinuatus Fabricius; Europe; feed as adults on foliage 

and probably some of them breed on the plant. 
Curcullonidae. 

Anoplus plantaris Sehonherr; Europe; adults feed on buds and young leaves. 
Hylobius abietis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the bark. 
>tc Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus; Europe; breeds in young shoots, branches, bark, and wood. An 
important pest introduced into the United States. 

Scolytidae, Ipidae. 

Scolytus ratzeburgi Jajison,and S .rugulosus Ratzeburg; Europe; make gaUeries in bark. (Seetextfig. 28.) 

Anisandrus dispar Fahricius; Germany; makes gaUeries in wood. 

Xyloterus domesticus Liimaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in sapwood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidae. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 
^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, North America; bores in wood. (See Horse chestnut.) 

Geonietridae. 

Anisopteryx xscularia Schiffermiller; a looper; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

Cheimatobia boreata Hiibner; Europe; feeds on buds, leaves, and new growth. 

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Germany; feed on buds 

and leaves. 
Larentia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; feeds on foliage of Betula odorata. 
Larentia nebulata Tnhg.; Sweden; feeds on foliage. 

Lasiocampidae. 

Eriogaster lanestris Linnaeus; Germany; feeds on foliage. 
Malacosoma neustria Ijiimgsus; Europe; defoliator. (See Forests.) 




INSECTS OF BIECH AND BLACKBERRY. 47 

Lyman triidae. 

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, -^Lymantna monacha Linnaeus, 9f.PorthetTia dispar Linnaeus, Porthesia 
similis Fuessly, forest defoliators; Europe. (See Forests.) 

Sesiidse. 

Sesia spheciformis Grng.; Europe; bores in trunk. 
Sesia scolixformis Borckh.; Sweden; bores in trunk. 

Tortricidae. 

>^PeToneafemigana Treitschke; Europe, North America; attacks foliage. 

Notodontidae. 

Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Cimbicidae. 

Cimbcx variabilis Klg., a saw fly; Europe; feeds on foliage. 
Trichiosoma lucorum Linnaeus; Europe; defoliates. 

Tentlirediiiidae. 

Nematus ( Croesus) septcntrionalis Linnaeus; Europe; defoliates. 
Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe (see Plum). 

Xipbydridae. 

Xiphydrya prolongata Linnaeus, wood wasp; Europe; bores in the wood. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

SoKAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3rd edit., 1913, vol. 3. 
NtJssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2nd edit., 1913. 
Bargagu, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. 
TeaqIedh, I. Sveriges Skogsinsekter, 1914. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coecidae), 1912. 

BLACKBERRY; RASPBERRY; LOGANBERRY. 

(Rubus spp. Family Rosaceae.) 

A large genus of skrubs bearing many different kinds of delicious small fruit.-- 
natives of America, Europe, and Asia. 

IMPORTANT BLACKBERRY INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Byturidae. 

Byturus tovuntosus Fabricius; Europe; larva feeds In fruit of raspberries and blackberries. 

Brachyrhinidae. 

Brachyrhinus tenebricosus Herbst; Europe; larvae attack roots, adults attack foliage. 

Curculionidae. 

Rhinaria perdix Pascoe; Australia. 

Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe; raspberry. (See Clover.) 

Anthonomus rubi Herbst; Europe; larva at roots, adult attacks foliage. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tortricidae. 

Notocclia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (See Currant.) 

Sesiidae. ' 

Bembecia hylseiformis "Lasp.; Europe; bores canes. 

Lasiocampldae. 

Macrothylacia rubi Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tentlircdinidae. 

Entodecta pumila Klug, a sawfly; Europe; mines in leaves. 
Cephididae. 

Janus fumipennis Ever.; Europe; mines in stems. 



48 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

BOX. 

(Buxus spp. Family Euphorbiaceae.) 

Evergreen shrubs or small trees commonly used for hedges, occurring natively in 
Central and Eastern Asia, North Africa, Europe, and Central America, and much 
used in this country. 

IMPORTANT INSECT ENEMIES OF BOX, 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Unarmored— 
Eriococcus buzi Fonscolombe; Europe. 

DIPTERA. 
Itouididse (Cecidoniyildae). 

^ Monarthropalpus buxi Laboulbene; Europe, eastern United States; leaf miner. 

BROOM CORN. 

(See Sorghum.) 

BRUSSELS SPROUTS. 

(See Cabbage.) 

BUCKTHORN. 

(Rhamnus spp. Family Rhamnacese.) 

Ornamental deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees propagated from seed or cut- 
tings. The genus occurs chiefly in the northern temperate regions, but some 
species are found in Brazil and South Africa. The wood of R. frangula is made into 
charcoal valued for the manufacture of gunpowder. 

IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING BUCKTHORN. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Germany, Tyrol; attacks Rhamnus alaternus, and R. frangula. 

Chionaspis salicis Uimssns; Austria; attacks R. frangula. 

A number of scales already in the United States also attack Rhamnus. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidae. 

:)i^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, N. America, bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Lymantriidse. 

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, a defoliator; Europe. (See Forests.) 
if^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, the nun moth; Europe: defoliator. (See Forests.) 

Hyponomeutidse. 

Hyponomeuta padi Zeller, a web worm; Europe: attacks R. frangula. 
Hyponomeuta evonymella, a web worm; Europe. 

LITERATURE. 

SORAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. 
LrNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912. 

CABBAGE; KALE; COLLARD; BRUSSELS SPROUTS; CAULIFLOWER; 

KOHLRABI. 

(Brassica olenacea Linnaeus, varieties. Family Cruciferae.) 

The many varieties of this species especially in Europe, have very important 
pests, which it is not desirable to have imported into this country. Since the flower 
head is used in some varieties, the foliage in others, and the roots in others, there is 
danger of importing almost any pest of the species. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects 



Plate X. 




The Red-Banded Thrips. 

The red-banded thrips (Heliothrips ruhrocinctus): Fig. 1. — Adult. Figs. 2-4. — Nymphal stages 

(Russell.) 



CABBAGE INSECTS. 49 

A. BETTER KNOWN CABBAGE PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Contarinia torquens Meijere. 
(Cabbage Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomjidse] ; Diptera.j 

Hosts: Cabbage. 

Injury: Attacks young cabbage plants, especially, breeding in the leaf axil and 
hindering growth. Has several generations. Pupates in soil. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 447. 

Dasyneura brassicae Winner. 

(Cabbage Gall Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomj-idse] ; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Cabbage, rape. 

Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Description and biology: Fly blackish brown, thorax covered with pubescence giving 
a silvery sheen, abdomen flesh red, with black bands; length 1.2-1.5 mm. long, milk 
white. Forms a gall in the fruit, feeds on the seed. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRALTER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 454. 

Phaonia trimaculata Bouch^. 

(Cabbage Maggot. Anthomyiidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Cabbage. 

Injury: Breeds in the roots. 

Description and biology: Fly light gray, four black interrupted streaks and three 
brown spots on thorax; eyes hairy; length 8 mm. Maggot 11 mm. long. 

Distribution: Eiuope. 
SoRAUER, P, Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 432. 

B. IMPORTANT CABBAGE PESTS. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Gryllotalpidse. 

^Scapteriscus didactylus Latreille; Porto Rico, Georgia; quite injurious, cuts below surface of soil. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Elateridse. 

Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 

Chrysomelidae. 

Psylliodcs chrysocephala Linnaeus and P. napi Fabricius. (See Rape.) 

Brachyrlilnidae. 

i^Barynotus squamosus Germar; Europe, Canada; adults strip plants to ground. 

Curcullonldse. 

Baris glabra Herbst, B. chlorizans Germar, B. opiparis Duval; Europe; breed in root and stem. 
Baris carulescens Scopoli; Europe; breeds in stem. 

Baris lepidii Germar, and B. viridisericea Goeze; Europe; breeds in root and crown. 
Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis Germar, and C. sulcicollis Faykull; Europe; breeds in crown. 
Ceutorhynchus quadridens Panzer; Europe; breeds in roots. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Plerldae. 

Pieris monuste Linnaeus, Porto Rico, southern United States; cabbage worm. 

Pyralidae. 

Evergestis extimalis Sc. (See Rape.) 

Plutellldae. 

Plutella jnaculipennis Curtis; cosmopolitan; destructive to leaves. 

55266—17 4 



50 



A MA]SrUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 




Fig. 29. — The ca.hhago moth (Mamcstrabrasskx): a, Moth; b,la.i\a; 
c, pupa. About natural size. (Curtis.) 



Noctuidse. 

Mamestra oleracea Linnaeus and M. brassicx Linnseus; Europe; very destructive to cabbage. (See 
text fig. 29.) 

DIPTERA. 
Anthomyiidse. 

::^ChoTtophilafuscicepsZetteTstedt. (See Com.) Anthomyia radicumMeigea;Emope. (See Radish.) 

CACAO; CHOCOLATE. 

{Theobroma spp. Family Sterculiacese.) 

Cacao is a very important article of commerce entering the United States. It is 
not grown in the United States proper, but is to a small extent produced in Porto 

Rico, Hawaii, and the Philip- 
pines. 

A. AN IMPORTANT CACAO 
PEST LIKELY TO BE IM- 
PORTED. 

Zaratba cramerella Sn 

(Cacao moth. Gelechiidae; 
Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Cacao, Nephelium 
lappaceum. 

Injury: Very destructive to 
the frmt. 

Description and biology: 
Moth small . Larva 10-12 mm . 
long, whitish, with greenish 
shimmer. Pupa in oval flattened woolly cocoon on outside of fruit, leaves, and twigs. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 266. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CACAO PESTS. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

if-Heliothnps rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida (see pi. X). 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Philephedra theobromx Green; Trinidad, Theobroma cacao. 

Miridae. 

Helopeltis theivora and H. antonii; Ceylon and Java: Sahlbergella singularis; Kamerun. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Scarabaeldse. 

Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Japan, Philippine Islands, 
Java. (See Rose.) 

Buprestidse. 

Chrysochroa bicolor Fabricius, and C. fulminans Fabricius; Java; borers. 

Cerambycidse. 

Epepeotes luscus Fabricius; Java; caoutchouc, cacao, mango. 

MonoUammus fistulator Germar; Java, Sumatra, Borneo; coffee, cacao (bores in bark, wood, and fruit). 

Monohammus ruspator Fabricius; Kamerun; cacao. 

Tragocephala senatoria Th.; Kamerun; cacao 

Moecha adusta Har.; West Africa, East Africa; cacao, Kickxia. 

Praonetha melanura Pascoe; Java; cacao, coffee. 

Ecthoea quadricornis Olivier; Trinidad; cacao. 

Steirastoma depressum Linnaeus; West Indies, South America; cacao, silk cotton tree ( Cd6o), okra, etc. 

Glenea novemguttata Castelnau, Java; cacao 

Ciirysomelidse. 

Crepidodera costatipennis Jacoby; Kamerun; defoliator. 



INSECTS OF CACAO, CANTELOUPE, CAEROT, CASSAVA, CATALPA. 51 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
PyralidaB. 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gu6nee; Orient. (See Corn.) 

Notodontldae. 

Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliator. 

Cossidae. 

Zeuzera coffese Nietner; Asia, Africa. (See Coffee ) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa; fruit fly. (See Fruit ) 

Ceratitis anoiise GTa,ha,m; Ainca. (See Fruit.) < 

LITERATURE. 

GUPPY, P. L. West Indian Bulletin, 1912, vol. 12, pp. 310-320. 
Agricultural News, Barbados, 1915, vol. 14, pp. 5S, 59. 

CANTELOUPE. 

See Cucurbits. 

CARROT. 

(Daacas carota Linnaeus. Family Unibelliferse.) 

The carrot is grown throughout the world. As it is a root crop there is always danger 

of introducing root pests. 

IMPORTANT CARROT INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Elateridse. 

Agriotes Uiitatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 
Brachyrhlnidse. 

Cneorhinus plagiatus Schall.; England. 
Curculionidae. 

Lipariis coronatus Goeze; Europe; breeds at roots 

Hypera pastinacx Rossi var. tigrina Boheinan, H. fasciculata Herbst, and H. rogcnhoferi Fairmaire; 
Europe; breed on the leaves like the clover weevil, Hypera punctata. , 

LEPIDOPTERA 
CEcophoridae. 

Depressaria nervosi Hw.; Europe; very injurious to flower heads. • 

DIPTERA. 
Agromyzidse. 

Phytomyza affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) 

CASSAVA; TAPIOCA; CEARA RUBBER. 

(Manihot utilissima Pohl., etc. Family EuphorbiaceiS.) 

Cassava {M. utilissima) is a tropical plant, grown to a limited extent in the southern 
United States. As it is propagated from cuttings, there is always danger of introduc- 
ing serious pests when cuttings are imported. A recent shipment of cuttings from 
Brazil for propagation in this country was badly infested by a stalk-boring weevil 
Leiomerus granicollis Pierce (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, No. 2159, pp. 
469-471). 

Ceara rubber (M. glaziovii) is also an important plant. 

CATALPA. 

{Catalpa spp. Family Bignoniacere.) 

Deciduous ornamental trees of North America, and East Asia; much cultivated 
in this country. The wood is valued for railway ties and fence posts. 



52 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

IMPORTANT CATALPA INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse: 

Armored — 

^Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti; Europe, Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, Africa, South America 
eastern United States; attacks fruits and many other plants. 

LITERATURE. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. 

CAULIFLOWER. 

(See Cabbage.) 

CEDAR. 

( Cedrus spp . Family Juniperacese . ) 

Large evergreen trees of North America, North Africa.' Asia ]\linor, and the Hima- 
layas, highly valued for their durable and fragrant wood. 

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CEDAR (CEDRUS). 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidse. 

Sphenoptera aterrima Kerremans; India; bores in bast and sapwood of deodar (^Cedrus deodara). 

Sphenoptera lafertei Thomson; India; deodar. 
Tenebrlonidae. 

Camarimena rugosistriatus Blair; India; deodar 
Cerambycldae. 

Teledapus dorcadioides Pascoe; India; bores in trimk of deodar 

Strongylurus thoracicus Pascoe; Australia; white cedar. 

Tetropium oreinum Gahan; India; deodar. 

Trinophylum cribratum Bates; India; deodar. 
Brachyrhinldae. 

Brachyiystus suhsignatus Faust; India; defoliates deodar. 

Cossonidse. 

Rhyncholus himalayensis Stabbing; India; bores in wood of deodar 

Scolytidse. 

Polygraphus major Stabbing; India; boras in deodar. 
Polygraphus aterrimus Strohmey&c; India; deodar. 

Cryphalus deodara Stebbing; India; deodar stems. 

Cryphalus himalayensis Stabbing; India; deodar stems. 

Ips stcbbingi StTohmeyer; India; deodar stems. 

Pityogenes coniferse Stebbing; India; deodar. 

Scolytus major Stebbing, S. minor Stebbing and S. deodara Stebbing: India; deodar. 

Platypodldae. 

Crossotarsus coniferse Stabbing; India; deodar. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidse. 

Euzophera cedrella; India; infests cones of deodar. 

Phycita abietella; India; infests cones of deodar. 

CELERY. 

(Apium graveolens. Family Umbelliferse.) 
A garden vegetable much cultivated for its edible stems. 

A. A CELERY PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Acidia heraclel Linnaeus. 

(Celery Fly. Trypetida?; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Celery, parsnip, Heracleum, Angelica, Ligusticum, Arctium, Artemisia, 
Rumex. 
Injury: Mines leaves and stems, causing considerable injury. 



INSECTS OF CELERY, CHERRY, AND CHESTNUT. 53 

Description ajid biology: Fly brownish yellow, scutellum dark, hind part of thorax 
and abdomen shining black; head and antennae reddish yellow; length 5-6.5 mm. 
Maggot whitish. Pupates either in the leaf or in the soil (winter). 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 420, 421. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CELERY PESTS. 

LEPIDOPTEKA. 
Pyralidse. 

^Pioneaforficalis LiniiEeus and' ^ P. fcrrugaJis Hiibner; Europe. (See Cabbage.) 

DIPTERA. 
Agromyzidse. 

^Phyiomyza affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) 

CHERRY. 

(See Plum.) 

CHESTNUT. 

{Castanea spp. Family Oupuliferte.) 

Deciduous trees and shrubs of America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, producing 
edible nuts. The coarse-grained wood is much used for furniture, railway ties, and 
fence posts, as it is very durable in the soil. 

A. BETTER KNOWN CHESTNUT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Curciilio elephas Gyll. (Balaninus). 

(Chestnut Wee\dl. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 
Host: Chestnut. 

Injury: To chestnut fruit. Not easy to introduce. 

Description and biology. — Adult length 6-7.5 mm. A long egg-shaped beetle, red- 
dish yellow brown and covered with whitish scales. Pupates in ground. Larva feeds 
in fruit of chestnut. Eggs placed by female in nut. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schiidlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 91. 
Laspeyresla splendana Hiibner. (Carpocapsa.) 
(Nut Fruit Tortrix. Tortricidse ; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Chestnut; walnut; acorns. 

Injury: Attacks the nuts, often quite destructive. 

Description and biology. — Adult wing expanse 12-18 mm.; forewings whitish gray; 
basal patch gray, streaks of gray along costa; a large blackish brown area inclosing a 
silver-edged ocellated patch, in which are three or four black, longitudinal lines. 
Occurs in June and July. Pupation similar to that of codling moth. Larva, pinkish 
white; leaves fruit late in fall. Eggs deposited on young fruit, hatching in 10 days. 
(See text fig. 30.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 309. 

B. IMPORTANT CHESTNUT INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Unarmored. 
Lccanium pulchrum King; Germany, France. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xcstobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in wood. 

Bostrycliidae. 

Bnstrychus capucinus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in lumber and barrel staves. 



54 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Scarabseidae. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnseus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seed- 
lings. 

Cerambycldae. 

Callidium xneum DeGeer; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber. 

Chrysomelidse. 

Pseudocolaspis indica Baly; India; adults destructive to inflorescence of Castanea vesca. 

Scolytidae, Ipidse. 

Anisandrus dispar Tabrieius; Germany; galleries in wood. 
Dryoccetcs villosus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark. 
Scolytus mali Bechst.; Europe; galleries in cambium. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tlneidse. 

Tischeria complanella Iliibner; Europe; leaf miner on Castanea vesca. 

TortrlcidBe. 

Tortrix viridana Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on buds and leaves of Castanea vulgaris. 
Laspeyresia grossana Haworth; Europe. (See Beech. ) 




Fig. 30. — Nut fruit toitrix (^Laspeyresia splcndana): 1. Position of egg in chestnut stem; 2, larva in 
nut; 3, eggs; 4, larva; 5, larva in cocoon; 6, pupa in cocoon; 7, pupa; 8, adult. (Costa.) 

LITERATURE. 

LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. 

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. 

SoEAXTER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

CHICORY; SUCCORY. 

{dchorium intybus Linnseus. Family Compositae.) 

The greater part of the chicory root used in this country is imported from Europe, 
although a small quantity is raised in the United States. Importations of roots might 
very easily introduce pests. 

CHINABERRY; UMBRELLA TREE. 

( 3Ielia azedarach. Family Meliaceae ) 

The common chinaberry tree of the South originated in India. It has been intro- 
duced into the Imperial Valley, Cahfornia. 



INSECTS OF CHIIsrABEREY, CHOCOLATE, CINCHOiS'A, CITRUS. 55 

COLEOPTERA. 
Platystomidae (Anthribidae). 

^Arsecerus fasciculatus DeGeer; a cosmopolitan insect, breeds commonly in the berries. This is a pest 
of many dried vegetable products and is very injurious in the Southern States. 

CHOCOLATE. 

(See Cacao.) 

CINCHONA; QUININE. 

{Cinchona. Family Rubiacese.) 
South American trees whose bark yields the quinine of medicine. 

A. AN IMPORTANT CINCHONA PEST. 

Boarmia crepuscularia Hiibner. 
( Ja van Cinchona Geometrid. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Cinchona ledgeriana; elm. 

Injury: Very injurious to cinchona in Java; attacks elm in Russia. 

Description and biology: The larva attacks not only the foliage, but the bark of twigs 
and young branches, absolutely defoliating a tree when serious. 

Distribution: Java, Europe, Asia. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 338. 

B. OTHER CINCHONA INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidse. 

Zeuzera coffex Nietner; Orient. (See Coffee.) 

Psychldse. 

Clania variegata Snellenhoeven, and C. crameri Westwood; Orient. (See Tea.) 

Lasiocampidae. 

Odonestis plagifera Walker; Java; defoliator. 

Metanastria hyrtaca Cresson; Java, very important defoliator. 

Lymantriidee. ^ 

E uproctis flexuosa Snellenhceven; Orient; defoliator. 

CITEUS; ORANGE; LEMON; KUMQUAT; LIME; TANGERINE; 
GRAPEFRUIT. 

{Citrus spp. Family Rutaceae.) 

Aromatic, glandular shrubs and trees cultivated in semitropical and tropical coun- 
tries for their delicious fruits. 

A. CITRUS PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

* Eriophyes oleivorus Ashmead. 
(Orange Rust Mite: Lemon Silver Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) 

Hosts: Orange, lemon. 

Injury: Blisters the leaves and fruit. 

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which attacks citrus trees and 
causes rusts on the fruit. 

Distribution: North America, South America, Bermudas, Australia. 
Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook, 1900, pp. 285-289. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 121. 



^6 A MANUAL or DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

Bemisia giffardi Kotinsky (Aleyrodes). 
(Giffard White Fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Citrus. 

Injury: Frequently abundant on citrus leaves, exuding honeydew copiously, 
which forms a medium for the development of sooty fungus. 

Description and biology: Adult female about 0.69 mm. long. Pupa case greenish 
with purplish red eyes, about 1.26 mm. long and 0.63 mm. wide. Eggs uniformly 
dark brown in color, with apparently no pedicel. 

Distribution: Hawaii. (Supposedly an introduced species.) 
Kotinsky, J. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 2, 1907, p. 94. 
QuAiNTANCE AND Baker. Joum. Agric. Research, Vol. VI, p. 459 (1916). 

Aleurocanthus woglumi Asbby. 
(Spiny citrus white fly. Family Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Orange, Capparis roxburghi, Capparis pedunculosus , Citrus sp., Morus sp., 
Salacia reticulata, Kurrimia zeylanica, Guaiacum officinale, and Cestrum nocturnum. 

Injury: Infests the lower surface of the leaves. 

Description and biology: Immature stages black, spiny. Pupa case about 1.4 by .89 
mm., elliptical; dorsum attached; eggs very small yellowish, sometimes reticulated. 

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Philippine Islands. Jamaica, Bahama and Cuba. 

Aleurothrisus porteri Quaintance and Baker. 
(Porter's white fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Orange, Solanaceous plants, Schinus dependens, Schinus molle, Jaboticaba, 
Lippia citriodora. and Myrtus. 

Injury: Infests the lower surface of foliage. 

Description and biology: Pupa case .88 by .50 mm., elliptical; dorsum somewhat 
elevated, covered with cottony wax; the abdomen with a distinct keel; margin 
incised. Adults yellow with dark brown eyes. Length, .88 mm., forewing 1.04 
mm. long, without markings, but often uniformly cloiided with dusky. 

Distribution: Chile and Brazil. 

Apate monachus Fabricius. 
(Bostrycliidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Orange, plum, almond, coffee, avocado. 

Injury: Very injurious. Bores in wood. 

Description and biology: Larva bores in bark and heartwood; sap and twigs in 
neighborhood of galleries blackened. 

Distribution: East and West Africa, Antilles, Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 490. 

Leptostylus praemorsus. 

(Bark-borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Citrus trees. 

Injury: Attacks the stems near the ground or at the point of pruning, resulting in the 
ultimate death of the tree. May be introduced in nursery stock. 

Description and biology: Adult brownish with long slender antennae. Eggs are quite 
likely laid in dead or dying portions of tree after pruning. 

Distribution: Lesser Antilles. 
Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 81. 



CITRUS INSECTS. 



57 



Prays citrl Miller. 
(Philippine Orange Moth. Hyponomeutidae ; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Orange, lemon, lime, mandarin, and cabuyao. 

Injury: Injures the blossoms of orange and lemon. 

Biology: Eggs deposited in the calices or peduncle of the flower; larvae upon hatch- 
ing bore through the inclosing parts, often destroying the calyx, pistil, and ovules; 
pupate within the flower and also in leaves or forks of twigs or branches. C. F. Baker 
states that in the Philippine Islands "the larva of this moth lives just beneath the rind 
next to, but not in, the pulp. They produce the gall-like tumors which remain open 
at the tips. The adult moths are of two sizes." 

Distribution: Sicily, Italy, Corsica, Ceylon, Australia, Philippines. 
EssiG, E. O. CaUfornia State Board of Horticulture, Monthly Bui., vol. 2, 1913, 

No. 11, p. 722. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 287. 
QuAYLE, H. J. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bui. 134, 1914, p. 22. 




Fig. .31. — Lemon butterfly (Papilio demokus). (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 

Wester, P. J. Dept. Public Instruction, Bur. Agric, Manila, P. I., 1913, Bui. 27, 

p. 60. 

Papilio demoleus Linnaeus. 

(Lemon caterpillar. Papilionidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Orange, lime, lemon, and other citrus trees. 

Injury: Defoliates citrus trees and is one of the commonest butterflies in India. 

Biology: Eggs yellow and deposited on topmost shoots of the plant. On hatching 
the larvfe are brown with wliite markings; when fully grown the color changes to a 
vivid green with lateral brown markings. Pupate on the plant. Adults large and 
conspicuous. (See text fig. 31.) 

Distribution: India and South Africa. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. The Agric. Journ. of India, 1908, vol. 3, p. 239. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 174. 

Nephopteryx sagittiferella Moore. 

(Perak Pomelo Moth. Phycitidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pomelo, lime, lemon. 

Injury: Reported to be very destructive to pomeloes in the residency gardens at 
Kwala Kangsa. May be introduced in the soil. 



58 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Biology: Eggs laid singly on underside of fruit; caterpillars, on hatching, penetrate 
fruit, increasing size and number of galleries as each successive stage is passed; pupate 
in ground and emerge as adults in about 12 days. 

Distribution: India, Europe (?). 
Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1891, vol. 2, No. 1, p. 21. 

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. 

(Citrus Leafminer. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Citrus. 

Injury: Injurious to citrus nursery stock in India, attacking the buds and young 
foliage. May be introduced in nursery stock in Wardian cases. 

Description and biology: Adult, head, face, palpi, and legs white, antennae whitish, 
anterior wings white with two slender gray streaks, posterior wings wMtish with pale 
gray cilia. Larvae mine the leaves of young nursery stock, the cocoon is usually placed 
at the edge of the leaf, which is rolled up. 

Distribution: India, Philippine Islands. 

WoGLUM. R. S. U. S. Dept. of Agric.., Bur. Entom., Bui. 120, 1913, pp. 27, 28, 

and 40. 

Ceratitis catolrei Guerin. 

(Mauritius Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 
Host: Tangerine. 
Injury: Attacks fruit. 

Description: Adult female fly 6-7 mm. long; male 5-6 mm. 
Distribution: Seychelles Islands, Mauritius; Isles of Bourbon. 
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc, New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 864. 

Dacus sequalls Coquillett. 

(Large Australian Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Orange. 

Injury: Larvae feed on oranges. 

Description: Adult female length 8-9 mm. (excluding ovipositor). Front margin 
of wings with broad ferruginous stripe. Antennae long, and body wasp-shaped. 

Distribution: New South Wales. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 26. 

Dacus ornatlssimus Froggatt. 

(Mandarin Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Host: Mandarin. 

Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Description: Adult female 6 mm. in length, general color chestnut brown to ocher- 
ous, dorsal siuface of thorax black, abdomen ocherous with narrow dark indistinct 
transverse lines. (See plate xxviii, figs, a, c.) 

Distribution: New Caledonia. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 28. 

IMPORTANT CITRUS INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse: 

Armored — 
Aspidiotus {Aonidiella) subrubescens Maskell; New South Wales. Scale of female reddish brown, 

flat, subcircular, exuvia central forming a slightly elevated boss. 
Aspidiotus {Chrysomplialus) albopictus Cockerell; Mexico. Scale of female 2-2.25 mm. in diameter, 

dark brown and often covered with a white secretion, exuvia central and free of secretion. 
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) koebelei Townsend and Cockerell; Mexico. Scale of female 1.5-2 mm. in 

diameter, circular to suboval, light brown to grayish, exuvia to one side. 
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; Bermuda. (See Olive.) 



CITRUS i:n'sects. 



59 



Coccidae— Continued. 
Armored— Continued. 
Aspidhtus {Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Central America, Mexico. Scale of female large, 

flat, occasionally nearly white, exuvia orange colored and not nipplelike. 
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) orientalis Newstead: Cuba, Poncirus trifoUata ( Citrus). Scale of female 1.6-2 

mm. in diameter, subcircular, light yellowish brown, exuvia central. 
i^^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Barbados (Windward Islands), British Guiana, Costa 

Rica, Porto Rico, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Isle of Pines, Trinidad, Cuba, Sicily, 

Mexico, St. Vincent, Dominica. (See Coffee.) 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) davigcra Cockerell: Hawaii. Scale of female 2.5 mm. in diameter, blackish 

and usually covered by epidermis of the twigs. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) duplex Cockerell. Scale of female 2.66 mm. in diameter, subcircular, dark 

blackish brown, exuvia orange colored and to one side. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) fimbriatus Maskell; New South Wales. Scale of female 1.5 mm., flat, thin 

and circular. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; East Africa, Japan, Brazil. Scale of female 3-4.5 mm. 

in diameter, semicircular, reddish brown. (See text fig. 32.) 
Lcpidosaphes pinnseformis Bouch^; German East Africa, Canary Islands, Sicily. Scale of female 1.75-2 

mm. long, yellowish brown to dusky brown, curved or mytiliform. 
Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonard!: Italy, Sicily. (See Olive.) 
Farlatoria cinerea Doane and Hadden; Society Islands on orange. Scale of female circular, slightly 

convex, pale brownish gray. 
Parlatoria sinensis Maskell; China on orange. Scale of fe- 
male usually encrusting twigs. 
:^Parlatoria zizyphus Lucas; Italy, Sicily, Philippines. 

Often received on imported lemons. Scale of female 

black. 
Unarmored — 
Akermes punctatus Cockerell; Grenada; Citrus viedica 

acida. Female scale about 3.5 mm. long, hemispheri- 
cal, pale ochreous. 
Coccus viridis Green; West Indies, Ceylon, Montserrat. 

(See Coffee.) 
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; cosmopolitan; citrus, tea, 

palm. (See pi. n, fig. 4.) 
Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard: Ecuador, Montserrat, Porto Rico. Female reddish yeUow, 

antennse and legs black, waxy secretion white, corrugated long wax tufts protrude from the body. 
Icerya seychellarum Westwood; Seychelles Islands, Mauritius, Madeira, Japan, Madagascar. Female 

about 5 mm. in length, egg sac snow white, many long silvery hairs on dorsal aspect. 
Orthezia prxlonga Douglas; Jamaica, Trinidad, Brazil, British Guiana. Female long, narrow, pitchy 

black and covered with snow-white waxy laminations. 
^Orthezia insignis Douglas; cosmopolitan: citrus, tea, etc. (See pi. iv, fig. 2.) 
Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockerell: Jamaica, Japan, Mauritius, Hawaii. Female about 3 mm. long, 

gray, covered with white secretions, antennae 7-jointed. 
::^ Pseudococcus citri Risso; citrus, coffee, tobacco, cotton. (See pi. u, fig. 3.) 
Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell; Japan. Female usually on underside of leaf, with white ovisac about 

5 mm. long, suboval. 




Fig. 32 



-Citrus scale (Aspidiotus [Pseud- 
aonidia] trilobitiformis). 



Pulvinaria cellulosa Green; Ceylon. 

female shrivels after gestation. 
Takahashia citricola Kuwana; Japan. 

to T.japonica. 

Termitidae. 

Termes australis Hagen; Australia. 



Female including ovisac 4.5 to 5 mm. in length, ovisac snow white; 
Female free from the plant and resting upon the ovisac. Similar 
ISOPTERA. 
(See Apple.) 



COLEOPTERA. 
Scarabseidse. 

Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Philippines, Japan, Java. 

Bostrychldse. 

Bostrychopsis jesuita Fabricius; Australia; bores in trees. 

Cerambycldae. 

Uracanthus cryptophagm Olivier; Australia; bores in trunis. 
Acrocinus accentifer Olivier; Brazil; bores in trunks of orange, tangerine, limes, lemons. (Boletim 

Agricultura, ser. 15, pp. 1066-1072.) 
Diploschema rotundicolle Serville; Brazil; girdles and bores in twigs (Bol. Agric, ser. 15, pp. 1073-1081). 



60 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Curculionidae. 

Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris Fabricius; Australia; bores in wood (French, Handbook Destr. Ins, Vic- 
toria, pt. 4, p. 82). 

Cratosomiis rcidi Kirby ; Brazil; bores long tunnels in stems and trunks of orange. (Bol. Agric, ser. 15, 
pp. 1081-1092.) 

Diaprepcs abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralldae. 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis GufSnee; Queensland. (See Corn.) 

Papilionidse. 

Papilio idmus Fabricius; Brazil; feeds on foliage. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Anastrephafratcrculiis Wiedemann, attacks oranges. (See Fruit.) 

Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico; attacks orange and sweet lime. (See Fruit.) 

Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 

Ceroiito capitoto Wiedemann, attacks Citrus aurantium, C. grandis{decuTnana), C.japonica, C.limonia 

and C. nobilis. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India, etc. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus passifloTse Froggatt; Fiji; attacks orange, lemon, and lime. (See Fruit.) 






Fig. 33.— Tbe clover-root curculio {Sitona hispidula): Adult, larva and pupa. Greatly enlarged 

(Wildermuth.) 

CLOVER. 

(Trifolium spp. Family Leguminosae.) 

There are many species of clovers used as forage crops in various parts of the world. 
Although clover is usually only imported as seed, several very serious foliage pests 
have been introduced from Europe. 

The lasiocampid moth, Lasiocampa trifolii Ep., of Europe and Asia Minor, is in- 
jurious to clover. Many weevils of the genus Sitona not mentioned below are in- 
jurious to clover in Europe. They breed at the roots, but several have been imported 
into the United States. The weevils of the genus Hypera (Phytonomus) are equally 
dangerous to clovers. They breed externally on the foliage. Several European 
species have established strong colonies in this country. The weevils of the genus 
Apion (e. g. A. apricans Herbst) often breed in the heads of clovers and many of 
them are very dangerous. (For Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus see Tobacco.) 

Sitona spp. 
(Clover root weevils. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 
Species: S. lineata Linnaeus; Europe (England); adults feed on peas, beans, etc., 
larvae feed at roots of these and clover and lucerne. :^S. flavescens 
Marsh.; Europe, introduced into America; clover, beans, peas, Galega 
ojflcinalis. ::^S. hispidula Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; 
clover, peas, Galega officinalis. (See text fig. 33.) S. linneellus Gyllen- 



INSECTS OF CLOVER, COCONUT, COFFEE. 



61 



hal; Europe; lucerne. S. meliloti Walton; Europe, Melilotus officinalis 
Derr. S. sulcifrons Thunberg; Europe; clover, Atriplex hastata L. 
Description: Elongate grayish or brownish weevils with short blunt beak. The 
larvae breed at the roots of plants and in nodules. Important pests. 
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Riucofori Europei, 1883-1887. 

^ Miccotrogus picirostrls Fabriclus. 
(Imported clover weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

This is a recently imported weevil which attacks clover in New England. (See 

text fig. 34.) 

Hypera (Phytonomus) spp. 

(Clover-leaf weevils. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: :Jf^H. punctata Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; clover, and 
alfalfa. :>lfiH. meles Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; clover, 
alfalfa, grasses. s^S". nigri- 
rostris Fabricius; Europe; in- 
troduced into United States; 
clover, alfalfa, Ononis, etc. 
H. miles Paykull, Europe; 
clover. H. murina Linnaeus; 
Europe; alfalfa, clover. H. 
variabilis Herbst; Europe; 
clover, beans, cabbage, rasp- 
berry, potato. H. ononidis 
Chevrolat; Europe; clover. 
Ononis viscosa. 
Injury: These are all serious or potential 

pests and easily distributed . (See Alfalfa.) 
Description and biology: The clover-leaf 

beetle, H. punctata, is very familiar to 

most entomologists in this country. The 

other species are of similar form but dif- 
ferent colors of brown, gray, or green. The larvae feed externally on the leaves and 

pupate in silken cocoons. 

Bargagli, P. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. 

COCONUT PALM. 

(Cocos nucifera. Family Palmacese.) 

A large palm cultivated for ornament and for its edible fruit. It is grown in Florida 
and California as an ornamental tree. (See Palms.) 

COFFEE. 

{Coffea arabica Linnaeus; Coffea liberica Hiern. Family Rubiaceae.) 

Coffee is grown in Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, and many of the 
islands of the Pacific and Atlantic. Although not grown in the United States proper, 
it is an important product of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the PliiUppines. The importa- 
tions of the beans into this country are enormous. Where beans or seedlings are 
imported into the Territories above mentioned, there is danger of introducing noxious 
insects. 




fiG. 34.— Imported clover weevil (Miccotrogus picl 
Tostris): Adult, enlarged. (Original, Walton.) 



62 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

A. BETTER KNOWN COFFEE INSECTS. 

Tetranychus bioculatus Wood-Mason. 
(Coffee Red Spider. Tetranychidae; Acarina.) 

Host: Coffee, tea, tomato, Firmiana colorata, Anthocephalus cadamba. 

Injury: Injures plant by sucking juices. May be easily imported on nursery stock 
and might attack other crops if introduced. 

Description and biology: A tiny red spider very like the common red spider of this 
country and likely to be as dangerous. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913. vol. 3, p. 97. 
Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, vol. 3, pp. 48-56, 2 figs, 

Xyleborus coflese Wurth. 

(Coffee Beetle. Scolytidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Coffea arabica, C. robusta, and C. liberica, Erythrina lithosperma, Melia azeda- 
rach, Cacao, Cinchona ledgeriana. Occasionally feeds on Hevea brasiliensis, although 
the sticky excretion of the plant catches and holds the beetles, resulting in their 
death. 

Injury: Considered injurious to Coffea robusta, and it is recommended that this plant 
be discontinued in order to drive the insects to bruised or injured Hevea brasiliensis. 

Description and biology: Adult male beetle 1.1 mm. long and 0.55 mm. broad; adult 
female 1.6 mm. long and 0.8 mm. broad; color shining brown. Bores in galleries in 
the wood. 

Distribution: Dutch East Africa, Java, Tonkin. 
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 574. 

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner. 
(Red Coffee Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Coffee, tea, cacao, cinchona, Acalypha marginata, Anona muricata, Durantha, 
Grevillea, Persea gratissima, Photinia, Santalum album, Swietenia mahagoni, cotton. 

Injury: Bores in the wood or stalks. 

Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 40-46 mm., head and thorax gray, with 
black spots; Avings white with blue black spots, abdomen black with white hair. 
Bores in the wood. Pupates in larval bore near exterior. The pupa emerges partially 
before escape of moth. 

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Kamerun (German East Africa). 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, p. 321. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 156, fig. 41. 

Leucoptera cofleella Stainton. 
(Coffee Leaf Miner. Lyonetiidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Coffee. 

Injury: Is said to have caused a loss of about 20 per cent of the crop in Brazil, 20 to 
30 per cent of the leaves infested in Porto Rico, and a serious enemy in Cuba. Con- 
sidered the worst of all coffee pests. Likely to be introduced on plants. 

Description and biology: Adult moth 2.5 mm. long, silver gray color, tipped with 
black on posterior end. Eggs deposited in small sUts made in the leaves; the larvae 
hatch within 4 to 6 days, live within the leaf about 3 weeks, and then leave the inte- 
rior of the leaf through the upper epidermis and form a web, pupating on under sur- 
face of the leaf. The adult hatches in from 3 to 7 days. 

Distribution: Porto Rico, Brazil, Cuba. 
Cook, M. T. Est. Centr. Agron. de Cuba, Bui. 3, 1905. 



COFFEE INSECTS. 63 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT COFFEE INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse; 

Armored — 
>iiiAspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Venezuela, Jamaica, British Guiana. Adult female 

2-2.25 mm. in diameter, semitransparent, pale brown or yellowish. 
Lepidosaphes corrugata Green; Java. Adult female, scale 3-4.5 mm. in length, 1 mm. broad, dull black, 

thick, opaque, with many curved transverse corrugations. 
Unarmored — 
Asterolecctnium cjffese Newstead; German East Africa. Liable to be introduced on leaves and twigs. 

Adult female, test golden yellow, margin fringed with golden yellow glassy filaments; test of old 

specimen opaque grayish with bottle-green markings. 
C'erococcus ornatus Green; Ceylon. Liable to be introduced on twigs. Adult female enclosed in test 

of wax which is purplish brown, on each of the sloping sides are two wax ridges; length 2-2.5 mm. 
Ceroplastes cer if erus Andetson; German East Africa. On Coffea arabica. (See Citrus.) 
Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead; Uganda. Liable to be introduced on leaves and twigs. Adult fe- 
male, covered with wax, test dark cinnamon to brownish, young female star shaped. 
Coccus viridis Green; Brazil, Ceylon, India, Mauritius. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and 

foliage. Adult female 2.5 to3.25 mm. in length, breadth 1.5 to 2 mm.; pale green withloop of blackish 

spots on dorsum. 
Lecanium catidatus Green; Ceylon. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and foUage. Adult female 

3-4 mm. in length, 2-3 mm. in breadth; oval, narrowed in front broadly rounded behind, bright, 

castaneous. 
Ortheziola fodicns Giard; Guadaloupe. Liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female 2 mm. long, 

L5 mm. broad, tawny red provided with laminations. 
Pscudococcus coffex Newstead; Java; Liberian coffee. Adult female covered with densely felted plates 

cf white secretion. 
Pseudococcits virgatus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mexico, Hawaii. Liable to be introduced on foliage, 

branches, or roots. Aduit female 4-5 mm. long, white mealy browm above with caudal filaments 

about half the length of the body; antennae S-jointed. 
Pulvinaria camclicola Signoret; Hawaii. Adult female 2-3 mm. in length, ovisac from four to eight 

times length of insect. 
Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts. Adult female length 5 mm., width 2.25 

mm.; ovisac white and fluffy; antennse S-jointed. 
Pulvinaria mammex Maskell. Adult female before gestation about 8 mm. long. Ovisac large, snow 

white, forming a mass of loose cotton. 
Rhizoccus eloli Giard; Guadaloupe. Liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female elongate, anal 

tubercles prominent; antennas 5-jointed. 
:H:Saissetia nigra Nietner; Costa Rica, Ceylon, India. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and plants. 

Adult female length 3-5 mm. , breadth 2-3 mm. ; black, oval, convex with dorsum occasionally form- 
ing a pronounced hump; a longitudinal carina is often present. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida; attacks Coffea liberica. (See 
plate X.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychidse. 

A pate monachus Eabricius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.) 

CerambycidsB. 

Monohammus flstulator Germar; Java, Sumatra, Borneo; bores in wood. 
Bixadus sierricola White; Sierra Leone to Kamerun; very serious borer. 
Coptops fusca Olivier, C. hidcns Fabricius, Barseus sordidus Olivier, Sternotomis imperialis Fabricius, 

S. regalis Fabricius, Moecha buttneri Kolbe, M. molator Fabricius, and Frea macuUcornis Thomson; 

West Africa; bore in wood. 
Anthores asperula White; East and South Africa; a very serious borer. 
Frea marmorata Gerstaecker; East Africa. 
Praonetha mclanura Pascoe; Java. 

Nitocris usambica Kolbe; East Africa; a very injurious borer. 
Xylotrechus javanicus Lap. et Gory; Java; bores in bark and wood. 
Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat; India, C«ylon, Burma, Siam, Tonkin, Philippines; bores in bark and 

■wood. (See text fig. 35.) 

Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhynchidae). 

Hypomeces curtus Schonherr; eats the foliage of yoimg plants in Java. 

Pachnxus litus Germar; breeds at the roots, the larvae gnawing the bark, in Cuba. 

Pachnxus azurescens GyUenhal; breeds at the roots, the larvae gnawing the bark in Cuba. 



64 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Bracbyrhinidae (Otlorhynchidae)— Coatinued. 

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; attacks the foliage and possibly the larvae attack the roots in the West 

Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 
Cratopus punctum Fabricius; feeds on the foliage in Mauritius and Reunion. 
Oeonomus quadrinodosus Chevrolat; feeds as larva on the leaves in Venezuela. 
Rhadimscopus nociturnus Kolbe; feeds on the leaves in German East Africa. 

Scolytidae. 

Xyleboms morstatti Hagedorn; German East Africa; bores in Bukoba coffee and Coffea stenophylla. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

Thliptoceras octoguttata Fid.; German East Africa; attacks beans. 

Cochlidiidse. 

Parasa lepida Cr.; Java; serious. 

Psychldae. 

Clania crameri Westwood and C. variegata Snellenhoeven; Orient. (See Tea.) 

Lyman triidae. 

Dasychira mcndosa Hlibner, D. misana Moore, D. 
thuaitesi Moore and Orgyia postica Walker; India, 
Ceylon, Java; defoliators. 

Notodontidae. 

Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; 
defoliates. 

DIPTERA. 

Trypetidae. 

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Coffea arabica. 
(See Fruit.) 




COLLARD. 



See Cabbage. 



CONIFERS. 

(Family Pinacese.) 



Fig. 35.— Pine bark beetle {Xylotrcchus quad- 
ripes): Adnlt. (Ma.xwell-Lefroy.) 



Under this heading are treated the insect 
pests of Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga), fir 
(Abies), hemlock spruce (Tsuga), larch (Larix), pine (Pinus), and spruce (Picea). 

This grouping is due to the fact that these trees have so many pests in common 
and also because of a confusion in foreign and home literature of the names pine, 
spruce, and fir. 

A. IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING VARIOUS CONIFERS. 

Diadosus scalaris Laporte et Gory; Diadoxus erythrurus White. 
(Cypress Borers. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Murray pine (Pinus frenela), Lambert's cypress (Cupressus lambertiana) . 

Injury: Very destructive to the wood, boring under the bark and into the wood. 

Description: D. scalaris is the larger species. Both are greenish in color, with the 
elytra largely reddish brown except for green basal stripes and yellow discal spots. 
The median line of the thorax is yellow between two black or brown fasciae. Larvae 
yellowish white. 

Distribution: Victoria, Australia. 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 44-50, 

pis. 106, 107. 



CONIFER INSECTS. 65 

Tetropium castaneum Linnaeus. 
(Spruce Borer. Cerambycidje; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Larch, spruce, pine, fir. 

Injury: Bores in the wood. 

Distribution: Europe, Siberia. 
NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 136-139, 

figs. 108, 109 (T./uscus, T. luridus). 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 495. 

Brachyrhinus (Otlorhynchus spp.)- 
(Coniferous Root Weevils. Brachyrliinidse (Otiorhynchidce); Coleoptera.) 

Species: B. niger Fabriciuis; Europe; pine, larch, spruce, maple, alder, ash, service 
berry; breeds at the roots and the adults attack the foliage. B. fuscipes Olivier; 
Europe; spruce. B. perdix Olivier; Europe; spruce. ':^B. ovatus Linnaeus; Europe, 
United States; spruce. A very important pest of strawberries, conifers, and green- 
house plants. B. singularis Linnaeus; Europe; spruce, fir, and many other plants 
(see Grape). B. sensitivus Scopoli; Europe; spruce, Weymouth pine, Douglas 
fir. B. irritans Herbst; Europe; pine, beech. B. armadillo Ro-ssi, B. aurifer Boheman, 
B. egregius Miller, B.fullo Schrank, B. inflatus Gyllenhal, B. jovis Miller, B. lepidop- 
terus Fabricius, B. kratterii Boheman, B. morio Fabricius, B. multipunctatus Fabri- 
cius, and B. septentrionis Herbst, are reported on conifers in Europe. 

Description: Black, oval weevils, with broad blunt beaks. Breed at the roots 
of plants and are very destructive. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, p. 54. 
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. 

Magdalis spp. 

(Coniferous Weevils. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: The weevils of this familiar genus are very destructive to forest trees, breea- 
ing under the bark but entering the wood. They are very easily distributed in logs. 
M. violacea Linnaeus; Europe; attacks 3 to 10 year old pines, larch, and fir. M. phlegm- 
atica Herbst; Europe; spruce and pines. M. duplicata Germar; Europe; spruce, Pinus 
silvestris. M. memnonia Gyllenhal; Europe; pine. M. n</a Germar; Europe; pines 
and other conifers. 
Bargagli, P. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. 

Dendroctonus ruicans Kugelann. 

(The Large Bast Beetle. Ipidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Principally spruce (Picea). Occasionally pine. 

Injury: Quite destructive to trees from breast height down to and including roots. 

Description: Beetle elongate, nearly dull black, with long gray-yellowish hair not 

densely set. Wing covers punctate striate, antennae and legs yellowish red; 8-9 mm. 

long. 
Evidence of infestation: Free resin flow out of holes about 3 mm. in diameter. Mixed 

with boring dust, it hardens in the air in white lumps. 
Distribution: Germany. France. 

NussLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913, pp. 246-249, fig. 211. 

JuDEicH, J. F., and Nitsche, H. Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten- 
kunde. I, pp. 458-462, 1895. 
55266—17—5 



66 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Ips typographus Linnseus. 

(Eiglit-toothed large spruce barkbeetle or "typographer." Ipidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Spruce; rarely larch and Scotch fir (Pinus silvestris.) 

Injury: Bores in bark and sapwood; while usually secondary, it also attacks 

healthy trees when very numerous. Recognized as the most dangerous l)ark-beetle 

in Europe. 

Description: Beetle ]:)lack or l^rown, cylindrical, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, 8 teeth on mar- 
gins of elytral declivity, of which the 3d on each side is the largest and with rounded 

apex. 
Evidence of infestation: Shows only when the tree begins to react by changing 

color of foliage . 
Distribution: Lapland to Alps, wherever spruce grows. 

NiJssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913. pp. 269-272, fig. 238. 

JuDEicH, J. F., und NiTSCHE, H. Lehrlnuh der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten- 
kunde. I, pp. 506-516, figs. 167-169, 1895. 

>kToni!cus (Myelopliihis) piniperda Linnseus. 

(The large or Ijlack pine pith borer or "forest gardener." Scolytida?; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Pine. 

Injury: Tunnels under bark of trunk and branches. Young adults feed on pith of 

1 to 2-year old shoots. Attack sickly and quite healthy trees and invariably cause 

their death from above downward. Attacks thin, smooth bark of trunk and branches 

and heavy barked portion of lower trunk of li\"ing felled or sickly trees. 
Description: Beetle elongate. 3.5-4.5 mm. long: proboscis finely and not densely 

punctate; elytra finely punctate striate, posteriorly with a row of l^rush-ljearing small 

tubercles. 

Evidence of iyifestation: Fading and dying top.s; long vertical galleries in bark. 

Twigs hollow at tip with pitch tubes at jjase. 
Distribution: Europe. 

NiJssLiN, 0. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913, pp. 243-246, figs. 207-210. 

JuDEicH, J. F., und NiTsciiE, H. Lehr))uch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten- 
kunde. pp. 462-472, figs. 145 and 146, 1895. 

Bupalus piniarius Liniiceus. 

(Pine Geometrid. Geometridie; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pine, spruce, fir. 

Injury: Feeds on foliage and young shoots. 

Description and biology: Male moth bright yellow, female bright reddish Ijrown, 
both marked with dark l^rown. Larva green, with three white dorsal lines and two 
yellow lateral lines. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 337. 
NiJssLiN, Otto. L3itfaden der Forstins?ktenkunde 2d ed., 1913, pp. 385-390, figs. 

315-317. 

Dasycliira selenitica Esp. 

(Larch Tussock ]\Ioth. Lymantriida?; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Larch, pine, sainfoin, herlis, hardwoods. 
Injury: Defoliator, especially injurious to young trees. 

Description an^J biology: Moth brown; male olive lirown; female l^rownish Ijlack, with 
white crescent and wavy line on wings. Larva Idack, with dark -gray hairs on black 



CONIFER INSECTS. 67 

warts, and the fourth to eighth segments each with a yellowish gray brush of hairs 
tipped with l>lack; first segment with black hair pencil, eleventh segment with two. 
Pupates on surface of ground in a cocoon. 

Distribution: Germany. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 384. 
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der I'orstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., p. 376. 

Laspeyresia duplicanu Zetterstedt. 

(Fir Bark Tortricid. Tortricida'; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: White fir {Abies pectinata). juniper {Ju7iiperus), spruce (Picea exccJsa). 

Injury: Breeds in the bark and possibly sometimes the twigs. 

Description and biology: Moth 15-16 mm. in wing expanse; fore wings dark brown, 
with a white crescentiform spot at middle and finer markings beyond. The larva 
breeds from fall to spring under bark. Its life history is not definitely worked out. 

Distribution: Europe (Germany). 
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 411, 412, fig. 

343. 
SoRAUER, P. Handl)uch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 281. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1. pp. 485, 486. fig. 173. 

:>|(Enarinonia plnicolana Zell. 
(Gray Larch Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Larix, Abies, Siberian stone pine {Pinus cembra L.). 

Injury: Attacks the needles. 

Description and biologi/: Moth, wing expanse 18-22 mm., forewings shining light 
gray with brown markings. Larva dark green with darker stripes, head and thoracic 
shield black. Feeds under webs on the needles. 

Distribution: Europe, Siberia, North America, but serious only in Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d eel., 1913. v. 3, p. 286. 
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 419-422, figs. 

354-355. 

B. OTHER GENERAL CONIFEROUS PESTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididse. 

:ifi Mindarus abictinia Koch, a plant louse; Europe; attacks younj shoots of Abies pcclinita and bark 
of Picea. 

Phylloxerldse. 

Pineus sibiricus Cholodkovsky; a gall louse: Russia; attacks Pinus cembra and Picea in alternatins 

fenerations. 
Pineus oricntalis Drej-fus and P. pint Koch; Europe; attack Picea orientalis, P. cicelsa, Pinus mon- 

tana, P. silcesfris, and P. stnbus, its generatims alternating on pine and fir. 
Pineus strobi Ha:"ti?, gall louse; Europe; atta^.-ks Pinus strobus. 

Aphrast2sia pectinatx Cholodkovsky; gall louse; northeast Europe; attacks Abies and Picea. 
Dreyfusia nuesslini C. B.; gall louse: Europe; attacks Abies nordmmniana and Picea. 
:kDrcyfusia piccx Ratzeburg; gall louse; Europe; attacks stems of Abies pectinata. 

Chcrmcs viridis Ratzeburg, a gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix aad Picea. 
^tChermes abietis Kaltenbach, a gall louse; I'>iu"ope; attacks Larix, Abies pectinata, Pinus cembra. P. sil- 
vestris. 
Cnaphalodcs strobilobius Kaltenbach; gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix and Abies. 
Cnaphalodes lapponicus Cholodkovsky; Europe; attacks Picea and Larix. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Melandryidae. 

i\iScrropalpus barbatus Schall.; Europe; bores in the bark and wood of Abies pectinata and Picea. 

Bostrychldse. 

Apitc molle Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark-stripped wood of conifers. 



68 



A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 



Buprestidse. 

Anthaxia quadripunctata Linnaeus; Germany; bores in stems of young trees and branches of older trees 
of spruce (,Picea). 

Elaterldae. 

Agriotes alcrTimus Linnseus, A. Uncatus Linnfeus, and A. oftscwrMS Linnaeus; Europe; attack the seed- 
lings and roots of pine, 
fir, and spruce, while 
some species attack 
larch. 

Dolopius marginatus Lin- 
ntpus; Euiope: attacks 
the roots of seedling and 
yearling fir, pine, and 
spru':'e. 

Sdatosomus xneus Lin- 
nteus; Europe; attacks 
roots of pine, fir, and 
spruce. 

Tenebrionidse. 

Sctcnis sem iopaca Blair; 
India; breeds in the 
trunks of Picea morinda 
and Pinvs eiceha. 

Cerambycidae. 

■:)fi. Hylotrupcs bijulus Lin- 
nieus; Europe; bores in 
the finished lumber, es- 
pecially building tim- 
bers and furniture of 
coniferEe. 

Monohammus sartor Fab- 
ric)usand«u7or Linnaeus; 
Europe; attack bark and 
wood of fir and spruce. 

Pogonochxrus fasciculatus 
De Geer; Eui'ope (Ger- 
many); bores in the 
wood of spruce, pine, 
and fir. 

Titropium castaneum Lin- 
naeus; Europe; bores in 
the wood of larch, spruce, 
pine, and fir. 

Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhyn- 
chidae). 

J\Ie tallii (s atnmarius 
Olivier, ^f. laricis Chev- 
rolat, M. mollis Germar; 
weevils: Europe; as 
adults injure the buds of 
conifers; the larvae breed 
at the roots of trees. 
Brachyxystus subsignatus 
Faust; a weevil; India; 
adult causes very seiious 
defoliation of Abies web- 
biana and Picca morinda. 
Curculionidse. 

Hylobius abictis Linnaeus, H. fatuus Rossi, and H. piceus De Geer; Europe; breed in the bark and 

wood of conifers. These are very important weevils. 
Pissodes harcynix Herbst, P. notatus Fabricius, P. picex Illiger, P. pint Linnaeus, and P. piniphilus 
Herbst; weevils; Euiope; breed under bark of pines, spruce, and fir. (See text fig. 3C.) 

Cossonidae. 

Rhyncolus ater Linnaeus, R. elongaius, R. porcatus Germar, R. lignyarius Marsh., R. strangulatus Fer- 
ris, R. truncorum Germar, and R. cylindricus Boheman; Europe; bore in the trimks and rotten 
wood of pines, spruce, and fir. 

Rhyncolus himalayensis Stebbing; India; bores in the wood of Pinus cxcelsa and Picea morinda. 




i'lG. 3(). — Coniierous bark weevil {Pissodes notatus): Adult, larva, pupa, 
injury. (Henschel.) 



CONIFER INSECTS. 69 

Ipidse. 

Cryphalus abictis Ratzeburg; Europe; attacks fir (Abies pectinita), spruce (Picea excelsa), and pine. 

Cryphalus saltuarius Weiss; Europe; attacks young fir, spruce, and pine. 

Cryphalus bosweUix Stebbing; India; attacks spruce and Pinus longifolia. 

Cryphalus piccx Ratzeburg; Europe; attacks Abies pectinata and larch. 

Crypturgus pusillus Gyllenhal; Germany; attacks spruce, fir, pine (Pinus strobus and P. pinaster). 

and larch. In the Himalayas this species attacks Pinus excelsa and Picea morinda. 
Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg; Germany; attacks spruce, fir, and pine (Pinus strobus). 
Hylastfs attenuatus Erichson; Germany; attacks pine and spruce. 
Hylastes decumanus Erichson; Europe; attacks spruce and Pinus cembra. 
Hylastes himalayensis Stebbing; India; attacks Picea excelsa. 
Hylurgops palliatus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks Pinus silvcstris, P. strobus, P. pinea, P. austriaca 

P. maritima, larch, and spruce. 
Ips amiiinus EichofI; Euiope; attacks spruce, pine, fir, and larch. 
Ips cembrx Heer; Europe; attacks larch and Pinus cembra. 
Ips duplicatus Sahlberg; Finland and Ural; spruce and pine. 

Ips scidentatus Boemer; Europe; spruce and pine (Pinus atistriaca and P. pinaster). 
Ips ribbentropi Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa and Picea morinda. 
^Ips typographus Linnaeus; Europe; attacks spruce, larch, Scotch fir (Pinus silvestris). 
Tomicus (Myelophilus) minor Haitig; Europe; attacks pine and spruce. 




Fig. 37. — Barkbeetle (Pityogenes chalcographus). (Eckstein.) 

■^ Tomicus (Myelophilus) piniperda Linn8eu.=; Europe to Japan; pines, larch, sprucf . 
Orthotomicus suturalis Gyllenhal; Europe; spruce, fir (Picea excelsa), pine (Pinus austriaca and P. 

silvestris). 
Orthotomicus laricis Fabricius; Europe; attacks fir (Abies pectinata), larch, spruce, pine (Pinus sil- 
vestris). 
Orthotomicus proximus EichofI: Europe; thin bark of upper stems of pine and spruce. 
Pityogenes bidentatus Herbst; Europe; larch, spruce, and pine (Pinus austriaca, P. strobus, P. pinaster, 

P. silvestris). 
Pityogenes bistridentatus Eichoff; Germany, France; pine, fir. 
Pityogenes chalcographus Linnaeus; fir (Abies pectinata), spruce (Picea excelsa), pine (Pinus strobus), 

larch. (See text fig. 37.) 
Pityogenes coniferx Stebbing; India; blue pine (Pinus excelsa), Chilgoza pine (P. gerardiana), fir 

(Picea morinda). (Spp plate XI, fig. 3a-c.) 
Pityogenes pilidens Reitter; Europe and Asia Minor; Pinus austriaca and fir. 
Pityogenes quadridens Hartig; Europe; Pinus silvestris and Siberian spruce. 
Pityokteines curvidens Germar; Europe; spruce (Picea excelsa), larch, balsam fir (Abies balsamea), pine 

(Pinus silvestris). 
Pityophthorus micrographus Linnaeus; Europe; attacks Abies pectinata, Pseudotsuga mucronata, Picea 

excelsa, Pinus strobus. 
Polygraphus major Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda 
Polygraphus pini Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda 
Polygraphus polygraphus Linnaeus; Europe; spruce, fir, pine (Pinus silvestris, P. strobus). 



70 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Ipidae —Continued. 

Polygraphus subopacus Thomson; Europe; spruce, pine. 
Xylechinus pilosus Knoch; Europe; pine, spruce, larch 
Xyloterus lincatus OMvier; Europe; fir, spruce, pine, larch. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lymantriidse. 

:JfiLymantriamonachaL,inni£us; Europe; defoliator on pine, spruce, larch. (See Forests.) 
Orgyia antiqua L,inn?eus; Europe; spruce, pine; defoliator. 

Xoctuidee. 

Agrotis segetum Schiffermiller; Europe; injures roots of seedlings and nursery stock of spruce, larch, 

pine. 
Agrotis vestigialis Rott.; Europe; injures roots of ssedlings and nursery stock of pine and larch. 

Pyralidae. 

Euzophera cedrclla and Phycita abictcUa; India; infest cones of blue pine {rinus excelsa), fir (Picea 
morinda), and silver flr {Abies wcbbiana). 
Tortrlcldae. 

Asthenia pygmxana Hiibner; Europe; spruce, fir; attacks needles on young shoots. 

Tortrii piceana Linnaeus; Europe; attacks foliage of pine and other conifers. 

Enarmonia pinicolana Zell; Europe; attacks foliage of larch, pine, and spruce. 

Tortrii vibiirniana Fabricius; Norway; attacks Picea etcehi, Pinwi silvcstris, P. montina, Liriz decidua. 

HyponomeutJdae. 

Argyresthia fundella F. R.; Europe; attacks needles of fir, spruce, and pine. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Callinionidse. 

Megastigmus strohilobius Ratzeburg; a chalcid; Europe; breeds in seed of hemlock and fir (Abies 
pectinata). 

Diprionidse. 

Diprion pini Linnseus; D. rufus Klug, and D. paUidus Klug; Europe; attack bark and needles 
yfi^Diprion simile: Europe, Connecticut. An important sawfly, recently imported. 

Megalodontidae. 

Acantholyda crythrocephala Linnsus; sawfly; Germany; attacks foliage of pine, larch, spruce, flr. 
Cephaleia hypolrophica Hartig, and C. signata Fabricius: Europe; attack foliage of pine, spruce, fir. 
liycorsia stellata Chntit.; sawfly; Europe; pine and flr. 

Siricidie. 

Sirei juvencus Linnaeus, S. spectrum Linnaeus, and S. gigas Linnaeus; wood wasps; Europe; bore in 

wood of spruce, flr, pine, and larch. 
Xeris spectrum Linnaeus; wood wasp; Europe; bores in spruce and fir wood. 

DIPTERA. 
Tlpulidae. 

Pachyrhina crocala Linnaeus; crane fly; Germany; breeds in bark of young .seedling balsam flr (Abies 
bilsimca) and larch. 

C. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF PINE (PINUS). 

Eriophyes pinI Nalepa. 
(Pine Gall Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) 

Hosts: Pinus silrcsfris, P. montana, P. mughus. 

Injury: Causes galls in the twigs resulting in deformed growth. 

Description and biology: A tiny elongate four-legged mite which breeds in the young 
twigs of pines. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflauzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 116, 117, 

figs. 90-92. 

Gelechla dodecella Linnaeus. 

(Pine Bud Moth. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pines (Pinus spp.). 

Injury: Breeds in buds, needles, and young shoots, and is as injurious as Evetria 
buoliann, the pine-shoot moth. 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe). 71 

Df-s'ri'i Ijii and biology: Adult moth with wing spread 10-12 mm., forewings dark 
gray or gray brown, with two obscure light gray transverse fascise, and six pairs of 
black flecks. Larva reddish brown with black head and thoracic shield. The larva 
bores in buds, needles, and young shoots. 

Distribution: Germany. 
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 2d ed., 1913, p. 430, fig. 365. 

Cnethocampa plnivora Treitschke; Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiflermiller. 

(Pine Procession Moths. Cnethocampidae; I^epidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pines. 

Injury: Defoliate; sometimes serious. 

Description and biology: Moth of pinivora with forewings yellowish gray, hind 
wings with a sharply toothed crossline. Moth of pityocampa with forewings whitish 
gray; liind mngs with a scarcely toothed crossline. Larva oi pinivora greenish gray, 
with velvety black dorsal stripe and black head, and with reddish yellow warts on 
the fourth to eleventh segments. Larva of pityocampa similar but slate blue to black. 
The larvse feed on the foliage and live gregariously, wandering in the daytime in pro- 
cessions of a single or double row. Pupate in cocoons in the ground. The larvse of 
pityocampa hibernate in nests in the crowns. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 386. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 452-455. 
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenknnde, 2d ed., 1913. 

Dendrollmus pini Linnaeus. 

(Pine Spinner. Lasiocampidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pine. 

Injury: Very serious defoliator. 

Description and biology: Moth variable in color, from brown red to slate gray, uni- 
colorjus or mottled; middle of forewings with white crescent. Larva 8 cm. long, 
"vvith steel-blue stripes on meso- and metathorax, general color varying from reddish 
to slaty gray; pubescence very long and clustered. The larva feeds on the foliage 
and spins a neat oval silken cocoon. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 376. 

NtissLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 331-342, figs. 

284, 285. 

Panolis griseovariegata Goeze. 

(Pine Noctuid. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pine. 

Injury: Attacks foliage, buds, and tender shoots. 

Description and biology: Moth with forewings variegated cinnamon red and yellowish 
gray with white marks; hind wings brownish black. Larva green, with three broad 
white dorsal stripes, a yellowish orange lateral stripe, head shining yellowish, 35 mm. 
long. Eggs greenish, laid in a row on the underside of needles. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 357. 
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. a78-380. 

figs. 308, 309. 



72 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

^ Evetrla buoliana Sehiffermiller. 
(European Pine-Shoot Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pinus dlvestris, P. laricio, P. montana, P. strobus, P. resinosa. 

Injury: Causes deformation of tree. Has been introduced into the United States 
in nursery shipments. 

Description and biology: Adult moth 12 mm. long, small, gayly colored; the head 
and its appendages and thorax light orange yellow, abdomen dark gray; forewingg 
bright ferruginous orange, suffused with dark red, especially toward the tips, and 
with several irregular forked anastomizing, silvery crosslines and costal strigulse; 
hind wings dark blackish brown; legs wliitish, the anterior ones reddish in front. 
Pupa stout, robust, chestnut brown; abdominal segments with rings of short dark 
spines. Larva 16 mm. long, brown with black head and thoracic shield; feeds in the 
young buds and sheets. Egg small, flat, white, laid at base of bud. (See plates 

XII, XIII.) 

Distribution: Europe, introduced into United States in 32 nurseries. 
BuscK, A. U. S. Dept. Agric, BuL 170, Feb.. 1915. 

-)(■ Evetria spp. 

(Pine Bud and Gall Moths. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Species: In addition to ¥r E. buoliana Sehiffermiller which is separately treated, the 
following species injure pines. E. resinella Linnaeus; Europe; makes large galls in 
twigs of pines. * E. turionana Hiibner; Europe, North America; attacks buds of 
pines, especially the terminal bud. * E. pinivorana Zeller; Europe, North America; 
attacks the axillary buds. ^ E. duplana Hiibner, Europe. Japan, North America; 
attacks young shoots. * E. frustrana Comstock, the Nantucket pine moth, * E. 
rigidana Fernald, and * E. coinstockiana Fernald are among our most serious pests in 
this country. 

Distribution: The distribution cited above shows clearly that these species are 
readily distributed in nursery stock. 

SoRAUER, B. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, pp. 290-292. 
NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 415-419, 
figs. 347-351 . 

Thecodiplosls brachyntera Schwiiger. 

(Pine Needle Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse]; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Pinus silvestris, P. laricio, P. Jnontana. 

Injury: Breeds in the needles, forming a small gall-like swelling. 

Description and injury: Fly wery small. Larva yellowish. Egg laid between the 
bases of two needles. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 444. 

D. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING PINE (PINUS). 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididae: 

Lachnus pini Linnaeus L. tomentosus DeGeer, L. tseniatus Koch, L. nudus DeGeer, and L. agilis 
Kaltenbach, plant lice; Europe; attack needles, tender growth and twigs. 

Coccidae: 

Armored — 
Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Italy; Pinus. 

Aspidiotus (Aonidia) pinicola Leonardi; Cyprus, Spain; Pinus halepensis, P. silvestris. 
Chionaspis austriaca Lindinger; Australia; Pinus laricio nigricans. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XI 




''^^r 




Coniferous Bark Beetles. 

Fig. l.—Pohjqraphus irerwhi: Larva: la, pupa: 16, adult female, dnrsal view (above) and latera 
view (below): Ic, head cf female: Id. antenna: If, adult male, dorsal view (above) and lateral view 
(bekw). Fig. 2.~PtiIotoxitiiis zhohi: Ef:g: 2a, adult female, dorsal view (above) and lateral view 
(belcw); 26, antenna: 2c, le«: 2/, adult male, dorsal view (al)ove) and lateral view (below). Fig. 
S.—Pityogenes coniferae: Adult female, dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right, above fiiKure); 3a, 
antenna: .36, leg; 3c, adult male, lateral view (left) and dorsal view (right). (Stebl)ing.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XII. 





European Pine Shoot Moth, Evetria buoliana, Moth, Larva. (Busck.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects, 



Plate XIII. 






Work of Evetria buoliana on Pine Shoots. (Busck.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XIV. 




Pine Borers. 

Fig. 1. — Capnndis indica: Larva; lo, adults. Fig. 2. — Anthaiia osmastoni: Larva; 2a, adults. 
16. — Stem of Pinus longifolia showing work of both beetles. (Stebbing.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XV. 




The Pine Bark Beetle. 
The pine bark beetle (Platypus biformis): Males and females and injury to Pinus longifolia. (Stebbing.) 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe). 73 

Cocridaae— Continued. 
Armored — Continued. 

Diaspis vixci Sehrank; Germany, Italy; Pinus fiUfolia, P. silvestris. 
^Hf^Lepidosaphes newsteadi Sulc; Europe; Pinus austriaca, P. pumilio, P. silvestris. 

Leucaspis lawi Colv^e; Europe; Pinus spp. 

Leucaspis pini Hartig; Europe; Pinus austriaca. 

Leucaspis pusilla Loew; Europe; Pinus cembra, P. silvestris. 

Leucaspis signoreti Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy, Corsica, Cyprus; Pinus halepeiusis, P. laricio; P. silvestris. 

Poliaspis pini Maskell; Japan; Pinus densiflora, P. austriaca, P. thunbergii. 
Unarmored — 

Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Algeria; southern France; Pinus. 

Palxococcu^ fuscipennis Burmeister; Germany, France; Pinus silvestris. 

Pseudococcus pini Kuwana; Japan; Pinus. 

Puto antennata Signoret; France, Switzerland; Pinus cembra, P. silvestris. 

Aradidse; 

Aradus cinnamomeus Panzer; Europe; occurs under bark scales; causes needles to become yellow and 

remain small. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anoblidse; 

Ernobius abietinus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks cones. 

Ernobius nigrinus Sturm, and E. pini Sturm; Europe; attacks pith, of young shoots. 

Xestobium plumbeum Illiger; Europe; breeds in the dead wood. 

Meloidee; 

Cantharis fiisca Linnaeus; a blister beetle; Europe; attacks shoots. 

Buprestidae. 

Agrilus betuleli Ratzeburg; and ifc^ . viridis LiniiEeus; Germany; bore stems of young trees and branches 

of older trees. 
Chrysobothris solieri Laporte et Gory; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of seedlings of P. silvestris 

and P . pinaster. 
Capnodis indica Thomson; India; bores in bast and sapwood of Pinus longifolia. (See. pi. XIV, figs. 

la, 16. 
Buprestis geometrica Laporte et Gory; India; bores in Pinus longifolia. 
Anthaiia osmastoni Stebbing; India; bores in the bark and bast of Pinus longifolia. (See pi. XIV, 

fig. 2.) 
Phxnops c'janea Fabricius; Europe; bores in bark. 

Tenebrionidae. 

Melnnimon tibiale Fabricius, Gonocephalum (Opatrum) sabulosum Linnseus, and Phylan gibbus Fabri- 
cius attack tender roots, bark, and tops of seedlings and nursery stock. 
Setenis indosinica Fairmaire; India; bores in wood of Pinus eicelsa. 
Blaps armata Blair; India; bores in the trunks of Pinus gerardiana. 

Scarabaeldae. 

Amphimallon sohuitialis Linnaeus; England; injures the roots of Pinus silvestris. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius; ^f. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; injure roots of seedling and 

needles. 
Polyphyllafullo Linnaeus; Europe; attacks the roots of seedlings, and the adults feed on the needles. 

Ceranibycidae. 

Acanthocinus xdilis Linnajus; Germany; bores in the sapwood of felled or prepared lumber. 
Monohammus galloprovincialis Olivier; Germany; attacks Pinus silvestris and P. pinaster. ' 
Nothorhina muricata Dalman, India: bores in trunks of Pinus longifolia. 
Criocephalus tibetanus (?) Sharp; India: bores in bast and sapwood of Pinus gerardiana. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Cryptocephalus pini Linnaeus; Germany; attacks the foliage and bark of young shoots. 
Luperus pinicola Duftschmidt; Germany; attack the foliage and bark of young shoots. 

Brentidae. 

Eubacfrus sp.; India; bores in trunks of Pinus longifolia. 

Rhinomacerldse. 

Rhinomacer attelaboides Fabricius; a weevil; Germany; breeds in the catkins. 

Brachyrhinidae. 

Polydrusus chxrodrysius Gredler, P. intermedius Zetterstedt, P. undatus Fabricius, P. villosulus 
Chevrolat; Europe: attack the buds and needles of conifers; the larvae breed at the roots of trees. 



74 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Curculionidap. 

Brachonyi pincti Paj^kull; weevil; Europe: mines the needles of Pinus sllvestris. 

Cryptorhynchus brandisi 
StebbinK, the chir pine 
weevil; India; breeds in 
wood of Pinuslongi folia 
and P. khasya. (See 
text fig. 38.) 

Cryptorhynchus raja Steb- 
bing; India; breeds in 
bark and sap wood of 
Pinus excelsa. 

Cossonldae. 

Mesites aquitanus Fair- 
maire; Europe; bores in 
pine wood standing in 
sea water. 

Ipldae. 

Carphoborus minimus 
Fabricius; Germany; 
makes galleries in 
branches and tops of 
Pinusaustriaca,P. mon- 
tana, and P. silvestris. 

Cryphalus longifolia Steb- 
bing; India; Pinuslongi- 
folia. 

Cryphalus major Steb- 
bing ; India ; P inus longi- 
folia. 

Cry pturgus cinereus 
Herbst; Germany. 

Hylastes angustatus 
Herbst, //. a^fr, and H. 
opacus Eriehson, attack 
taproots. 

HylasKs longifolia Stel> 
bing ; India ; P inus longi- 
folia. 

Hylurgus li ]n iperda Fabri- 
cius: Germany; attacks 
taproots. 

Ips blandfordi Stebbing; 
India: Pinusgerardiana. 

Ipsacuminatus Gyllenhal; 
Lapland to Sicily; bark 
and sapwood. 

Ips longifolia Stebbing; 
India, Pinus longifolia 
and P. gerardiana. 

Ips mannsfeldi Wachtl.; 
Europe; Pinus austri- 
aca. 

Orthotomicus erosus Wol- 
laston and O. longicolUs 
Gyllenhal; Europe. 

Phlfiosinus zhobi Steb- 
bing; India; Pinusgerar- 
diana. (See pi. XI, 
figs. 2a-2d.) 

Pityogencs tre panatus 
Nordl.; Europe; Pinus 
austriaca. 




Fig. 38.— 



Pine weevil {Cryplorliynchus brandisi): Injury to Pinus longi- 
folia. (Stebbing.) 



Pityogenes lipperti Henschel; Dalmatia; Aleppo pine. 
Pityophthorus sampsoni Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa. 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe), 



75 



Ipidae— Continued. 

Pityophthorus glabratus EichhofI; Europe; Pinus silvestris. 

Pityophthorus lichtensleini Ratzeburg; Europe; Pinus silvestris, P. strobus, P. pinaster. 

Polygraphus grandiclava Thomson; Europe; Pinus strobus. 

Polygraphus trenchi Stebbing; India; Pinus gerardiana. (See text fig. 39, and pi. XI, figs, la-lf.) 

Polygraphus nigra Stebbing; India; Pinus eicelsa. 

Polygraphus himalayensis Stebbing; India; Pinus longifolia. 

Polygraphus longifolia Stebbing; India; Pinus longifolia. 

Xyleborus eurygraphus Ratzeburg; Europe. 




Fig. 39. — Pine bark beetle (Polygraphus trenchi): Galleries in Pinus gerardiana. fStebbing.) 

Piatypodidae. 

Crossotarsus fairmairei Chapuis; India; bores in wood of Pinus excelsa. 
Platypus biformis Chapuis; India; infests Pinus longifolia. (See pi. XV.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometridae. 

Semiothiia liturala Clm.; Europe; attacks the needles. 
Laslocampidse. 

Lasiocampa quercus Linnaeus; Germany; attacks needles. 
Noctuldae. 

Agrotis tritici Linnaeus; Europe; injures roots of seedlings. 



76 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Pyralldae. 

Dioryctria splendidella H. Sch.; Germany; attacks cones, shoots, and sapwood. 
Ephes'ia elutella Hiibner; Germany; attacks seeds and cones . 

Psychldae. 

Clania crameri Westwood; India; attacks needles of Pinus longifolia. 




Fig. 10. — Pine web-worm {Cmthocampu pilyocampa'i: Nests. (Barbey.j 
Hyponoiueutldse. 

Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell.; Germany; attacks needles. 
Cnethocampidse. 

Cnethocampa pinivora Treitschke; Europe; attacks foliage. 

Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiffermiller; Europe; attacks foliage of Pinus pinea, P. pinaster, P. laricio, 
P. halepensis. (See text fig. 40.) 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS (fIr), 



77 



HYMENOPTERA. 
Mogalodontidae. 

Itijcursi-i cimpestris Linii'sus, a sawfly; Europe; attacks needles. (See text fig. 41.) 

E. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF FIR (ABIES). 
Eucosoma nigricana H. Scb. (Eplblenia). 

(Fir Bud Worm. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Silver tir {Ahies pectinata D. C.) 

Injurij: Feeds in the buds. Very likely to be introduced in buds on nursery stock 
during winter. 

Description and biologij: Moth wing expanse 11-1,3 mm., forewings dark brown with 
violet red shimmer and lead 
gray lines. Larva yellow- 
ish to reddish brown, with 
black head and thoracic 
shield . Feeds in the buds , 
hibernating as a larva. In 
the spring it goes from bud 
to bud, often tmder a 
silken web. Pupates in 
the ground. 

Distribution: Europe 
(Germany). 

NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden 

der Forstinsektenkunde, 

2d ed., pp. 408-409, fig. 

340. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch 

der Pflanzenkrankheiten 

3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 

285. 

Enarmonla niflmltrana H.- 
Schf. (Steganoptycha). 

(Redheaded Fir Worm. 
Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Silver fir (Abies 
pectinata D. C). 

Injury: Feeds on the 
needles and young shoots. 

Description and biology: 
Moth, wing expanse 12-16 
mm., head and thorax rust 
yellow, forewings yellowish 
gray with many lead-col- 
ored lines. Larva dirty 
yellow green, with rust-red 
head. (See text fig. 42.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, p. 490, 491. 
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 408, 




Fig. 41. — Pine sawfly {Itycorsia cam pcstris): Injury. (Barbey.) 



figs. 338, 



78 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS IlSrSECTS. 

Plemellella abietina Seitner. 

(Spruce Seed Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) 

Host: Fir {Abies). 

Injury: Breeds in the seed, which become shrunken and worthies?. 

Desaiption: Larvae red. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 444. 




Fig. ■12. — Red-headed flrworm ( Enarmonia ruflmltrana): Injury. (liarbej'.) 

F, OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING FIR (ABIES). 

HEMIPTERA. 
.4phidld8e. 

Lachnus grossus Kaltenbach and L. picfa? Walker, plant lice; Europe (Germany); live on the bark. 
Lachnus pkhtse Mordwilko; Europe; lives on the under side of the needles. 

Prociphilus bumelise Schrank, a root louse; Europe; attacks roots of Abies pectinata, A. balsamea, 
and A. fraseri. (See Ash.) 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS (fIB^ SPRUCe). 79 

Coccidae: 

Armored — 

Le pidoijphcs abictis Sigw^rei: Europe; Abies. 

Poliaspis pini Ma^ke.W; Japan; Abies ftrma. 
Unarmored — 

Lecaninm scriceiim Lindiiiger; Bavaria: Abies pectinata. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anoblidae. 

Dri/ophilus pusillus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks buds. 

Ernobius abietis Fabrieius, E. angusticoUis Ratzeburg, and E. longicornis Sturm; Europe; attacks the 
cones. 

Lymexylonidae. 

Hylecatusdermestoides Linnxus; Germany; bores in white fir wood. 

Elateridae. 

Athous liirt'is Herbst; Europe; attacks seedlings of fir. 

Cerambycidae. 

MolorchiLs minor Linna?us; .Germany; attacks the sapwood of felled trees and lumber. 
Tetropiumfiiscum Fabrieius; Germany; bores in trunks of old and dead trees. 

Ipiiae. 

Cryphalus strohmeyeri Stebbing; India; Abies ivebbiana. 
Pitt/okteines spinidens Reitter, and P. vorontzowi Jacobson; Europe. 
Xyloterus inter medius Sampson; India; Abies webbiana. 

Scolytoplatypodldae. 

S:oIytoplatyp'.ishimalayensis Stebbing; India; Abies tccbbiana. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tortricidffi. 

Tortrix murinana Hiibner; Europe; attacks needles and young shoots oi Abies peetinata. 
Laspeyresia protimana H. Sch.; Europe; mines the needles. 
Laspeyresia coiiferana Ratzeburg; Germany; bores in the bark of Abies pectinata. 
Olethreutes hercyniani Treits.-'hke; Europe; attacks needles of /16/f« pf«rno<a. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Calliinonidse. 

Megxstigmus borricsi Crosby; a chalcid; Japan; breeds in seed of Abies maricsii. 

G. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF SPRUCE (PICEA). 

Laspeyresia pactolana Zetterstedt (Grapholitha) 
(Spruce Bark Tortricid. Tortricidne; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Spruce (Picea e.vcelsa). 

Injury: Breeds in twigs, causing a swelling and deformation, or the death of the 
outer parts. 

Description and biology : Moth, wing expanse 12-16 mm., forewing fringed, oliA'e 
brown with double white angled fascia at the middle and several white marks beyond 
this; hind wings gray-brown, fringed. Larva, 10-12 mm. long, five pairs of abdominal 
legs, whitish to reddish in color, head and thoracic shield yellowish brown. (See 
text fig. 43.) 

Distribution: Germany. 

Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 483, 485, fig. 172. 

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. pp. 409-411, 

figs. 341, 342. 
SoRATER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 281. 



80 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Laspeyrpsia strobilella Linnaus (Grapholitha). 

(Spruce Cone Moth. Tortricidse, Lepidoptera.) 

Host. — Spruce (Picea excelsa). 

Injury. — Breeds in the cones. 

Description and biology. — Moth, wing expanse 10-14 mm., forewings dark gray 
brown, fringed, with fine whitish lines, hind wings gray brown, with white fringe. 
Pupates in the cones. Larva 11 mm. long, yellowish white with light brown head 
and thoracic shield. The larva breeds in the cones. Eggs laid on the young green 
cones. 

Distribution: Germany. 

Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 486, 487. 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 281. 









Fig. 43. — Spruce bark tortricid (iaspc2/resia pactolana): Injury. (Niisslin.) 

Laspeyresia tedella Clerck (Epiblenia). 

(Spruce Nest-Worm. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Spruce (Picea excelsa, Picea sitchensis). 
Injury: Injures the needles. 
Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse, 12 mm.; forewings golden brown, with 
brown silvery transverse fascia and finer markings. Larva light yellowish brown or 
greenish with two dorsal lines. Head and thoracic shield brownish black, flecked; 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS (sPRUCe). 81 

9 mm. Ions. The larvae spin nests among the needles. Pupate in the ground, where 
the larva? hibernate. 

Distribution: Europe (Germany). 

SORAUER. P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 285. 
Nus.sLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 2d ed., pp. 412, 413, figs. 344, 
345. 

Dasyneura abietiperda Ilenschel; Dasyneura piceae Hartig. 

(Spruce Gall Midses. Itoiiididae [Cecidomyiida?]; Diptera.) 

Host: Spruce. 

Injury: Attack twigs at the base of needle clusters, injuring dormant buds and 
sometimes killing entire twig. 

Description: Europe (Germany). 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. pp. 454, 455. 

Reseliella piceae Seitner. 

(Spruce Seed Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse] ; Diptera.) 

Host: Spruce. 

Injury: Breeds in the seed. 

Description and injury: Fly, yellowish red with dark bands, 2-4 mm. long. Larva, 
4 mm. long, rose-red. Eggs laid in young green cones. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER. P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkravikheiten ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, pp. 448, 449. 

H. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING SPRUCE (PICEA). 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididae. 

Lachnus grossus Kaltenbach, L.fascialuf Kaltcnbach, L. picex Walker, and L. pinicola Kaltenbach 
plant lice; Europe; attack stems, twigs, and tender growth. 

Coccldae: 

Unarmored— 

Phenacoccus picese L,6vf; Europe; Picea excelsa. 

Physokermes picex Schrank; Europe; Picea alba. P. excelsa, P. pungens, P. sitchensis. 
Armored — 

Syngenaspis parlatoreas Sulc; Bohemia, Bosnia; Picea excelsa, P. omorica. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Carabidae. 

Calittius fuscipes Goeze, Opiionus pubescens MiiWcr . Harpalus xneus Fahricms, and Pterostichusl^pidus 
Leske, ground beetles, are destructive to the seed in Europe. 

Elateridae. 

Lacon sp.i near davidi Fairmaire; India; breeds in trunks of Picea morinda. 

Ceranibycidae. 

Tcledapus dorcadioides Pascoe; a wingless longicorn: India; breeds in trunks oi Picea morinda. 
Leptura rubriola Bates; India; breeds in the trunks of Picfo morinda. • 

Ipidae. 

Cryphalus morinda Stebbing; India; attacks Picea morinda. 
Hylastes cunicularius Erichson; Germany; attacks bark and roots. 
Hylurgops glabratus Zetterstedt; Germany. Siberia. 
Phlwophthorus rhododactylus Mannerheim; Europe; Picea excelsa. 
PhlenphlhoTus spinulosus ^ey; Europe; attacks branches. 
Pityophthorus exculptus Ratzeburg; Europe. 
Dryocates indicus Stebbing; India; attacks Picea morinda. 

Platypodidae. 

Crossotarsusconi/erx Stehhing; India; bores in wood of Piffa morinda. 

55266—17 6 



82 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 
LEPIDOPTERA. 



Tortricldae. 

Tortrii histrionana Troelichs; Germany; attacks shoots. 
Hyponoiueutidse. 

Arjyresthiailluminatella Zell.; Germany; attacks buds and young shoots. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredinidae. 

Lygxmematus -pini Ratzeburg; the small spruce sawfly; Europe; defoliates and injures buds and 

young shoots. 
Lygxonemalus ambi^uus Fallen s^ndL-sazeseniHaTtig: Europe: defoliators. 
Sirlcidae. 

Sirex imperialis Kirby, the spruce wood wasp; India; bores in wood of Picea morinda Lind. 
Sirei spectrum Linnaeus; Europe. (See text fig. 44.) 

I. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF LARCH (LARIX). 

Eriopliyes laricis von Tubeul. 

(Larch Blister Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) 

Host: Larch [Larix decidua {europa;a)]. 

Injury: Forms gall-like deformations of the terminal Inid. 




Fig. 44.— Spruce woo4 wasp {Sim spectrum): Adult attacking Picea. (Barbey). 

Description and biology: A four-legged 1 lister mite which forms gall-like swellings of 
the terminal or axilary Luds. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock. 
Distribution: Europe. 

VON TuBEUF. Forst. naturw. Zeitschr., 1897, Bd. 6, pp. 120-124, 3 figs. 

^oleopbora laricella Htibner. 

(Larch Needle Miner. Elachistidfe; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Larch [Larix decidua' (europiea)]. 

Injury: Attacks early 1 uds f^nd mines the needles. The injury is great. Easily 
introduced in nursery stock. 

Description and biology: Adult moth 3 mm. long, with wing expanse 9 mm., fore- 
wing brownish gray, faintly shining, wings fringed with long hairs. Larva dark 
reddish Irown, the little head, thoracic shield, and anal portion dark, 5 mm. long. 
The larva mines needles and uc|s. Pupates in a sack or case. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfls^nzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, p. 253. 
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der For^tinsektenkunde. 2d ed., pp. 431-433, figs. 
366, 367. 



INSECTS OF CONIFERS ( LARCH ), 



83 



Ar^resthia leevlgatella H. S. 

(Larch Shoot Moth. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Larch (Lanx europsea). 

Injury: Very injurious to young shoots. 

Description and biology: Larva 6-7 mm. long, bright yellow, with black head, feeds 
under the bark of young larch shoots. After hibernating the larva is somewhat 

reddish with dark 

lines. Eggs laid singly 
at 1 ases of needles. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Hand- 
1 uch der Pflanzen- 
krankheiten, 3d ed., 
1913, vol. 3, p. 269. 

Dendrolinius slblricus 

Tschetwerikoff. 

(Larch Spinner. Lasi- 
ocampidse; Lepidop- 
tera.) 

Host: Larch. 

Inj u r y : Considera- 
1 le. 

Desa'iption: Similar 
to D. pint L. 

Distribution: LTral. 

Tschetwerikoff. 
Rev. Russ. Ent., vol. 
8, 1908, pp. 1-7, 3 
figs. 

Laspeyresia zebeana Rat- 
zeburg (Grapholitha). 

(Larch Gall Moth. Tor- 
tricidse; Lepidop- 
tera.) 

Host: Larch (Larix 
europsea). 

Injury: Forms galls 
on twigs, giving ad- 
mission to disease or 
causing deformity. 
Lia le to introduction 
in nursery stock during 
the winter. 




Fig. 45.— Larch gall iiiuUi yljisiiujnxhi zibcana): Injury, (liarl)ey.) 



Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 17 mm., forewiugs grayish black 
with whitish transverse lines on the costal margin. Larva dirty yellow green with 
brown thoracic shield, 10 mm. long. The larva attacks the twigs at the axils of 
1 ranches forming a gall-like swelling. (See text fig. 45.) 

Distribution: Germany. 



84 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSjfiCTS. 

SoRAUER, P. Hand^uch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 282. 

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., pp. 422-424, figs, 

356, 357. 

Dasyneura laricis F. Lw. 

(Larch Bud Gall Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidie]: Diptera.) 

Host: Larch. 

Injury: Attacks liuds, forming galls. 

Description and biology: Eggs laid at base of needle clusters. The larvae enter 
the dormant buds forming a gall-like swelling, and overwinter as very small larvae. 
They develop in the l)uds through the year. Pupate in cocoon in autumn. The 
attacked Inids die. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 454. 455. 

J, OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING LARCH (LARIX). 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididse. 

Lachnus laricis Koch, a plant louse; Europe; attacks needles and young shoots. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidae. 

DryopMlus pusillus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks buds. 

Ipidae. 

Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari; Germany. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Hyponomeutidae. 

Argyresthia lievigatella H. Sch.; Germany; attacks young shoots. 

L. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED. 

Bakgagli, p. Rassegna Biologlca Rincofori Europe!, 1883-1887. 

Fernald, M. E. Catalogue Coccidae of the World, Mass. Exp. Sta., bull. 88, 1903. 

GiLLANDERS, A. T. Fofest Entomology, 1908. 

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, vols. 1, 2, 1898. 

LiNorNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. 

NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 

SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913. 

Stebbing, E. p. A Manual of Elementary Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera., 1914. 

Tragardh, IvAR. Sveriges skogsinsekter, 1914. 

CORN; MAIZE. 

{Zea mays Linnaeus. Family Graminese.) 

Although the greater part of our commerce in corn is in the nature of exports, there 
are always likely to be imports of seed corn from various parts of the world. Corn 
is probably American in origin, and consequently there are few foreign pests not 
already widely distributed in the country. 

A. CORN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

>f; Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer. 

(Coffee-bean Weevil. Family Anthribidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: This weevil is polyphagous, feeding in dry food products and drugs, china- 
berries (Melia azedarach), dead cotton bolls, cornstalks, etc. 
Injury: Very injurious to food products and also to live corn. 



CORN INSECTS. 85 

Description: A mottled grayish weevil with short, blunt snout. Larva hairy. 

Distribution: Cosmopolitan. 
Tucker, E. S. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 64, pt. 7, 1909, pp. 60-64, 

pi. 3, fig. 18. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 8, n. s., 1897. 

Dichocrocls punctileralis Guenee. 
(Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Maize, peach, pawpaw, apple, orange, loquat, guava, cassia, custard apple, 
granadilla, banana, millet, Canavalia indica, senna bean, Dahlia, castor bean, cacao, 
sunflower. 

Injury: Although primarily a maize pest, it is becoming quite a serious enemy of 
fruit trees in Cleveland District, Queensland. Breeds in pods of castor bean and 
cacao, and heads of sunflower in India. 

Description and biology: Adult measures about 24 mm. in wing expanse; color pale 
orange yellow, marked with numerous black dots on wings and body. Egg presum- 
ably deposited on leaf stalk near or at point of junction with main stem or young fruit; 
larva on hatching penetrates into the hollow stalk or fruit, and after feeding for a time 
bores into the crown, in which it remains until ready to pupate. On leaving the 
crown of the fruit it crawls to some convenient crevice and constructs a loose silken 
web under which it transforms to a reddish brown pupa. 

Distribution: Australia, Japan, China, India, Burma, Ceylon. 
Jarvis, E. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 1913, p. 33, July. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. I, 1907, p. 211. 

Siphonella puniilionis Bjerk. 

(Corn Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.) 
Host: Corn. 

Injury: Mines stem and young ears. 

Description and hiolo'jy: Fly yellow, thorax with three broad black stripes, abdomen 
with brown median line and four broad brown cross bands; beak very long and thin; 
appendages yellow; length 3-4 mm. Larva 6-7 mm. long, shining yellowish white. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 411. 
b. important corn pests. 
hemiptera. 

Cereopidse. 

Tomaspis varia Fabrici«3. T. postica Walker, T. lepidior Font.; South America. (See Sugar cane.) 

coleoptera. 

Elateridse. 

Agriotfs lintatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 

Chrysomelldae. 

Diabrotica graminea Ballou; Porto Rico; adults very injurious to flowers. 

Brachyrhinidae. 

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugarcane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuidae. 

Sesamia crctica hed.; Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, Sudan; bores in ears. (See Sugar cans.) 
Calamistisfusca Hampson; South Africa; a serious pest. 
Cirph is Icucosticha Kumpson; East Africa; cobworm. 

Pyralldae. 

Pyrausta nubilalis KubneT: Europe; bores in stalks. (See Grains.) 
Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.) 
Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.) 

Hepialldse. 

Hepialus humuli Linaieus; KuToj^e. (See Hops.) 



86 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 




COTTON. 

(Gossypium spp. Malvace?-.) 

Many species of fiber yielding cotton are cultivated in various parts of the world, 
and the fiber is a very important article of world commerce. The great impetus given 
to seed selection in recent years has also caused considerable commerce in the various 
varieties of seed for planting. Practically the only serious possibility of importing 
cotton insects is connected with the seed and with lint when not thoroughly cleaned 
of seed. There is also some danger of injurious insects finding refuge behind the 
bagging of the bales. Owing to these dangers the Federal Horticultural Board has 
forbidden the impoilation of cotton seed except through the Department of Agricul- 
ture, and has placed restrictions on the importation of foreign baled cotton. 

The cotton plant is one of the most severely attacked cultivated plants, having a 
very long list of injurious insects. Although the majority 
of these insects are not liable to introduction, there is 
always a possibility that they may find entrance into the 
country in the folds of the bagging of bales or on some 
food plant. 

A. BETTER KNOWN COTTON INSECTS LIKELY TO BE 
IMPORTED. 

Eriophyes gossypii Banks. 
(Cotton Blister Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina., 

Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Injures the foliage, causing death to plants 
when very numerous. May be distributed on lint or 
seed. 

Description and biology: A tiny four-legged mite which forms blisters on the leaves 
of cotton when very young, developing therein. This is a very serious pest. 

Distribution: West Indies. 
Smith, Longfield. Rept. Agric. Exp. Sta. St. Croix for 1912-13, Copenhagen, 1914, 
pp. 56-58. 

Dysdercus spp. 

(Cotton stainers. Pyrrhocoridse ; Hemiptera.) 

Important species: This genus contains the following species, which are very injuri- 
ous to cotton 1 ecause of their ha its of sucking the juices and staining the fi' er: 
D. andrese Linnaeus, West Indies. D. annuligcr Uhler, West Indies. D. cardinalis 
Gerstacker, of East Africa. D. cingulatus Fabricius, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay 
Peninsula, Australia, and Egypt (see text, fig. 46). D. dclauneyi Lethierry, Egypt, 
India, and the West Indies. D.fasciatus Signoret, Africa. D.fernaldi Ballou, West 
Indies. D. howardi Ballou, West Indies. D. insularis, Fiji. D. nigrofasciatus Stal, 
West Africa. D. pacijicus, Fiji. D. ruficollis Linnaeus, Brazil, Peru, and Mexico. 
D. sanguinarius, Cuba. D. sidx Montrousier, New South Wales. D. superstitiosus 
Fabricius, Africa. :^D. suturellus H. S., North America, West Indies. 

Hosts: Cotton, okra, eggplant, and various other plants. 

Injury: Serious. 

Description and biology: Adult active sucking 1 ugs, usually reddish or yellowish in 
color. The developmental stages are gradual, each nymphal molt showing a little 
more of the wings. The eggs are small, oval, yellowish, laid in clusters on the ground. 
The insect in all stages lives by sucking the juices of the cotton plant, especially the 
bolls. 



Fig. 46.— Cotton stainer (Dys- 
dercus cingulatus): Adult. 
( Maxwell-Lefroy . ) 



COTTON INSECTS. 



87 



Ballou, H. a. Cotton Stainers, West India BuL, 1906, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 64-85. 
Basu, S. K., and Hutt, H. L. Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr.: Crop Pest Handbook for 
Behar and Orissa, 1913, Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 45, pi. 32. 

Apion xanthostylum Wagner. 
(East African Cotton Weevil. Apionidte; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Bores in the stem and 1 oils. 

Description and biology: A very small '< lack weevil. The larva is yellowish white, 
2 mm. long, curved and legless. It ' ores in the stem and roots as well as in the 'oils 
of cotton and is a very serious 
pest. 

Distribution: G e r m a n East 
Africa. 
Zacher, Friedrich. Arl eit. 

Kaiserlich. Biol. Anst. f. Land- 

und Forstwirtschaft, band 9, 

heft 1, 1913, pp. 157-163, figs. 

21-27. 

Apion armipes Wagner. 

This species is similar to the 
a' ove mentioned and attacks cot- 
ton in a similar manner in Nyas- 
saland. (Zacher., 1. c, p. 156, 
fig. 21.) 

Anthonomus vestitus Boheman. 

(Peruvian Cotton-Square Weevil. 
Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Very injurious pest to 
squares in Peru. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil resem' les the Mexican cotton boll weevil 
(.4. grandis): length 2.5-4 mm.; o long-ovate, convex, blackish piceous, rather closely 
clothed with elongate whitish scales, with indistinct oblique lighter band on each 
elytron, the two forming a basal triangle. Pupa white, formed in fallen squares. 
Larva white, curved, legless; feeds in the interior of cotton squares which fall to the 
ground soon after the larva commences to feed. Egg oval, white, laid in square (see 
text fig. 47). 

Distribution: Peru. 

TOWNSEND, C. H. T. 

Pierce, W. Dwight. 
Pierce, W. Dwight. 




Fig. 47.- 



Peruvian cotton square weevil, Anthonomus vestitus, 
male. (Pierce.) 



Journ. Econ. Ent. 1911, vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 241-248. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1912, vol. 42, No. 1889, pp. 155-156. 

U. S. Dept. Agric, 1915, Report 102, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 3. 



Earias insulana Boisduval. 
(Egyptian Cotton Bollworm. Cymbidse; Lepidoptera. ) 

Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Very injurious; the larvae feed in the bolls and squares. Adults have been 
captured in quarantine in a few bolls of cotton from the island of Cyprus shipped for 
propagati ni and botanical purposes. 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Description and biology: Adult moth green, front wings with two indistinct lines, 
hind wings whitish. Larva 1 rownish to greenish with yellow flecks 15 mm. lono- 
(see plate xvi, figs, a, b, c, e, g, h). 

Distribution: India, Siam, Burma, Australia, Africa, Cyprus. 
Zacher, Friedrich. Arbeit. Kaiserlich. Biolog. Anst. f. Land- u. Forstwirtschaft 

band 9, heft 1, 1913. pp. 175-179, figs. 35-39. 

Pectiiiophora gossypieila Saunders (Gelechia). 
(The Pink BoUworm. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera. ) 

Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Breeds in the bolls, especially in the seed. Liable to be imported in cotton 
seed. Live specimens have been taken in quarantine in the United States. Some 

of these were in stray seeds in 
baled cotton. 

Description and biology: 
Moth — small, gray colored, less 
than half an inch long, with 
long brown fringes on the 
wings. Pupa brown, less than 
half an inch in length. Larva 
white when very young, but 
becoming pink; feeds in green 
or ripe bolls, first attacking 
the leaves or outside of bolls ; 
later it bores inside of the boll, 
feeding on the seed. The lar- 
val period is sometimes very 
greatly retarded. Eggs de- 
posited singly on leaves, 
stalks, and bolls hatch in a 
few days. (See text fig. 48.) 
Has become established in 




Fig. 48. — Cotton pink bollworm (Pectinopliora gossypieila): a, 
Adult; 6, c, larvae; d, pupa; e, cocoon. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



Distribution: India, Africa, Hawaii, New Caledonia, 
the Laguna District, State of Coahuila, Mexico. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests, pp. 93-9(). 
Maxwell-Lefroy. H. F. The Insect Pests of Cotton in India, Agricultural Journal 

of India, vol. 1, pp. 49-62. 
Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913, 

Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 44, pi. 31. 

Pyroderces simplex Walsingham. 
(The Little Bollworm. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Breeds in the bolls, especially in the seed. 

Description andMology: Adult moth, light brown, with black and white markings, 
length 6 mm. Larva pink, 8 mm. long. Pupa light brown, 5 mm. long. The species 
greatly resembles Pectinophora gossypieila but is smaller and differently marked. It 
breeds in the same manner. 

Distribution: 'East Africa. 
MoRSTATT, H. Der Pflanzer, Jahrg. 10, heiheft 1, 1914, pp. 29-31. 



U. S. Dept. of Agricu'ture. Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XVI. 




Cotton Bollworms. 

Cotton bollworms: Earias insulana. Figs, a, h. Larva: &, injured cotton boll; c, injured twig; e. g, 
adult moths. Earias chromitiria Fig. /, Adult. Earias hbia Stoll. Fig. d. Adult. (Maxwell- 
Lefroy.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XVII. 




The Cotton Spittle-Tube Insect. 

The cotton spittle-tube insect ( Machserora planitias) : Fig. a. — Eggs on cotton stem; b, egg imbedded in 
tissue of jstem; c, egg; d, nymph, 19 days old; e, calcareous case of nymph, 20 days old;/, case with 
molted skin attached; 9, male; ft, female; i, side view of adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XVIII. 




The Cotton Stem-Borer. 

The cotton stem-borer (Sphenoptera gossypii): a, Larva in stalk; 6, larva; c, pupa in stalk; d, pupa; 
e, adult; /, adult on plant; g, parasite. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XIX. 






Cotton Weevils. 

Fig. 1. — Cottonseed weevU {Arsecerus sp.): Adult, pupse, larva. Fig.s. 2, 3.— Cotton-stem weevil 
(.Phylaitis sp.): Adults, pupse, larva. (Maxwell-Lefroy,) Fig. 4.— Peruvian cotton-stem vsreevil 
{Gasterocercodcs gossypii), adult. (Pierce.) 



COTTON INSECTS. 



89 



Contarinia gossypii Fell 
(Cotton Flower Bud Maggot. Itoiu<li<lae. Cecidoinyiidae; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Cotton, wild cotton, privet. 

Injury: Very serious pest of the flower buds in Antigua. 

Description and hioloijy: Adult fly 1 to 1.5 mm. long; face fuscous, yellowish, eyes 
large, black: mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines yellowish; scutellum and 
postscutellura yellowish ; 
abdomen greenish yel- 
low. Pupa formed in 
ground. Larva 2 nun. 
long, changing from 
white to yellow or orange 
as it grows; infests the 
flower buds of cotton, 
causing the bracts to flare 
and squares to drop (see 
text hg. 49). 

Distribution: Antigua, 
St. Croix. 

Ballou, H. a. The 
Flower-Bud Maggot of 
Cotton, West Indian 
Bull., vol. 10, No. 1, 
pp. 1-28, figs. 1-9. 

Porricondyla go.ssypii 

Coiuillett. 

(Red Maggot of Cotton. 
Itonididse [Cecidomy- 
iidse]; Diptera.) 



Host: Cotton. 

Injury: Kills growing 
part of plant by gir.llin 
stem. 




"^ Fig. 49. "Cotton flower bud-maggot { t'on/arinia gossypii): Adult. (Ballou.) 



Description and injury: Adult fly very small. Larva', red maggots, feed under the 
bark of the stems of the cotton plant, whi^h they may completely girdle, causing the 

death of the parts above. 

Distribution: Barbados, Mont- 




serrat. 

B. IMPORTANT COTTON 
INSECTS. 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Acridiida' and Locustidae. 

Chrotfigonus trachypterus Blanchard; 
India. 

Acridium leregrivum Olivier and A. hieroglyphicum; Egypt and Sudan. 
Acheta bimaculata De Geer; Formosa. 



Fig. .50.— Mole cricket {Gryllntalpa africana). (Maxwell 
Lefroy.) 



Grylloidae. 

Gryllotalpa africana Pallas; India, Africa, New Holland, Tropical Asia. (See text flg. 50.) 
Schizodactylus monstroms Prury; Egypt, Sudan, India. (See text fig. 51.) 



90 



A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

IIEMirTERA. 



Cercopidae. 

Machserota planitix Distant; India; makes tubes on stems, sucks juices. (See pi. XVII.) 

Lygaeidae. 

Oxycarenus gossipinus Distant; of West Africa; O. dudgeoni Distant of West Africa; O. hyalinipinnis 

Costa of Egypt; 0. Isetus Kirby of Ceylon, India, Burma; attack cotton seed. 
Oncopeltus quadriguttatus Fabricius; Australia; oviposits in stems. 




Fig. 51. — Mole cricket {Schizodactylus monstrosus). (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Scarabaeidse. 

Adoretus umhrosus Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatiis Waterhouse; Hawaii, Philippines, Japan, Java. 
(See Ro-e.) 




Fig. 52.— Cotton stem-borer {Sphcnoptera neglecta): a, Egg; 6, pupa, c, adult; d, f, g, injury; c, larva. 

(Zacher.) 
Buprestidse. 

Sphcnoptera neglecta Klug (see text fig. 52), Egypt, and S. gossypii Kerr, India; bore in stalks. (See 
plate XVIII.) 



INSECTS OF COTTON, COWPEA, CRUCIFEKS- 91 

Curculionidee. 

Phylaitis sp.; India; and Gaslerocercodes gossypn Pierce, Peru; bores in stalks. (See pi. XIX, figs. 2, 3, 
4.) (Pierce. W. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Secy., Report 102, 1915, plate I.) 

Antliribldse. 

■:)(iAraecerus fasciculatus DeGeer; India; breeds in seed (see pi. XIX, fig. 1.) (See Corn.) 

LEPIDOPTER.V. 
Phycitidae. 

Phycita infuseUa Meyrick: India: attacks buds. 

Pyralidae. 

Cryptoblabcs gnidielta Miller: Egypt, Europe; breeds in bolls. 
Sylepta derogata Fabricius; India: rolls leaves. 

Cossidae. 

Zeuzera coffex Nietner: Orient: bores in stalks. (See Coffee.) 

Cymbidae. 

Eirias fahia Stoll. (see pi. XVI, fig. d) of India, Ceylon, and Australia; E. chromataria Walker (see pi. 
XVI, fig. /) of India and Togo; E. plaga Feld. of East .\frica; E. chlorana ITiibner of Egypt and Java; 
E. gossypn of Egypt; boll worms. 

Noctuidae. 

Euxoa segetis SchilTermiller; Europe, Asia, East Africa, Canary Islands, Madeira, South Africa; cut- 
worm. 
Prodenia Htura Fabricius; Egypt, Uganda, India, Philippines; defoliator. 
Diporopsis castanea Ftarapson; Africa; boll worm. 
Sacadndes pyralis Dyar; So'ith America, Trinidad: boll worm. 
Tarachc catena Sow.; India; defoliator. 

Arctlidae. 

Diacrisia obliqua Walker; India, Japan, China; defoliator. 

Lymantriidae. 

PoTthesia virguncula Walker; India, Uganda; defoliator. 

COWPEA. 

( Vigna vnguiculata Walp. Family Leguminosse.) 

The cowpea is extensively raised in the country as well as many other parts of the 
world. Shipments of the peas might easily introduce pests. (See Beans, Peas.) 

CRUCIFERS. 

(Family Cruciferse.) 

Various insects attack several species of crucifers and for convenience are grouped 
under a general heading. 

Phyllotreta spp. 

(Crucifer Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidse ; Coleoptera.) 

Species: Ph. undulata Kutsch; Europe; cultivated crucifers. Ph. nemorum Lin- 
naeus; Russia; rhubarb, hops, cabbage. Ph. atra Fabricius; Europe; crucifers. Ph. 
crucijerse Goeze; Europe; crucifers. Ph. nigripes Fabricius; Europe; cabbage, rad 
ish, horseradish, rape. Reseda. yifcPh. armoraciee Koch; Europe, introduced into 
North America; crucifers, horseradish. 

Injury: The adults of all of these species feed on the foliage of cruciferous plants 
The larvae are not all known but they usually attack the stem or roots. The fact that 
two of the species have been introduced into this country indicates the possibility of 
the others also gaining admission. 

Description: The first two species are yellow striped, the others unicolorous. 
SoRAUEK, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 525. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomology, bul. 9, n. s., 1897, pp. 21-28. 



92 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Ceutorhynchus contractus Marsh. 
(The Charlock Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Injury: This minute weevil sometimes does great harm early in the season to young 
sprouting mustard plants by devouring the germinating seed or the young plant just 
below the surface of the ground. 

Host: Charlock, {Brassica arvensis Linn.) 
Ormerod, E. a. 17th Report, Injurious Insects, p. 74. 

CUCURBITS; MELONS; CUCUMBER. 

(Family Cucurbitaceae.) 

There are many species of melons grown in various parts of the world, but the only 
danger of importation comes from pests of the seed and fruit. 

A. BETTER KNOWN CUCURBIT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Epilachna spp. 
(Cucurbit Ladybird Beetles. Coccinellidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: Epilachna chrysomelina Fabricius; Mediterranean region, Sudan, German 
East Africa; cucurbits, Sesamia. E. 28-punctata Fabricius; Asia, Malaysia, Australia; 
Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae. E. dodecastigma Mulsant; Asia, Malaysia, Australia; 
Solanacese, Cucurbitaceae. E. argxis Fourcroy; Southern Europe; Bryonia dioica and 
other cucurbits. 

Injury: Defoliate. 

Description: Beetle of E. chrysomelina round, very convex, yellowish red with six 
round black spots on each elytron; length 7-9 mm. The larvae as well as the adults 
feed on the foliage. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 477. 

Aulacophora ollvierei Guerin. 
(Banded Pumpkin Beetle. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Cucurbitaceae, pumpkin, marrow, cucumber, gourd, peach, nectarine. 

Injury: Very serious. The adults skeletonize the leaves, and eat the flowers; the 
larvae feed in the roots and lower parts of the stem. 

Description: Beetle about 8 mm. long; orange yellow with large black spots at 
humeri and beyond middle on each elytron. The adults are rather gregarious in 
habits. 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 123-127, 

pi. 81. 

Baris trsegardhi Aurivillius. 

(Melon Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sweet melons. 

Injury: Breeds in the fruit among the seed. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil 4 to 6 mm. long, black, with a long slender, 
curved beak, antennae elbowed and clubbed. Pupa white, with appendages folded 
beneath. Larva white, legless, with light brownish head. 

Distribution: Sudan. 
King, H. H. Fourth Rept. Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, 1911, vol. B, 

Genl. Science, p. 137, pi. 8, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6. 



INSECTS OF CUCURBITS, CURRANT, CUSTARD APPLE. 93 

Carpomyia pardalina Bigot. 

(Melon Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Melons. 

Injury: Serious. 

Description and biology: Adult fly, wing expanse 11 mm., wings with three yellowish 

bands, color light 'rown, thorax with black and white spots-'. Larva feeds in fleshy 

fruits, pupates in the soil. Egg laid in skin of fruit. 

^ ^distribution: India. 

jfexwELL-LEFROY, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric, India, 1907, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 229, 

-^g. 72. 

■^ - Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett. 

(Cucurbit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Cucurbitacese (melons, gherkin?, etc.), tomatoes, beans. 

Injury: Breeds in fruits and stems. 

Description and biology: Fly marked with red, brown, yellow, black, and white; 
wing with brown band and apical spot. Eggs laid on skin of fruit. 

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Hawaii. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 415, 416. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CUCURBIT INSECTS. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capUata Wiedemann, attacks squash. (See Fruit.) 
i)oc!«/<Tr;;(/inc»i« Fabricius; India, etc. (See Fruit.) 
Bactrocera trrjoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 
Rhagolctis pardalina Bigot; India; attacks fruit. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

iif^ Pionca ferrugalis Huhner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) 

CURRANT. 

See Gooseberry. 

CUSTARD APPLE; SOUR SOP. 

(Annona spp. Family Anonacese.) 

Tropical trees cultivated for their large fruits. Some of the species have been 
introduced into Florida. 

A. A BETTER KNOWN SPECIES LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Anona'pestis bengalella Kagonot. 

(Custard-apple Caterpillar. Phycitidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Custard apple {Annona squamosa). 
Injury: Injures fruit by tunneling. 

Description: Adidt female length 22 mm. ; fore wings dark green, hind wings brownish- 
gray with purplish tint, head and thorax l:)rownish-ochreous, abdomen ochreous. 
Distribution: India. 

Moore, F. Indian Museum Notes. 1896. vol. 3, No. 3, p. 106. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ANNONA INSECTS. 

IIEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored — 
Aspidiotus ( Chri/somphalus) personatus Comstock; Porto Rico; Annona reticulata, A. muricata. 
A ulacas pis miranda Coc^ereW; Mexico; Annona chert mola. 



94 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Cofcidae— Continued. 
Unarmored — 

Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell; Grenada, Antigua, Demerara; Annona muricata. 

Ceroplastes quadrilinealus Newstead; British East Africa, Uganda; Annona muricata. 
^ Ceroputo yuccse Coquilleit; Mexico, California; Annona cherimola. 

Coccus marsupialis Green; Ceylon. 

Jcerya albolutea Cockerell; West Africa; Annona squamosa. 

Lagosinia strachani Cockerell; W. Africa; Annona squamosa. 
^ Pseudococcus bromelise Bouche; Hawaii; Annona muricata. 
■^^.Saissetia nigra TSiietneT; West Indies; Ceylon. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidse. 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guen(5e; Queensland. (See Corn.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemaim, attacks Annona humboldtiana. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Annona muricata. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis anonx Graham; xVfrica; attacks Annona muricata. (See Fruit.) 

CYPRESS. 

{(hi.prcssns spp. Family Juniperacete.) 

Trees or shrubs with aromatic evergreen foliage in Central America., California, 
Arizona, Southern Europe to Southeast Asia, valuable for timber and ornament. 

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CYPRESS (CUPRESSUS). 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

.\rmored — 

H< Chionaspis striata Newstead; Algeria, Egypt, California, Arizona. 

Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Cupressus funebris, C. glauca, C. macrocarpa, C. pyramidalis, C. 
sempervirens. 
Unarmored — 

Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Algeria, Southern France. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidae. 

Diadoxus scalaris L. & G., and D. erythrurus White; Australia; bore in Cupressus lambertiana. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
LiNDiNGER, L., Die Schildliluse (Coccidse), 1912. 
Froggatt, W. W., Australian Insects, 1907. 

CYPRESS; CEDAR. 

{Chama'cyparis spp. Family Juniperaceae.) 

Evergreen trees of North America and Japan, highly valued for timber and useful 
ornamental trees. 

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CHAM^CYPARIS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored— 
JD ias pis visci Schrarik; Europe; Chamxcy parts nutkaensis, C.obtusa, C. pisifera. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidse), 1912. 

DATE PALM. 

{Phoenix dactylifera. Family Palmacese.) 
A palm cultivated for its fruit, the date of commerce. (See Palms.) 



INSECTS OF DOliWOOn, ni'HRA. K(;iil'I..\NT, RLM. 95 

(Corrnifi j^pp. l'"iiniily CoMiaroiT'.') 

Hardy ornaineutal shrubs or trers of tlic nortluTu luMnisjilu'rc aii<l rcni. Tlic hark 

of some species is used in ohtainiim a substitute i'or (piiniue, for tooth })o\vder. black 

ink, etc.; the bark of the roots yields a scarlet tlye. the wood is hard and good for tool 

handles. 

important dogwood insects. 

hkmii>t:-u.\. 

Coccldae: 

Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Liniiipus; Kiiropo; Corntts r^nngiiinca. 
L^narmored— 

Lecanium coryli Liiiiuvus; F.uropo: Cornns Kanffuinca, C. sericea. 

DURRA. 

See Sorghum. 

EGGPLANT. 

(Solarium melongena. Family Solanacea\) 

A tropical vegetable now extensively cultivated in this country for its fruit. 

A, EGGPLANT INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Leuclnodes orbonalls Gu^n^e. 

(Eggplant Fruit Borer. Pyralida^; Lepidopt(»ra.) 

Host: Eggplant. 

Injury: Bores in the fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 24 mm., white, forewing with fulvous, 
black and ferruginous markings; hind wing white, with black lines and si)eck8. 
Larva about 15 mm. long, flesh color, with brown head an<l siii(dd; a few short hairs 
on round dark spots. 

Distribution: India, Java, Burma, ('(^ylon. South .\frica. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 214, fig. ()5. 

B. IMPORTANT EGGPLANT INSECTS. 

DIl'TKRA. 
Trypetidac. 

Lonchxa splcndida; New Zealand, .Vastralia, Oceanifa: attacks fruit. (Sec Tomato.) 

LKPinOPTERA. 
Noctuidae. 

MicTomima olivia; Cuba; loaf roller on tomato, tobacco and eggplant. 

ELM. 

( Ulnnis spp. I'^aniily Urticaceae . ) 

Ornamental deciduous trees distributed throughout the colder and temperate 
regions of the northern hemisphere, some of them much valued as avenue trees. 
The wood is very hard and valuable in the manufacture of implements. 

IMPORTANT ELM INSECTS. 

HKMIPTKRA. 
Aphldidse. 

Colopha compressa Koch, Eriosoma lanuginosa Ilartig, Tctraneura pnllida llaliday, ErUixoma ulnii 
Linnaeus, Tctraneura ulmi DeGeer; Europe; attack foliage of elms. 

Coccldae. 

Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Ulmun cavipetslris. 



96 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Coccidae — Continued. 
Unarmored— 

y^Gossyparia spuria Modecr: Europe. 
Gucriniella serratulx Fabricius; Italy. 
Lecanium coryli Linnteus; Europe; Ulmus campestris, U. montana. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychidae. 

Sinoxylon pirforans Schr.; Europe: bores in branches. 
Xylonites rctusus Olivier; Europe; bores in branches and trunks. 

Biiprestidae. 

Lampra decipiens Mannerheim and L. rvtilans Fabricius; Europe; bore in the bark, bast and sap- 
wood. 

Scarabaeidae. 

Mclnlontha hippoca-itani Fabricius and M. mdolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seedlings. 

Cerambycidae. 

Aeolcsthcs sarta Solsky: India; bores in trunks. 
Oherea linearis Linnaeus; Europe; bores m pith of nursery 
stock of cork elm. 

Curculionidae. 

MeigelaJis aterrima Linnaeus; Europe; makes galleries under 
the bark and in injured branches. 

Orchestes alni Linnaeus; Euiope; mines the leaves of Ulmus 
campestris. 

Orchestes ferrugineus Marsham and 0. rufus Olivier; Europe 
mine the leaves. 

Scolytidae. 

Ptelcobiu^ kraatzi Eichhoflf: Russia; galleries in bark. 
Pteleobius vittatus Fabricius; Germany, Russia: galleries in 

bark. 
ScolytocJtelus cnsi/er Eichhoff: Russia: galleries in bark of 

branches. 
Scolytochelus kirschi Skal.; Russia; galleries in bark of smooth 

bark elms. 
Scolytus Ixvis Chapuis and S. pygmxus Fabricius: Europe; 
galleries in bark of tops and branches. 
Scolytus mail Bechst.; Europe. 

Scolytus multistriatus Marsham; Europe (see text fig. 53). 
Scolytus scolytus Fabricius: Europe; attacks all parts of trunk and branches. 
Xylcborus dryographus Ratzeburg and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; galleries in wood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Cossidae. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 
*Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse chestnut.) 

Notodontidae. 

Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.) 
Noctuidae. 

Xylina socia Rott.; Europe. (See Plum.) 

Geometridae. 

Boarmia crepuscularia Iliibner; Europe, Asia. (See Cinchona.) 
Hibcrniadefoliaria'Lmnisus: Europe: defoliator. 
Larentiadilutata BoTC\dx.; Europe; defoliator. 

LITERATURE. 

SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

NUSSLIN, O, Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 

Hess, R. Der Forstsehutz, 1898, 1900. 

Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87. 

LiNDiNGER, L. Die Sehildlause (Coccid'r"), 1912. 





^, 


i »:;-"%<^ 


Sr 




W^ I 




; m 


Sk'' 


jf si 


1 


n 



Fig. 53.— Elm barkbeetle (Scolytus 
multistriatus): Adult. (Niisslin.) 



INSECTS OF EUCALYPTUS. 97 

EUCALYPTUS; GUM. 

(Eucalyptus spp.) 
Valuable Australian trees recently introduced into Califoriiia. 

A. BETTER KNOWN EUCALYPTUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Mlctls protana Fabricius. 

(Gum-tree Bug. Coreidye: Hemiptera.^i 

Hosts: Eucaly ptus viminalis, Acacia decurrens, A. mollis.vma. orange, other citrus 
fruits. 

Injury: Sucks the juices from tender twigs, causing death of the new parts. 

Description: A large brown bug about an inch long, with long sucking proboscis, 
with acute teeth at posterior corners of thorax. Greatly resembles Levtoglossits. 
The immature stages are soft and marked with yellow. 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 68-71, 

pi. 70. 

Sttgmodera heros Gehin. 

(She-Oak Root Borer. Buprestidae: Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: She-oak and Bull-oak (Casuarina); also Eucalyptus, .\dults fre juent 
flowers of Melaleuca, etc. 

Injury: Tunnels in the lower portions of the trunk of trees. 

Desmption and biology: Beetles large yellowish brown with dark blackish legs. 
Larvpe large yellowish white with powerful jaws. The eggs are laid in areas cleared 
by the female in the butts of the trees. The larvae bore in and down through the 
wood for several feet. 

Distribution: Australia. 
French. C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911. pp. 114-116, 

pi. 12i. 

Phoracantha tricuspis Newman; Phoracanttaa recurva Newman. 

(Yellow-box Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Eucalyptus viminalis. 

lajurii: Very destructive borers. 

Description: Beetles light brown with darker markings on the elytra. The head 
and thorax are very dark brown. Pupse yellowish white. Larvee bore iu the wood. 
Eggs are deposited in crevices in the bark. 

Distribution: Victoria. 

French. C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 70-73, 

pi. 112. 

Distichocera macleayi Newman. 

(Feathery-horned Yellow-box Borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Eucalyptus stuartiana. E. viminalis. 

Injury: Bores in the wood. 

Description: Female beetle reddish brown in color, larger than the male, which is 
black ^vith l>eautiful featherlike antennpe. Pupa yellowish white. Larva dull, 
yellowish white, unusually tapering at apex. The adults frequent the flowers of the 
Leptosperrmim bushes. 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook of De-itructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 96*98, 
pi. 107. 

55266—17 7 



98 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Tryphocharia mastersl Pascoe. 
(Masters' Gum Borer. Cerambycidae. Coleoptera.') 

Hosts: Eucalyptus ami/gdaUna, E. globulun. 

Injury: Bores in the wood, the larvse taking several years for development. 

Di^scriftion: Adult over an inch long, with long antenme, brown, with ])road yellow 
elytral band; thorax laterally dentate. Pupa elongate white. Larva cylindrical 
yellowish, with small head and broader prothorax, chitinous. 

Dutribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook "bf Destructive Insect^ of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 98-101, 

pi. 76. 

Blmla femoralis Saunders. 

(Apple-gum Borer. Cerambycidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Eucalyptus stuartiana. 

Injury: Bores in the trunk, causing much damage. A severe scar appears on the 
surface of the bark where the burrow commences. 

Description: The sexes are different in appearance, the male having antennse much 
larger than the body; the female antennse considerably shorter than the body. Elytra 
with yellow band at base, remainder of elytra brown. Head, thorax and tip of ab- 
domen yellow in female; head and center of prothorax brown in male. Larva of 
female much broader, less attenuate, and with larger prothorax than in adult female. 

Distribution: Australia. 
Fkench, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 110-113, 

pi. 78. 

Strongylorhlnus ochraceus Schaum. 

(Red Gum-tree Weevil. CurcuUonidse ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Eucalyptus melliodora. 

Injury: Larvae bore in twigs causing gall-like deformation. Very injurious. 

Desaiption: A reddish-brown weevil about 12 mm. long with short, stout beak. 
Larva curved, legless, white, makes a cone shaped burrow in the wood. 

Distribution: Australia. 
French, C. Handbook of Injurious Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 128-130. 

pi. 82. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT EUCALYPTUS INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) ininiatx Green; Australia; Eucalyptus miniata. 

Aspidiotus alatus Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus rostrata. 

Aspidiotus confusus Froggatt; Australia. 

Aspidiotus tasmanix Green; Australia. 

Chionaspis frenchi Green: Australia. 

Lecaiiiodiaspis conver.us Froggatt; Australia. 

Lecaniodiaspis frenchi Froggatt; Australia. 

Lecaniodiaspis newmanni Froggatt; Australia. 
Unarmored— 

Apiomorpha attenuata Froggatt; Australia. 

Apinmorpha baaerleni Froggatt; Australia. 

Apiomorpha czlycina Tepper; South Australia; Eucalyptus dumosa, E. oleosa. 

Apiomorpha conica Fro?gatt; Australia; Eucalyptus viminalis, E. uncinata. 

Apiomorpha duplex Schrader; Australia. 

Apiomorpha ellipsoidalis Tepper; Australia. 

Apiomorpha floral is Froggatt; Australia. 

Apiomorpha heimsii Fuller; Australia. 

Apiomorpha karschi Riibsaamen; Australia. 

Apiomorpha maliformis Fuller; Australia; Eucalyptus patens. 

Apiomorpha minor Froggatt; New South AVales; Eucalyptus hxmastoma. 



INSECTS OF EUCALYPTUS. 99 

Coccidae— Continued. 
Unarmored — Continued. 
ApiomoTpha munita Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus rohusla, E. niderophloia. 

A piomorpha ovicola Sohrader; Australia; Eucalyptus hiemastoma, E. gracilis, E.leucoxylon, E.rostrata. 
Apinmorpha ovicoloides Tepper; Australia; Eucalyptus incrassata. 
Apiomorpha pedimculata Fuller; Australia. 

Apiomorpha pharetrata Schrader; New South Wales; Eucalyptus sieberiana, E. corymbosa, E. capitellata. 
Apiomorpha pileata Schrader; New South Wales. 
Apiomorpha pomiformis Froggatt; -Vustralia; Eucalyptus rostrata. 
Apiomorpha, rugosa Froggatt; Australia. 
Apiomorpha sessilis Froggatt; Australia. 
Apiomorpha sloanei Froggatt; Australia. 

Apiomorpha strombylosa Tepper; Australia; Eucalyptus incrassata. 
Apiomorpha thorntoni Froggatt; Australia. 
Apiomorpha umbellata Froggatt; Australia. 
Apiomorpha urnalis Tepper; New South Wales; Eucalyptus uncinata, E. gracilis, E. melliodora, E. poly- 

anthemos. 
Apiomorpha variabilis Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita. 
Ascelis attenuata Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita. 
Ascelis echiniformis Fuller; West Australia; Eucalyptus tessellaris. 
Ascelis prxmollis Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus corymbosa. 
Ascelis schraderi Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus corymbosa. 
Ceronema caudata Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus robusta. 
Ctenochiton eucalypti Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus siderophloia. 
Eriococcus confusus Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus viminalis. 
Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell; Australia. 

.Eriococcus eucalypti Maskell; Australia, Tasmania; Eucalyptus diversicolor. 
Eriococcus simplex Maskell; Australia. 
Eriococcus crofti Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita. 
Eriococcus gregarius Froggatt; Australia, New Zealand. 
Eriococcus irregularis Froggatt; Australia: Eucalyptus piperita. 
Eriococcus serratilobis Green; Australia; Eucalyptus gracilis. 
Eriococcus picta Froggatt; Australia. 
Eriococcus tesselatus Froggatt; Australia. 
Eriococcus spinigcr Maskell; Australia. 

Eriococcus tepperi Maskell; Australia, Tasmania; Eucalyptus globulus. 
Opisthoscelis conica Fuller; Australia. 
Opisthoscelis fibularis Froggatt; Australia. 

Opisthoscelis globosa Riibsaamen; New South Wales: Eucalyptus capitellata. 
Opisthoscelis maculata Froggatt; New South Wales; Eucalyptus gracilis, E. leucoxylon. 
Opisthoscelis mammularis Froggatt; Australia. 
Opisthoscelis maskelli Froggatt; Australia. 
Opisthoscelis nigra Froggatt; Australia. 
Opisthoscelis pisiformis Froggatt; New South Wales, Australia; Eucalyptus melliodora, E. robusta, E. 

resinifera, E. piperita. 
Opisthoscelis serrata Froggatt; Australia. 

Opisthoscelis spinosa Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus siderophloia. 
Opisthoscelis subrotunda Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus capitellata. 
Opisthoscelis verrucula Froggatt; Australia. 
Pseudococcus lobulatus Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus globulus. 

ISOPTERA. 
Termitidae. 

Termcs australis Hagen; Australia. (See Apple.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
ArctUda:. 

Nola metallopa and Spilosoma fuscinula: Australia: attacks the foliage. 
Termissa nivosa; Australia; larvfe found under the bark in August. 

Bombycidae. 

Ocinara lewinii Lewin; Australia; attacks foliage. 

Geometridse. 

Crypsiphona occuUaria and Oastrophora henricaria: Australia; defoliate. 
Mnesampela privata Gn.; Australia; defoliator. 



100 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Lasiocampldae. 

Odonestis australasix Fabricius; Australia; defoliator. 

Lymantrlldae. 

Teara contraria Walker; and Trichetra marginalU, Australia; defoliators 

Heplolldse. 

Charagia lignivora Lewin; Australia. (See Apple.) 

DIPTERA. 
Itonldldse (Cecldomyltdae). 

Diplosis exicalypti Skuse, D. paralis Skuse, and Lasioptera miseella Skuse; Australia; breed in twins. 

LITERATURE. 

SoBAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
Feoggatt, W. W. Australian Insects. 

EUGENIA spp. 

(Family Myrtacese.) 

Fruit-bearing trees of South America, etc., cultivated in the Southern States and 

California. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Eugenia braziliensis, E. jamboa, E. malaccensis , E. uniflora. 

(See Fruit.) 
Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India, etc., attacks fruit of Eugenia malaccensis. (See Fruit.) 

FIG; ASSAM RUBBER; BANYAN. 

{Ficus spp. Family Urticaceae.) 

This is a very large genus of valuable plants, including the fig {Fkus carica), the 
India or Assam rubber plant {F. elastica), and the banyan {F. benghalensis). Many 
varieties of the fig are prized for their fruit. The India rubber of commerce is derived 
from F. elastica. Other varieties are popular in conservatories. 

A. BETTEE KNOWN FIG INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne. 

(Fig stem-boring beetle. Bostrychidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Fig. 

Injury: Bores in the twigs of young trees. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle, brown with basal half of elytra tinged with 
yellow, about one-quarter inch long. The apex of the elytra is concave bitubercu- 
late. The adult bores in twigs near the buds and girdles the twig under the bark, 
laying its eggs in the outer portion which soon falls to the ground. The species is 
especially dangerous to nursery stock juat planted, as it does not usually attack strong 
healthy trees. 

Distribution: Sudan. 
King, Harold H. Fourth report. Wellcome Tropical Research Lab. Khartoum, 

vol. B, Gen'l Science, p. 140, pi. 9, fig. 1. 

Colobogaster quadridentata Tabricius. 

(Family Buprestidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Cultivated fig (Ficus carica). 

Injury: Injury occasioned by galleries made by larvse in trunk and twigs. Liable 
to be introduced in cuttings or plants. 



FIG INSECTS. 101 

Description and biology: Adult beetle 25-30 mm. long, 11-12 mm. broad; blue black, 
with small points of metallic green. Practically entire Life spent in plant. 

Distribution: Brazil . 
BoNDAR, Gregorio: Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 4. 

Batocera bolsduvall Hope. 

(Fig-tree borer. Family Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Ficus macrophylla, F. australis. 

Injury: Borea in stems and branches of damaged and freshly fallen trees. 

Adult: A beautiful grayish-green beetle, about 2 inches long, with a row of white 
marks on the elytra; very strong, heavy antennae; prothorax laterally armed with 
very strong spine on each side. Pupa light brown. Larva about 3 inches long, very 
robust, head black. 

Distribution: Queensland. 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1911, pt. 5, pp. 134-137, 

pi. 126. 

Taenlotes scalarls Fabricius. 

(Family Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Cultivated fig {Ficus carica). 

Injury: Injury due to galleries made by larvae. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle 15-30 mm. in length; general color obscure, 
nearly black, with spots and streaks of yellow; triangular spot between the eyes, 
and behind the eyes is situated a half-moon-like spot. Practically entire life is spent 
in the plant. 

Distribution: Brazil. 
BoNDAK, Gregorio: Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 9, figure. 

Hellipus bonelli Bobeman. 

(Brazil Fig Borer. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Cultivated fig {Ficus carica). 

Injury: Larvae make galleries in trunks and branches of fig. Liable to be intro- 
duced on plants or cuttings. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil 12 mm. long, with characteristic designs on 
thorax and elytra, color light coffee brown, with symmetrical yellow spots. Larvae 
and pupae white. Practically the whole life cycle is spent in the tree. 

Distribution: Brazil. 

BoNDAR, Gregorio. Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 11. Figures 
injury, larvae, pupa, and adult. 

Hyleslnus porcatus Cbapuis. 

(The Fig-Branch Borer. Scolytidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Fig. 

Injury: Occasioned by tunneling of insect. Liable to be imported in cuttings or 
plants. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle short, thickset, rounded, general color black, 
varying to reddish brown in immature specimens; head and thorax slightly rugose 
and lightly covered with fine hairs. Breeds in galleries in twigs, entering just above 
a bud. (See plate xx.) 

Distribution: New South Wales. 
Froggatt, W. W. Agric. Gaz. New South Wales, 1899, vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 268. 



102 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT FICCS INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse: 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Aonidia) plamhonioides Green; Ceylon (Botanic Gardens). 
^i/^Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) cocotiphagus Marlatt; Cuba. 
Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) subcuticularis Green; Australia; Ficus orbicularis. 
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; West Indies; Mexico; British Guiana; England 

(in greenliouses). 
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) afrjcanus Marlatt; South Africa. 
Aspidiotus {Morganella) maskelli Cockerell; Bermuda. 
■i^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Jamaica. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Honolulu. 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) silvatica Liudinger; German East Africa ,Kamerun; Ficus indica. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobiti/ormis Green; East India, Ceylon, Mauritius, Japan, Brazil; Ficus 

scandens (see text fig. 32.) 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) obsita Cockerell and Robinson; Philippines; Ficus caudatifolia. 
Schizaspis lobata Cockerell and Robinson; Ficus nota. 
CMonaspis manni Green; India. 
>|< Conchaspis angrseci Cockerell; established in Florida, and has doubtless been imported from Mexico 

and Jamaica on numerous occasions. Scale of female approximately circular, conical, apex bluntly 

pointed, radiating from apex are six to eight strong ridges or carinas. 
Diaspis bromelise (Kern); Mexico. 

Hennichionas pis fici Green; Bengal; Ficus glomerata, F. carica. 
Hewichionaspis minima Green; India. 
Lepidosaphes ficifoliiHeTlese; Algeria, Italy; Ficus carica. 
Lepidosaphes meiicana Cockerell; Mexico. 
Lepidosaphes minima Newstead; Algeria; Ficus carica. 
Unarmored — 
Anomalococcus cremastogastri Green; Oeylon; Ficus religiosa. 
Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell; Jamaica, Porto Rico, Antigua, Brazil, British Guiana, Grenada, 

Montserrat; fig. 
CeroplaMes ceriferus Anderson; Ceylon; Ficus walkeriana. 
Ceroplastes ficus Newstead; German East Africa; test of adult female hemispherical, thin, semitrans 

parent shaded with gray and brown. 
Ceroplastes gowdeyi Newstead; Uganda Protectorate. 
Ceroplastes myricx Linnaeus; Greece; fig. 
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus Newstead; British East Africa; test of adult provided with a pair of large 

divergent pyriform bodies, four white lines across dorsum. 
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan; Ficus macrophylla. 
Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Eirrope, British Guiana, Algeria, Australia, Japan; adult female covered 

with wax in the form of plates; attacks Ficus elastica and F. carica. 
Ceroplastes toivnsendi percrassus Cockerell; Mexico; adult female covered with wax of a faint yel- 
lowish tint without division into plates. 
Ceroputo yuccx Coquillett; Mexico. 
Drosicha maskelli Cockerell; Japan, China, Java. 
Eriococcus crispus Fonscolombe; France. 
Eriococcus lagerstroemix Kuwana; Japan. 
Icerya xgyptiaca Douglas; Egypt; adult female forms a white waxy secretion; along the margin of 

the body are fragile white processes. 
Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard; Guatemala. 
Icerya maxima Newstead; Africa. 

Icerya seychellarum Westwood; Natal, Africa. (See Citrus.) 
Lecaniodiaspis africana Newstead; Egypt. 
Lichtensia lutea Cockerell; Mexico; fig. 
MbnopMebus stebbingi octocaudata Green; India; Ficus carica, F. benghalensis, F. infectoria, F. religiosa, 

F. glomerata; adult male provided with four fleshy tassels on each side of the abdomen. 
Neolecanium plebeium Cockerell; Mexico. 
Paralecanium expansum Green; India, Australia; Ficus retusa. 
Pseudococcus ficus Signoret; France, Calabria. 
Pseudococcus setosus Hempel; Brazil. 
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Africa. 
Pw?t'i7iaria^cws Hempel; Brazil. 
Pulvinaria jacksoni Newstead; W. Africa. 
Pulvinaria mammese Maskell; Natal; fig. 
^^f-Saissetia nigra Nietner; Hawaii, Ceylon, West Indies, India; Ficus glomerata. 



INSECTS OF FIG, FIE, FLAX. 103 



Coccldae— Continued. 
Unarmored — Continued. 

Tachardia ftci Green; India; Ficus religma. 

TacMrdia lacca Kerr; British Guiana, India, Ceylon; Ficus dastka, F. carica, F. glomerata, F. indica, 
F. infectoria, F. laccifera, F. nervosa, F. obtusifolia, F. reUgiosa. F. rumphii, F. tjakela, F. comosa, 
F. cordifolia, F. cunia, F. palmata. 
VinsoniastdUfera Walker; British Guiana; Ficus altissima. (See Coffee.) 

Pentatomidae. 

Peltophora pcdicillata Kirby; Australia. (See Plum.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestldae. 

Lampra assamensis Stebbing; India; on Ficus elastica. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Crioccris imprcssa Fabricius; India; feeds on foliage of Ficus elastica. 

Podontia U-punctata Linnseus; India; a defoliating leaf beetle on Ficus elastica. 

Cerambycldae. 

Xoanodera rcgularis Gahan; India; bores between the bast and sapwood of Ficus elastica. 

Xylotrcchus gahani Stebbing; India; bores in the branches of Ficus elastica. 

Batoccra rubra Linnaeus; India; bores in the trunk of fig trees {Ficus carica), causing much injury. 

(See pi. XXI.) 
Batocera albofasciata DeGeer; India, Java, Kamerun; an important borer in Ficus elastica. 
Batocera frenchi; Australia; bores in native fig trees. 

Olenecamptus bilobus Fabricius; India; bores in Ficus rumphii, F. glomerata, and F. roxburghii. 
Phryneta spinator Fabricius; East Africa; bores in Ficus elastica. 
Pliryneta conradti Kolbe, East Africa; bores in Ficus elastica. 

Pdrognatha gigas Fabricius var. spinosa; West and East Africa; attacks Ficus spp. 
Roscnbergia megacephala; Australia; bores in fig trees. 

Curciilionidse. 

Curculio amcenus Fabricius (Balaninus); Australia; breeds in the fruit of Ficus rubiginosa.' 
Alcide^ scenicus Faust; India; in Ficus elastica. 

Scolytidae. 

Diamerus fici Blandford; India; attacks nursery stock of Ficus elastica. 
Hypoborus ficus 'Ericiison; Europe; galleries in bark of figs. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks fruit of Ficus carica. (See Fruit.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Bombycidae. 

Gunda sikkima; India; attacks foliage of Ficus elastica. 

Ocinara dilectula Walker and 0. signifera Walker; Java; attack foliage of Ficus bergmanniana and 

F. elastica. 

LITERATURE. 

Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. 
Stebbing, E. P. A Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbueh der Pflauzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

FIR. 

(Picea spp., Abies s-pp. Family Pinacese.) 

Tall, pyramidal, evergreen trees growing in the northern and mountainous regions 
of the northern hemisphere. The wood is soft and perishable, but valuable products, 
such as balsam, are obtained from the exudations. For convenience the insect 
pests are arranged under Conifers. 

FLAX. 

(lAnum usitatissimum. Family Linacese.) 

A plant of Europe and America cultivated for its oil-bearing seed and fibrous 
stem. 



104 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Phalonia epilinana Zell. (Conchylis.) 

(Flax Capsule Worm. Family Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Flax (Xjinum), Solidago, etc. 

Injury: Eats out the greea capsules of flax. 

Description and biology: Moth with forewings clay yellow with darker band and 
margin. Larva whitish yellow, sparsely pubescent, head and thoracic shield black- 
ish; 6.5 mm. long. Pupates in the larval Isurrow. 

Distribution: South Russia. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheite:i, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 292. 

FORESTS. 

BETTER KNOWN GENERAL DEFOLIATORS. 

Under this heading are grouped a number of important insects known as forest 
defoliators. Several of these have been imported into the United States. 




Fig. 54.— Cockchafer ( Melolontha vulgaris); Adult, pupa, larva and its attack on root crop. (Lorenz.) 

Melolontha vulgaris Linn. 
(Cockchafer. Family Scarabgeidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Adults feed on leaves of various trees; gruVjs on roots. 

Injury: Often serious. 

Description and biology: Adult, length often 25 mm.: head and thorax black; 
elytra brown, each with four raised, longitudinal lines; hairy; sides of body with 
alternate black and white patches; occurs in May and June. Pupa pale brown. 
This stage is passed deep in ground. Larva, length 37 mm., white, fleshy; caudal 
end swollen; head and legs brown. Tliis stage lasts three years. Eggs, large, shape 
of hemp seed, creamy white (see text fig. 54). 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 43'l. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XX. 




A Fig Borer. 
Fig-borer {Hylesinus porcatus): Adult and injury. (Frcggatt.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXI. 




A Fig Borer. 
Fig-borer (^Bntocera rubra): Adults and larvae. (Stebbing.) 



FOREST DEFOLIATORS. 



105 



Anisopteryx sescularla Schiffermiller. 
(March Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Whitethorn, blackthorn, apple, plum, pear, oak, linden, elm, maple, walnut' 
and chestnut. 

Injury: Occasionally serious pest. Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult male, wing expanse 30-37 mm.: forewings grayish 
brown, with dark and pale transverse lines, small brown spot near upper border of 
each wing: hind wings pale gray, dark line more or less continued from outer line on each 
forewing: female, wingless, grayish to 
grayisli brow;i, with fan-like tail of hairs. 
Appears from February to April (Eng- 
land). Pwpa/es in ground. Larra, length 
25 mm . ; bright green , or green tinged with 
yellow: on back, a narrow dark-green line 
edged with creamy white or gray; on each 
side three pale lines: head uniformly 
green ; matures b}'^ end of Ju" e. Etjgs de- 
'^osited in a partial band of 50 to 200 
around twig; covered with hairs; hatch 
in April. (See text fig. 55.) 

Distribution: Europe. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 
1909, p. Gl. 

Cheiinatobia bruinata Linnaeus. 

(Winter Moth. Geometridse; Lepi- 
doptera. ) 

Hosts: L>uit aid forest trees (except 
conifers) and shrubs. 

Injury: One of the most harmful and 
widespread of fruit-tree pests. Defolia- 
tion. Also attacks fruit and flowers. 

Description and biology: Adult male, 
wing expa ise 30 mm.; forewings grayish 
brown to bro^n, marked with darker tran.sverse wavy lines; lu:id wings of paler 
uniform color; female practically wingless, havi'ig very short, useless, vestigial 
wings, gray to grayish Ijrown in color. Moths appear from October to middle of 




Fig. 55. — The March nxoih. {Anisopteryt acscularia): 
f , Adult male; b, eggs on twig; c, d, famal? moths. 
(Theobald.) 




Fig. .56. — The winter moth (Cheimatobia brumata): Adult, larva, pupa, egg. (Lor^nz.) 

January (England). Larva, length 30 mm.; pale, yellowish or dark green, with pale 
lines along the sides of body; in June drops to ground to form pupal cell. Eggs 
deposited on twigs, small branches, etc.; slightly elongate and truncated at ends; 
at first yellowish green, later brick red. (See text fig. 56.) 

Distribution: Europe, Greenland. 
Theobald, F. V. Insects Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 50. 



106 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Hibernia defoliaria Clerck. 
(Mottled Umber Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 
Hosts: Apple and other fruits; forest trees. 

Injury: Great damage done occasionally by defoliation; sometimes attacks fruit 
Description nnd biology: Adult male, wing expanse 44 mm.; forewings normally 

pale dull yellowish, mottled with 
yellowish brown and dusted with 
brown; hind wings more uniform 
yellowish gray, with minute darker 
specks and a dark spot on each 
(color variable; many melanistic 
formsj ; female, wingless, plump, of 
various shades of yellowish gray 
and speckled with dark brown or ' 
black. Appears from October to 
February (England). Pupates in 
soil. ia?-i!a length 37 mm.; chest- 
nut brown above; sides pale 
creamy yellow to bright yellow; 
venter pale yellow; spiracles 
pale with dark rims. Eggs de- 
posited on buds and twigs, in dark 
crevices and on pruned surfaces, 
hatching in April. (See text 
fig. 57.) 

Distrihution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. I^^sect Pests of 
p. 58. 




Fruit, 1909, 



Fig. 57. — Mottled umber moth (Hibernaria defoliaria): 
Adult, larva, egg masses. (Sorauer.) 

Malacosoiua neustrla Linnaeus. 
(Lackey Moth. Lasiocampidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Fruit trees, oak, elm, hawthorn, rose, poplar, hornl^eam. 

Injury: Strips trees of foliage. 

Description and biology: Adult male, wing expanse 25 mm. , female 30-35 mm. Front 
wings reddish brown , ochreous 
or brick red with two trans- 
verse lines, pale or dusky; 
hind wings paler than front 
wings. Moth flies in July and 
August. (England.) Cocoon 
pale white or yellow, loose, of 
silk mixed with hairs. Pupa 
dark brown, stage lasting 2 or 3 
weeks. Larva about 37 mm. 
long, bluish-gray in color with 
a pure white dorsal stripe; 
three orange red stripes along 
each side and between the 
two lowest of these a broad 
blue stripe with little black 
specks on it. These lines are 
separated by black, and black 
spotted with blue; a narrow dark line is on each side of the dorsal white stripe and 
two black spots on head and on first thoracic segment. The whole larva bears rusty 
hairs. Larvae feed under tents in early stages; later they retire to tents only at 
nights and diu-ing dull weather. Eggs are deposited in rings containing from 40 to 
200 each, around twigs, and hatch about end of April. (See text fig. 58.) 




Fig. 58.— Lackey moth 



{Malacocoma neustria): Adults, larva, 
eggs. (Lorenz.) 



U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXII 




Different Stages of the Brown-Tail Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea). 

Winter nest at upper left: male and female adults, lower right; cocoon in leaves, upper right; 
male and female chrysalides above, male at left; full grown larva in center, somewhat reduced: 
young larvae at its left; egg mass removed from leaf, showingsingle e^'gs at lower left; female 
ovipositing on leaf; egg mass also on same leaf. (Howard and Fiske.) 



FOREST DEFOLIATORS. 107 

Distribution: Europe, except polar region; present also in western Asia, Siberia, 
China, and Japan. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 30. 
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 22. 

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 342. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 378. 
Dasychlra pudibunda Linnseus. 
(Redtail Moth. Lymantriidte ; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Beech, hornbeam, oak, alder, buckthorn, hawthorn, blackthorn, hazel, rose, 
birch, elm, linden, maple. 

Injury: General defoliator. 

Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 38-60 mm.; female larger than male; 
forewings whitish -gray, with two dark cross lines and dark flecked fringe; hind wings 
dirty gray with washed-out bar; body reddish white or grayish in front, whiter behind. 
Larva 40-45 mm. long, greenish yellow with black cross bars; yellow brushes on fourth 
to seventh segments: eleventh segment with a red hair pencil. Larvte feed on foliage 
June to October. Pupate on ground or in brush. Pupa brownish black, abdomen 
reddish brown, clothed with yellow hairs, in silken cocoon. Hibernates as pupa. 
Eggs in clusters of 50 or more on twigs. 

Distribution: Europe, China, Japan. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 384. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, p.' 91-97, fig. 57. 
GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 392. 
Henschel, G. a. O. Die schiidlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 329. 
^ Euproctls chrysorrhoea Linnaeus. 
(Brown-tail Moth. Lyman triidee; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Beech, elm, hornbeam, maple, oak, poplar, blackthorn, hawthorn, rose, 
willow. 

Injury: General defoliator; very serious. 

Description and injury: Moth, white, posterior part of body reddish brown; wing ex- 
panse 30-35 mm. Larvse 30-38 mm. long, brownish gray, with light brown hairs. 
The larvse feed on foliage under heavy white webs. (See plate xxii.) 

Distribution: Palaearctic regions (Europe, Asia). Has been introduced into the 
northeastern United States. 
Annual Reports State Forester or Massachusetts. 

>|c Porthetria dispar Linnaeus (Lymantria). 
(Gipsy Moth. Lyman triidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Beech, elm, hornbeam, linden, maple, oak, poplar, willow, alder, birch. 

Injury: General defoliator. Easily transported in egg stage on bark of nursery 
stock. A very serious pest. 

Description and biology: Male, moth 35-50 mm.; forewings gray brown with dark 
brown, strongly notched transverse stripes and dark flecks on fringe; hind wings 
brown, with dark border and light fringe. Female, moth 37-62 mm., wings white 
with dark fringe spots; the dark transverse stripes in outer part of forewings often 
disappearing. Larva with large head; brown, hairy; three fine yellow longitudinal 
lines; the first five segments with two blue warts each and on the remaining segments 
two red warts each; length 7 cm. (See Frontispiece.) 

Distribution: Europe, Asia, New England States. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 380-382. 
FoRBusH, E. H., and Fernald, C. H. The Gypsy Moth, Mass., St. Bd. Agric, 1896, 

495 pp. 



108 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

:fc Lymantria monacha Linnaeus. 
(Nun Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, poplar, oak, maple, linden, hazel, willow, pine, spruce, 
miountain ash, buckthorn, bunch cherry, spindle tree, hornbeam, larch, white spruce. 

Injury: Attacks the foliage of many trees and is sometimes very serious. As the 
eggs are said to be laid under the bark, it is very likely to be shipped in nursery stock. 

Description and biology: Moth, with forewings white, with strong notched black 
lines; hind wings grayish white; fringe flecked with black; abdomen reddish with 
black bands. Larvse brown with six blue and red warts on dorsum; on second seg- 
ment a black, blue, and white spot; three last segments flecked with black; 4-5 cm. 
long. The species is quite variable in color. The larva is polyphagous, attacking 
foliage; the larvse are gregarious and feed within a web. 

Distribution: Europe. Specimens were collected at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1902. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 379-380. 

NusSLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 346-368, figs. 

291-298. 

Porthesia simllls Fuessly. 

(The Swan Moth. Lyman triidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, hornbeam, linden, mountain ash, maple, oak, willow, rose. 

Injury: General defoliator. Liable to importation in the larval stage on the bark 
of nursery stock. 

Description and biology: Moth, white with a few black spots on inner margin of fore- 
wing; abdomen clad with golden yellow hairs. Larva black, clothed with grayish- 
black hairs. The larvse feed singly on foliage and hibernate singly under bark, etc. 
The eggs are laid in a mass on undersides of leaves and covered with yellow hairs 
from the moth. Pupation occurs in a thin white silken cocoon. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, pp. 102, 103. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 382. 

Phalera bucephala Linnaeus. 

(Buff Tip Moth; Moon Spot Moth. Notodontidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Deciduous fruits; cobs, filberts, nuts, birch, beech, elm, rose, poplar, willow, 
linden, oak, alder. 

Injury: Defoliates plants when abundant. 

Description a7id biology: Adult, wing expanse 62-70 mm.; forewings ash gray with 
a transverse streak of reddish brown near base and another of dark brown near apex 
of wing, marked at tip with a large pale buff or ochraceous lunular spot. Larva about 
50 mm. long when grown; the ground color dark yellow, with a broad dark stripe 
down the back; along each side are three black lines interrupted with yellow or 
orange rings. Eggs very convex, fiat beneath, pearly white, with a basal green band 
and dark spot on apex. The insect spends the winter as a pupa in the soil, moths 
appearing in spring, ovipositing on undersurface of twigs or on foliage. 

Distribution: Europe, except Polar region, Siberia, etc. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 292. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 387, fig. 245. 
NiJasMN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 323, 324, 

fig. 276. 

FRUITS. 

BETTER KNOWN GENERAL FRUIT-TREE INSECTS. 

Under this heading are grouped a number of very important insects which attack 
many different kinds of fruits, especially the fruit flies. 



FRUIT INSECTS. 109 

Aleurodlcus cocois Curtis. 
(Coconut White Fly. Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Coconut, banana, guava, "jicaco," Coccoloba uvifera. 

Injury: Serious pest in many parts of tropical America. 

Description and biology: Adult varying in size and wing markings, wings marked 
with two dusky patches; pupal case varies in size and is surrounded by a double row 
of bristlelike hairs usually 13 to a side, also has one pair of long caudal hairs. Egg 
about 0.29 mm. long and 0.11 mm. wide, with pedicel arising from side. 

Distribution: Barbados, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Isthmian Canal 
Zone, Yucatan. 

Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 105. 

Nyslus vlnltor Bergroth. 
(The Rutherglen Bug. Lygseidae; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Grapes, cherries, plums, peach, grasses, etc. 

Injury: Stated to be one of the most destructive plant bugs in Australia. 

Description and biology: Adult 4-5 mm. long; dull brown to gray in color, with 
silvery -gray wings; antennae barely two-thirds length of body and covered with hairs. 
Breeds in grass lands and swarms over field crops and fruit trees in countless millio a;. 

Distribution: Australia. (See plate xxiii.) 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1S91, pt. 1, p. 105. 
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 334. 

>f; Hellothrlps rubroclnctus Giard. 

(The Red-Banded Thrips. Thysanoptera.) 

Hosts: Avocado {Persea gratissima) , mango (Mangifera indica), cashew, guava 
(Psidium guajava), cacao (Theobroma cacao), Liberian coffee {Coffea liberica), wild 
guava (Anacardium occidentale), roses, Mexican almond or umbrella tree (Terminalia 
catappa), kola (Sterculia acuminata). 

Injury: Larvae and adults feed on both surfaces of foliage. May be introduced on 
living plants. 

Description and biology: Egg stage varies from 6 to 17 days, larval stage from 6 to 20 
days. AdultienxaAe about 1.11 mm. long and quite stout, color dark brown or black. 
A red band is evident in the first and second larval stages, pupa and prepupa. (See 
pi. X.) 

Distribution: Guadeloupe. French West Indies; Grenada, St. Vincent. St. Lucia, 
British West Indies; Trinidad, Tobago, Virgin Islands, Mauritius, Ceylon, Uganda. 
In addition to the above it is reported from Florida and was doubtless introduced. 
Russell, H. M. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom. Bull. 99, pt. 2, 1912. 

Phyllopertha horticola Linnaeus. 

(Scarabaeidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Fruit irees and herbaceous plants. 

Injury: Destroys foliage and roots. 

Description and biology: Adult length 8-11 mm.; body depressed, hairy; head and 
pro thorax shining green; elytra golden brown or chestnut; ventral parts black. Ap- 
pears in May and June (Italy). Feeds on leaves. The larva is a root feeder. Sil- 
vestri states that the adults and larvse of this insect feed on leaves and roots of fniit 
trees and herbaceous pjants. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie Agraria, 1911, ]). 311. 



110 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 




Capnodis tenebrionis Linnaeus. 

(Buprestidse; Goleoptera.) 

Hosts: Various fruit trees. 
Injury: To leaves and roots. 

Description and biology : Adult length 15-22 mm.; color opaque black, with pro- 
thorax sparsely dusted with cinereous; feeds on leaves. Larva elongate, whitish, 

covered with a fine pubesence; feeds in 
roots and trunk beneath cortex. Eggs de- 
posited during August and September on 
crown of trees. (See text fig. 59.) 
Distribution: Southern Europe. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie 
Agraria, 1911. p. 335. 

Phylloblus oblongus Linnaeus. 

(Oblong Leaf Weevil. Brachyrhinidse; 
Goleoptera.) 

Hosts: Fruit trees, bushes. 
Injury: Frequent. Adults attack young 
buds and leaves. Larvae feed on roots of 
various plants. 

Description and biology: Adult length 4-5 
mm.; black; elytra covered with brown 
scales with reddish tinge or pale gray, bor- 
ders dark; head, thorax, and elytra covered 
with gray pubescence; legs brown or yel- 
lowish. Occurs throughout May and June. Pupates in spring in earth. Larva a 
white footless grub, slightly hairy; head brown. Winters as larva. Eggs are depos- 
ited in ground. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 119. 

Biston hirtarius Clerck. 
(Cherry Spinner. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Stone fruits, orchard trees. 

Injury: Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult in both sexes winged; whitish, dusted with black- 
ish gray and obliquely marked with blackish brown. Occurs in March and April 
(Germany). Pupates in the earth. Larva, length 35 mm.; ash gray or brown in 
color, with longitudinal dark lines; prothorax, tubercles and two spots on each seg- 
ment yellow; occurs from May until September. (See text fig. 60.) 

Distribution: Germany, northern Eui'ope. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 339. 

Biston pomonarius Hiibner. 

(Geometrida?; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Fruit trees and oaks. 
Injury: Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult, male wings grayish white, on border blackish, dusted 
with gold, with dark oblique lines; female, with wing stumps black, sprinkled with 



Fig. 59.— Fruit tree borer ( Capnodis tenebrionis): 
Adult, larva. (Silvestri.) 



FRUIT INSECTS. 



Ill 



red and with gray and white hahs. Occurs in April and May (Germany). Pupates 
in the earth. Larva, length 40 mm.; gray, with golden, longitudinal lines; occurs 
May to July. 

Distribution: Northern Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 339. 

Hibernia ruplcapraria Hiibner. 

(Early Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Plum, thorns, fruit trees. 

Injury: "No record of serious damage." (Theobald.) 

Description and biology: Adult male wing expanse 30 mm.; forewings gray brown, 
with broad dark area across middle, edges dark and notched; hind wings whitish 
gray, with a dark central spot aboA-e middle and crossed by an indistinct gray streak; 
female, almost wingless, stumps of wings grayish; occurs in January and February 




jTiG. 60. — Cherry spinner (Bistort hirtariiis): a, Adult; female; b, adult male; c, larva; d, pupa. 

(Sorauer.) 

(England). Larva bluish green with pale green back, front of each segment darkened, 
and a white line on each side; pupates in soil. 

Distribution; England, Europe (except Russia), Asia Minor. 
Theobald,, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 362. 

Gastropacha querclfolia Linnseus. 

' (Lappet Moth. Lasiocampidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Apple, plum, pear, hawthorn, blackthorn, willow, sallow. 

Injury: Can not be looked upon as a pest. Sometimes strips branches and shoots. 

Description and biology: Adult male wing expanse 56 mm.; female, 80 mm.; color 
rich brown, with dark irregular, transverse, scalloped lines on both pairs of Avings, 
edges of wings scalloped. Moths appear in June and July (England). Pupa large 
brown motile; cocoon spun among twigs of trees, crevices, in bark and rubbish on 
ground; oval, pointed at one end and mouse-colored. Larva 100 mm. long; gray and 
gray brown, with faint V-shaped dark marks dorsally; two deep blue or purple 1 ands 



112 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



across first thoracic segment; above legs on each side is a row 
ages with long gray hairs like "lappets"; body finely hairy, 
and hibernate, extended on twigs. 
Dislributioa: Europe. 

Theobald. F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits. 1909, p. 19. 

Odonestis pruni Linnaeus. 

(Lasiocampidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Various fruit tr?es. 
Injury: Defoliation. 

Description and bijlogi/: A iult length of wing 20-30 mm.; 
dusted with red. with sharp points and a nctched margin; 



of fleshy pad-like append- 
Larvae appear in autumn 




forewing orange, strongly 
a single white s])ot in the 
middle; front diagonal 
lines arched, hind di- 
agonal line straight, 
l)ody and hindwing 
brick red. Occurs 
June and July (Ger- 
many); pupates in 
May (Germany) in 
grayish -white cocoon. 
Larva length 65-70 
mm.; blue gray, with 
golden longitudinal 
lines, and dull golden- 
gray spots; head 
brownish gray ; 
hatches in August; 
overwinters and feeds 
in spring until May 
(Germany). Eggs de- 



FiG. 61.— The Amar caterpillar ( Virachola insocrates): Adult and larva. 
(Ma.xwell-Lefroy.) 



posited singly. 

Distribution: 
Europe. 
Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895. p. 315. 

Virachola insocrates Fabritius. 

(The Amar Caterpillar. Lycsenidte; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Pomegranate, guava, loquat, and wild fruit. 
Injury: Larvae occasion considerable injury by feeding in the fruit. 
Biology: Eggs deposited singly on flowers; caterpillar on hatching bores into the 
fruit, feeding on the hard seed; pupates over the base of fruit. (See text fig. 61.) 
Distribution: India. 

Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 179. 

Orgyia gonostigma Fabricius. 

l^Brush Spinner; Corner spot. Lymantriidte; Lepidoptera. ) 

Hosts: Orchard and other trees. 

Injury: Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult male, forewing 13-15 mm.; olive brown with white 
spots, on the front and inner margins toward the base long orange wavy lines, basal 
portion, and a spot on the oblique vein, purple brown, fringe between veins black 
spotted; hind wing brownish black. First generation June and July, second, Septem- 
ber (Germany). Pupates between lea-'es and in ere- ices. Larvn of male, 52 mm. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXIII. 




A Cherry Pest. 
The Rutherglen bug {Nyshis vinitor): Adults and injuries to cherries. (French.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXIV. 




The Painted Apple Moth. 
The painted apple moth {Tela anartoides): Adults, larvae, pupse, eggs. (French.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXV. 




The Queensland Fruit Fly. 

The Queensland fiiiit fly (Bactrocera tryoni): Adults, larva, puparium. (Froggatt.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects 



Plate XXVI. 




CZ 







Wings of Fruit Flies. 

Fig. a.—Ceratitis striata. Fig. b.—Ceratitis capitata. Fig. c.—Ceratitis rubivora. (Froggatt.) 



FRUIT INSECTS, 113 

long, of female 30 mm.; black striped with reddish gold; four pair of dorsal brushes, 
golden brown; pencils black, adorned with long variable hairs; warts white covered 
with golden hair; head grayish black with red collar; spring and summer broods. 
Eggs deposited in mass near pupal exuvium; overwinter. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schiidlichen P'orst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 326. 

Tela anartoides Walker. 
(Painted Apple Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Fruits, particularly apple, cherry, rose, acacia. Almost omnivorous. 

Injury: One of most injurious caterpillars of New South Wales. Eats upper surface 
of leaves. "Strips trees." (French.) 

Description and biology: Adult female, short, rounded, wingless; male, wing expanse 
25 mm. ; fore wings dark brown marbled with slender lines and black spots; hind wings 
yellow surrounded with black outer margin; antennae featherlike. Two broods. 
Pupa in loose brown silken cocoon of flimsy character. Winters as pupa. Larva, 
44 mm. long, brown, hairy, with tufts of hairs standing out at front and sides of head 
and stiff brushes of gray hairs along center of back. Egg, dull white, hemispherical. 
Females average 700 eggs, deposited in the cocoon. (See plate xxiv.) 

Distribution: New South Wales, Victoria. 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1900, pt. 3, p. 94. 

Olethreutes cynobatella Linnaeus. 

(Gray Fruit Tree Bud Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Various fruit trees. 

Injury: Attacks leaf and blossom buds. 

Description and biology: Adult, fore wing 7.5-10.5 mm. ; from the middle of the front 
margin to the inner angle dark bluish-gray mixed with brown; behind the middle, two 
variable, distinct dark spots on an entirely white background; the large apical third 
white, clouded with gray. On wing, June until August (Germany). Pupates in 
grass or in crumpled leaves, drawn together, during May and June. Larva, brownish 
green; bores in the opening leaf and flower buds, the points of which it spins together; 
occurs in spring from time of swelling of buds until May (Germany). Eggs are depos- 
ited singly on buds; overwinter. 

Distribution: Germany, Europe. 
Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 417. 
Anastrepha f raterculus Wiedemann (acidusa Walker). 
(Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: GuaA'a, {Psidium guajava), coffee berries, pear, peach, mango, orange, Eugenia 
spp., Phylocalyx, Japanese plum, Japanese persimmon. Para plum (Spondias spp.?), 
Annona humboldtiana, jobo amarillo, jobo de la India. 

Injury: A very destructiA'e species and likely to be introduced. 

Description and biology: Adult fly, about 12 mm. in length (the female exclusive of 
the ovipositor), with a wing expanse slightly over 25 mm. Color of body rust-yellow 
or brownish yellow, with three sulphur-yellow longitudinal stripes on the thorax in 
well preserved mature specimens. Wings clear tinted in part with a characteristic 
pattern of yellow brown, the brown predominating on the basal half and extending 
obliquely forward, being continued along the anterior margin in a broad streak to the 
extreme tip of the wing; a clear sinuate basal zone involves the second basal cell, 
the base of the discal and part of the first basal cell, and is followed by a detached spot 
55266—17 8 



114 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

at the costa just beyond the tip of the first vein; on the discal half of the wing there 
is a brown band in the shape of an inverted V, resting on the posterior margin and 
extending through the first and second posterior cells; this V-shaped mark may be 
independent, or its apex may be joined to the other brown zone. There is considerable 
variation in the wing pattern, both as to intensity of coloring and detail of the pattern. 
Immature specimens have the brown wing pattern much weaker; newly emerged ones 
show hardly a trace of it. Female ovipositor stout, shorter than abdomen, tapered 
:'egularly toward tip and covered with coarse black hairs; in mature specimens it is 
eubcylindrical, but in specimens not fully hardened it is flattened. 

Distribution: Mexico, Central and South America, West Indies. 
Von Ihering, H. Revista Agric. (Sao Paulo), 1901, vol. 6, No. 70, p. 180. 
Howard, L. O. U. S. Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1897, p. 546. 
Hooker, C. W. Ann. Rept. Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta., 1912, p. 36. 

Anastrepha ludens Loew. 
(Mexican Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Orange, sweet lime, mango, Sideroxylon (Achras) sapota, peach, guava, plum. 

Injury: Considered a serious pest in Mexico. Quarantine issued January 15, 1913. 

Description and biology: Adult female, length 9 mm.; of dull ochreous yellow color; 
wings hyaline, mottled and striped with brownish yellow bands; anal segment of 
abdomen longer than remainder of abdominal segments combined. Eggs deposited 
under skin of ripening fruit, larvee on hatching out tunnel into the fruit; pupate in 
soil. Average life cycle about 3 months, making about four generations a year in 
Mexico. 

Distribution: Mexico. 

Froggatt, W. W. Department of Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909, 

p. 53. 

Anastrepha peruviana Townsend. 

Peruvian Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Peach, guava, cherimoya, many other deciduous and citrous fruits. 

Injury: Very serious in Peru. 

Description: Female fly, to tip of ovipositor, 7-8 mm. long; male 6.5-7 mm. long; 
wing expanse 6-6.5 mm. Color of head, pleurae, anterior half of venter, and legs 
watery lemon yellow; antennae and proboscis buff yellow; tibiae and tarsi slightly 
dusky.- mesopleural and sternopleural plates largely rufous-yellow tinged; eyes bright 
green to lilac purple; other parts obscure tawny or yellow. 

Distribution: Peru. 
Townsend, C. H. T. Journ. Econ. Entom.. 1913, vol. 6, No. 4, p. 345. 

Bactrocera tryoni Froggat. 

(Queensland Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Banana, mango, peach, apricot, nectarine, orange, apple, quince, black 
apple {Sideroxylon [Achras] australe), cheesewood (Acronychia Ixvis), white ash 
{Schizomeria ovata), cucumbers, loquats. 

Description and biology: Adult female, 6 mm. long with wing expanse 10-12 mm., 
wings transparent, abdomen constricted at the base and broadly rounded at the tip, 
thorax with a broad creamy often pale dorsal band running down the scutellum 
with short, well-defined narrow pale yellow stripe on each side. (See plate xxv.) 

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Amboina, Australia (Queensland, New South 
Wales). 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Miscl. Pub. No. 303, 1899, p. 2, 

figures. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. of Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 11. 



FEUIT FLIES. 115 

Ceratltis anonse Graham. 
(Annona Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

nosts: Sour sop {Annona muricata), guava {Psidium cattleianum) , and cacao pods. 

Injury: Attacks fruit. 

Description: Adult female, head alutaceous, wings with black spots at the base, 
abdomen nut brown in color on dorsum, antennae almost twice as long as wide; 
length of body 6 mm. 

Distribution: West Africa (Nigeria, Kongo, Ashanti, Armani, German East Africa). 

SiLVESTRi, F. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agric, Portici, 1913, vol. 8, p. 61. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Ent., Bui. 3, 1914, p. 66. 

Ceratitis capltata Wiedemann. 

(The Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Aberia caffra (kei apple), Sideroxylon sapota (sapodilla), Annona muricata (sour 
sop), Atropa belladonna, Averrhoa carambola, Calophyllum inophyllum (round 
kamani). Capsicum sp., Carica papaya, C. quernfolia, Carissa arduina (Natal plum), 
Cestrum sp. (Chinese inkberry), Chrysobalanus ellipticus, C. icaco (cocoa plum), 
ChrysopJiyllum cainito (star apple). Citrus aurantium (orange and varieties), C. 
grandis (grapefruit), C. japonica (kumquat and Chinese orange), C. limonia (lemon), 
C. nobilis (mandarin orange), Coffea arabica (coffee), Diospyros kaki (Japanese per- 
simmon), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eugenia braziliensis (Brazil cherry), Eugenia 
jambos (rose apple), E. malaccensia (mountain or Malay apple), E. unijiora (Cayenne 
or Surinam cherry), Fiais carica (fig), Herpephyllum. caffrum (Kaffir plum), Lycopersi- 
cum esculentum (tomato), Mammea americana (mammee apple), Mangifera indica 
(mango), Mimusops elengi (elehgi tree), Murraya exotica (mock orange), Musa s-p-p. 
(banana), Noronhia emarginata (Chinese plum), Opuntia tuna (prickly pear), . vulgaris 
(Barbary fig), Passifiora quadrangularis (granadilla), Persea gratissima (avocado), Pha- 
seolus vulgaris (string beans), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), P. cerasus (sour cherry), 
Amygdaluspersicaipeach), Psidium caWZeiamim (strawberry guava) P. guajava (guava), 
Pyrus communis (pear), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Mespilus germanica (medlar) 
Malus malus (apple), Solanum capsicastrum (Jerusalem cherry), Terminalia catappa 
(winged kamani), T. chebula, Thevetia neriifolia, Vitis vinifera (grapes). 

Injury: Very injurious wherever it becomes established. 

Description and biology: Egg deposited inside of fruit by female, and requires from 
2 to 3 days to hatch; the larva upon hatching feeds on the pulp or inside of the fruit 
until full grown, requiring from 9 to 12 days, whereupon it leaves the fruit and enters 
the ground to pupate, which stage ranges from 12 to 20 days. The period required 
for the various stages is influenced by the season, as indicated by Silvestri, requiring 
from 21 to 23 days to complete the life cycle in August and from 32 to 35 in October. 
At Honolulu adults have been kept alive for 10 months and certain individuals have 
required 90 days for development. (See pi. xxvi, fig. b.) 

Distribution: Southern Europe (southern Italy, Sicily, Malta, France, Spain), 
Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, Africa (northern Uganda, Delagoa, Transvaal, 
Cape Colony, Kongo, Nigeria, Dahomey), Brazil, Argentina, Bermuda, Australia, 
(West Australia, New South Wales, northern Victoria, and Queensland), northern New 
Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Jamaica, Cape of Good Hope. 

QuAiNTANCE, A. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom. Circ. 160, 1912. 
Silvestri, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom. Bull. 3. 



116 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Ceratltis nlgerrlma Bezzi. 

(Nigeria Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Coffee berries, fruit of wild plant (?), Eugenia uniflora. 
Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Description: Adult female with black polished body, head umber, wings colored 
with brown, tibiae and tarsi dirty yellowish white, ovipositor slightly reciu'ved. 
Distribution: Southern Nigeria, Kamerun. 

SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 3, 1914, 

p. 72. 

Ceratitis giffardi Bezzi. 

(Giffard Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Chrysobalanus ellipticus, Sarcocephalu^ esculentu^. 

Injury: Larvae feed in fruit of Sarcocephalus and less so in Chrysobalanus. 

Description and biology: Adult female, body ochraceous, thorax marked with 
black, wings with black lines and markings at base, bearing also yellowish and 
brown bands. Transformation to the pupa takes place in the soil, requiring from 10 
to 12 days before emerging as adult. 

Distribution: Senegal, Dahomey, southern Nigeria. 

Bezzi, M. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, vol. 7, 1912, p. 2, fig. 1. 

SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 3, 1914, 

p. 61. 

Ceratltis punctata Wiedemann. 

(The Cacao Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Cacao-p>ods, mango, guava, pasbion fruit. 
Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Biology: Eggs deposited under peel of ripening pods. Pupates in soil. Life 
cycle requires from 77 to 92 days for completion. 

Distribution: Ashanti, West Africa and Uganda, East Africa. 
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 863. 

Ceratltis rublvora Coquillett. 
(Natal Fruit Fly, Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Various cultivated and wild fruits. 

Injury: Considered one of the most important pests in Natal, infesting both native 
and cultivated fruits. 

Description: Adult female 4-5 mm. long, head yellowish, thorax yellowish brown, 
abdomen yellowish, ovipositor flattened. Biology similar to that of C. capitata. (See 
plate XXVI, fig. c.) 

Distribution: Natal, Cape Town, South Africa. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 48. 

Ceratltis sUvestrll Bezzi. 

(Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Chrysobalanus, Butyrospermum parkii. 
Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, body clay or leather color, face and occiput whitened, 
thorax Avith a few black markings. Biology similar to C. capitata. 
Distribution: Senegal, French Sudan. 

Bezzi, M. Boll. Lab, Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, vol. 7, 1912. 

SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom, Bui. 3, p. 63. 



FBUIT FLIES. 117 

Dacus dlversus Coquillett. 

(Three -striped Fruit Fly. Trypetidas; Diptera.) 

Host: Mango, orange, guava, peach. 
Injury: Breeds in fruit. 

Description: Adult, 4-5 mm. long; center of thorax marked with a pale yellow line, 
with darker regular coloration of the abdomen. 
Distribution: Ceylon, India. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 16. 

Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius. 

(Mango Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Host: Fruit of mango {Mangifera indica), cucurbitaceoua fruits?, ak (Calotrojyia 
sp.), citrus fruit, Eugenia malaccensia ("cabuyao"). 

Injury: Injurious to over-ripe fruit and conamonest species in India and Ceylon. 

Dtscription and biology: Adult, medium size, measiu-ing about 5 mm.; color rusty 
red, with dorsal surface of thorax varying from black to a rusty red; sometimes the 
abdomen is marked with almost black bands. Larvae when in fruit small, yellowish, 
with pointed head and triincate abdomen; pupate in the soil and emerge as adults in 
about nine days. 

Distribution: India, Java, Ceylon, Amboina, Philippine Islands. 

Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, p. 17. 

Maxwell-Leproy, H. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., vol. 1, 1907, p. 227. 

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 170. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South "Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 13. 

Dacus f renchll Froggatt. 

(Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Host: Fruit of Artocarpus intcgrijolia. 

Injury: Bred from oranges entering Victoria from New Caledonia. 

Description: Adult, female about 10 mm. long, with long, rounded body: large hya- 
line wings with broad costal stripe of light reddish brown; head with large black spot 
on each side of face and below the base of the antennae; thorax dull yellowish brown; 
legs yellow, with tarsi darkest. 

Distribution: New Caledonia, Java. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909, p. 27. 
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4 p. 866. 

Dacus passlflorae Froggatt. 

(The Fiji Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Host: Granadilla, mango, shaddock; the orange, lemon, and lime are slightly 
infested . 
Injury: One of the most abundant fruit flies in Fiji. 
Distribution: Fiji. 

Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 870. 

Dacus perslcae Rig. 

(Peach Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Mango and peach. 
/n_7«?-2/; Larvae in jxire ripe fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, red brown with black and yellow markings on the 
body. Eggs usually deposited in wound on skin of fruit; egg stage about 2 or 3 daya; 



118 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

larval stage 10 to 15 days inside fruit, after which it leaves the fruit and enters the 
ground to pupate; pupal stage about a week. 

Distribution: Bhagalpur and Lower Bengal, India. 

Basu and Dutt. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, including also Western 

Bengal, 1913, p. 74. 

Dacus psidil Froggatt. 

(South Sea Guava Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Guava, granadilla. 

Injury: Larvae feed in fruits. 

Description: Adult female, 6 mm. long, wing expanse 10 mm.; head light brown 
with rich metallic pm-ple eyes, antennae brownish black, with last joint black; thorax 
black; abdomen black, elongate, and narrow at base. (See plate xxvii, figs, la, 2a, 
3a, 4a.) 

Distribution: Fiji, New Caledonia. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 303, 1899. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 19. 
Dacus (Tephrltes) xanthodes Broun. 
(Broun's Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Pineapple, granadilla, guava, mammee apple, shaddock. 

Injury: Breeds in fruits. 

Description: Adidt female, 9 mm. long, wing expanse 15 mm., general color pale 
ochreous yellow; thorax with faint yellow dorsal stripe, and pale yellowish white 
stripe margining each side and marking the sides of the scutellum; abdomen elongate 
and truncate at apex. 

Distribution: Fiji. (Bred in New Zealand from fruit imported from Fiji.) 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 25. 

Bloxa musse Froggatt. 
(The Island Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Banana, Sideroxylon (Achras) australe (black apple). 

Injury: Larvae feed in bruised or blemished fruit. 

Description: Adult female, 6 mm. long, wing expanse 12 mm., head small, ochreous, 
antennge yellow with long bristle at apex of second joint, thorax brownish yellow, 
abdomen small, light brown at base, black on apical half, and covered with coarse 
hairs. (See plate xxviii, figs. 1, 2.) 

Distribution: New Hebrides, Queensland, New South Wales. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 303, 1899. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 54. 

GOOSEBEERY; CUERANT. 

(Ribes spp. Family Saxifragaceae.) 

Shrubs bearing small edible fruits; native to Europe, Asia, North America, and 

South America. 

A. BETTER KNOWN GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE 

IMPORTED. 

Erloptayes rlbis Nalepa. 

(Currant Gall Mite. Eriophyidae; Acarina.) 

Host: Infests especially the black currant (Ribes nigrum), but also R. rubrum, and 
R. alpinum. Certain varieties of black currant are preferred, as Baldwin, Black 
Naples, Black Dutch, and Lee's Prolific. 



GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS. 



119 



Injury: Seriously injurious; can be introduced in nursery stock. 

Description and biology: Microscopic. Adult about 230 microns long by 40 microns 
wide. Male smaller; color whitish or pale green, semitransparent and shiny. Sub- 
cylindrical in shape; 60-70 transverse rings furnished with regular series of short pro- 
jections, best seen on sides. Infests the buds which may contain thousands of mites, 
causing them to swell, producing so-called "big buds." Such buds, if they open, 
usually fail to produce fruit of value. (See text fig. 62.) 

Distribution: Middle Europe; England. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 230. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d. ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 121-123, 

figs. 96, 97. 

Bryobia rlbis Thomas. 

(Red Gooseberry Mite. Tetranychidae ; Acarina.) 



Hosts: Gooseberries and currants. 

Injury: Very serious injury caused by sucking the juices of the plant, 
introduce on nursery stock. 



\'ery easy to 




Fig. 62. — Currant gall mite (Eriophyes ribis): Mite and galls. (Sorauer.) 

Description and biology: This is one of the minute red spiders, having eight legs, 
which breed on the foliage of plants, causing a rusty appearance. The eggs are spherical 
and microscopic in size. 

Distribution: Germany, England. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 89-9J, 

figs. 67, 68. 

Abraxas grossularlata Linnscus. 

(Magpie or Currant Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Currant, gooseberry, and fruit trees. 

Injury: Defoliation; seldom seriously injurious. 

Description and biology: .4c?ui^ wing e.xpanse 37 mm. (variable); color creamy white, 
spotted with black, with orange yellow between black spots at base of forewings; 
hind wings like front, but with no yellow; thorax and abdomen yellow and black. 
On wing in July and August (England). Pupa black, with three golden yellow 
rings to the body. Cocoon delicate, attached to leaf o!f twig. Larva length 37 mm.; 



120 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



color creamy wkite, spotted, and marked with black and orange yellow at sides. 
Appear in fall; winter as very small larvae, ready to pupate in June. Eggs, cream- 
colored, laid singly or in groups; hatch in from 6 to 15 days. (See text fig. 63.) 

Distribution: England, Europe, Siberia, China. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 206. 

Ttaamnonoma wauaria Linnsus. 
(Currant Webworm. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Ribes spp. 

Injury: Attacks leaves, buds, flowers, and often fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 25 mm.; front wing pure gray with 
brown and black crosslines: hind wing ashen gray dusted with black. Occurs June 
and July. Pupates in or on ground. Larva, length 25 mm.; blue green with darker, 



^TV 




Fig. 63. — Currant moth {Abraxas grossulariata): Adult, larva, pupa. (Entom. Parasit. Agric. 1904.) 

white bordered median line, and a yellow side stripe; on each segment a black tubercle 
bearing bristles. Shortly before pupation mostly violet or reddish brown. 

Distribution: Northern Eiu"ope. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 336. 
>)t Zophodia convolutella Hiibner. 
( Pyralidse ; Lepidoptera . ) 

Hosts: Gooseberry and currant. 

Injury: To fruit and leaves. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 30 mm.; forewing brownish gray 
mth whitish and dark brown lines; occurs diuring end of April and beginning of May. 
(Germany.) Pupa overwinters in shallow earth. Larva, length 10 mm.; color grass 
green; head and thoracic shield black; occurs from May until July; draws berries and 
adjoining leaves together by a web; feeds on fruit. Egg deposited singly on twigs (see 
text fig. 64). 

Distribution: ' Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d., 1913, vol. 3, p. 336. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXVIl. 




U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXVIII. 







Fruit Flies. 

Figs, a, c— The Mandarin fruit fly {Dacus ornatissimus) and wing. Figs. 6, d.—The banana 
fruit fly (Dacus curvipennis) and wing. (Froggatt.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXIX. 






Injurious Grain Insects. 

Figs, a, 6. — Haplothrips aculeata; c, Limothrips denlicornis; d, Haplothrips tritici; e, q, Oria musculosa; f,}i, 
Trachea basUineari, n, Hylemyia coarctata;k, Jsosojna noxiale:l, m, Trachelus tabidus. (Kurdjumov.) 



GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS. 



121 



Incurvaria capltella Clerck. 
(Currant Shoot Borer. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Currants; especially red currants. 

Injury: Seldom serious; tunnels the shoots. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse ^ inch. Forewings dark brown with 
piu-plish iridescence; near base a transverse yellow band and two yellow spots near 
tip; head deep yellow. Occurs from mid May into June. Pupa, brown, in loose 
cocoons in tunneled shoots. Larva, dull greenish, with red patch on ninth segment; 
head and first thoracic segment black. Hatch in summer, feed on seeds in fruit, 
then spin hibernaculum on bark; attack buds and shoots in spring causing the tips to 
wilt; mature in April and May. Eggs are colorless, lemon-shaped, 0.67 mm. long. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 213. 

Notocelia roborana Treitschke. 

(Currant Fruit Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Currant, rose, Rubus sp., whitethorn, oak. 

Injury: Hollows out ripening currants. 

Description and biology: Adult, forewing white, mixed with dull gray before the 
border; rusty red at 
point; base gray brown; 
speculum dotted black; 
palpi reddish brown. 
On wing June and July 
(Germany). Pupatesin 
currant leaves and the 
stage lasts 3 weeks. 
Larva, length 17 mm.: 
plump, brown, head 
yellowish brown, neck 
and anal sMeld black: 
on each segment a brown 
wart, each with a light 




Fig. 64. — Goosebtrry moth (Zophodia convolutella): Adult larva, injury. 



bristle; webs up leaves and fruit; occurs in early spring. 

Distrib ution: Europe . 
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 286. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 212. 
CoLLiGNE, W. A Manual of Injm-ious Fruit Insects, 1912, p. 163. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY INSECTS. 



h?:miptera. 

Coccidse: 

Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe: Ribes sanguineum. 
:^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Italy, France, Portugal, Germany, England. 

Fiorinia grossularix Maskell; New Zealand. 
Unarmored — 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Great Britain. 

Lecanium rchi King; Europe. 

Lecanium rubi Schrank: Europe. 

Phenacoccus socius Newstead; British Isles. 

Pseudococcus arec« Maskell; New Zealand. 



122 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

GRAINS AND GRASSES. 

(Family Graminefe.) 

Under this heading are treated the insects attacking the grains and grasses, except 
corn, sorghum, and sugar cane, which are treated separately. This section relates 
especially to barley (Hordeum vulgar e Linnaeus), millet (Panicum spp.), oats (Avena 
sativa Linnaeus), rye (Secale cereale Linnaeus), timothy {Phlewn pratense Linnaeus), 
and wheat, emmer, and spelt (Triticum sativum Lam.). Descriptions of these various 
crops are given in their proper alphabetic order. 

A. BETTER KNOWN GRAIN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Lema cyanella Linnseus; Lenaa melanopus Linnaeus. 
(Grain Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Grasses, grains, especially oats. 

Injury: Feed on the leaves, stem and seed. Causes millions of dollars damage in 
some years. 

Biology: Eggs shining yellow laid in rows of 10-20 near the mid vein, and 40-50 
on a leaf. The larvae feed on the leaves. L. cyanella pupates in a cocoon on the 
plant; L. melanopus pupates in the ground. The adults also feed on the foliage. 

Distribution: Europe, Southwest Asia. Serious only in South Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 509. 

^Pharaxonotha klrschl Reitt. 

(Mexican Grain Beetle. Cryptophagidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Corn, yams. 

Injury: Larvae and beetles destructive to stored corn and other products. 

Description: Small, shining, deep brown beetles, about three-sixteenth inch long. 
Larva elongate gray, each segment darker at middle with darker spaces each side 
bearing rather well-developed tubercles. 

^ Distribution: Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, Texas, and South Carolina. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 8-13, fig. 1, 1911. 

>>:Lophocateres (Ostoma) pusillus Klug. 

(Siamese Grain Beetle. Trogositidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Com, rice, seeds of eggplant and gourd, rye, flour. 

Injury: Larvae and beetles destructive to stored corn and other seeds. 

Description: Flat, brown, with thorax prolonged into acute angles at sides, anten- 
nae clubbed at ends, minute. Larva white with blackish head and last segment 
elongate. 

Distribution: Liberia, Siam, Ceylon, Java, India, Cochin China, Peru, Guatemala, 
France, South Carolina, Texas. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 14-18, fig. 2. 1911. 

*Lathetlcus oryzae Waterh. 

(Long-Headed Flour Beetle. Tenebrionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Wheat, corn, barley, rice. 

Injury: Larva and beetle injure stored grain and flour. 

Description: Pale yellow, somewhat flattened beetle; the slenderest of the flour 
beetles, measuring one-eighth inch. 

Distribution: India, Arabia, Persia, Norway, England, Russia, Texas. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 25-28, fig. 5. 1911. 



GEAIN INSECTS. 123 

Nonagrla unlf onnls Dudgeon. 
(WTieat Stem Borer. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Rice, wheat, sugar cane, millet. 
Injury: Larva bores in stems and pupates in its borings. 

Description and biology: Larva flesh colored with black head. Bores in grass stems. 
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Burma, Celebes. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 17G. 

Pyrausta nubllalis Hiibner. 

(Millet Stalk Worm. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Millet, corn, hops, hemp, Panicum sanguinale, Artemisia vulgaris, Conyza 
squarrosa, and Arundo. 

Injury: Bores in the stems. 

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 28-30 mm., yellow ochre in color with 
rust colored marks on forewings. Larva dirty gray brown with dark dorsal line, and 
two black spots on each segment, underside whitish, head dark brown, thoracic shield 
yellowish, 30 mm. long. Bores in the stems and sometimes attacks the ears of corn. 
In grasses the larva overwinters in the roots. 

Distribution: Europe (Hungary). 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 304, 305, 

fig. 206. 

Ochsenheimerla taurella Sctaifiermiller. 

(Rye Stem Borer. Tineidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Rye, grasses. 

Injury: Quite injurious to winter rye. 

Description and biology: Moth, 7 mm. long, with 13 mm. wing expanse, forewings 
yellowish brown with darker bands, hindwings white in basal part and brown be- 
yond. Pupates in the stalk. Larva when young greenish or yellow, later yellow 
with dark head; bores in stems. Eggs laid singly. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 242, fig. 175. 

5tc Tinea granella Linnaeus. 
(The Wheat Moth. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: "WTieat, barley. 

Injury: Very serious injury to the seed heads. 

Description and biology: Adult, a tiny moth colored a rich brownish yellow with the 
hindwings larger than the front and greenish yellow. Pupa a small brown chrysalid. 
Larva not over one-half inch long, yellowish; bores in the seed head, eating all but the 
husks. 

Distribution: Victoria, Australia, Europe, North America. 
French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 3, pp. 128-132, 

pi. 55. 

Clinodlplosis mosellana GShin; Clinodiplosis equestrls Wagner; >f; Contarinla tritici Kirby. 

(Grain Gall Midges. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.) 

Species: CI. mosellana; France; wheat, rye. CI. equestris; Europe; wheat. :^C. 
tritici: Europe, introduced into United States; wheat, rye, barley. 
Injury: Very serious injury to grain, especially in United States. 



124 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Description: Fly of equestris red, of the other two orange yellow. Maggot of eques- 

tris blood red, of the other two orange or yellow. Breed in the sterna and cause gall 

formation. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 442, 

447, 448. 

Lasloptera cerealls Lindeman. 

(Rye Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Rye, Triticum repens, Calamagrostis lanceolata. 

Injury: Attacks the stems. 

Description and biology: Fly black, abdomen white banded; 3 mm. long. Larva 
brick red, 5mm. long. 

Distribution: Russia. 
SORA.UER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 457. 

Mayetlola avenae Marcbal. 

(Oata Gall Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) 

Host: Oats. 

Injury: Forms galls in the stems. 

Description and biology: Fly black, marked with red, with a band of silver-gray 
hairs on each side; length 3.2 mm. Has two generations. 

Distribution: France. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 449, fig. 

272. 

^Pbytophaga (Mayetlola) destructor Say. 

(Hessian Fly. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) 

The well-known Hessian fly is a conspicuous example among our imported pests. 
It is now distributed over Asia, Europe, and North America. 

Porricondyla cerealls Sauter. 
(Grain Maggot. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Barley, oats, rye, spelt. 

Injury: Occasionally injurious. Breeds behind the leaf sheath. 

Description and biology: Fly, antennse 13-jointed, thorax black, abdomen red, 
length 2.2 mm. Maggot, 3 mm. long, chrome red. 

Distribution: Germany. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 441 , 

Hylemyia coarctata Fallen. 

(Wheat Biilb Fly. Anthomyidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Rye, wheat, barley. 

Injury: Feeds in the stems; very destructive. 

Description and biology: Fly yello'n'ish gray, strongly bristled; thorax without 
stripes; abdomen with dark median stripe; antennae black ; length 7 mm. Maggot 
yellowish, 6 mm. long. (See plate xxix figs, i, n.) 

Distribution: Middle and north Europe. One specimen is recorded from Colorado. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 431, 432, 

fig. 263. 



GEAIN INSECTS. 125 

HydrelUa griseola Fallen. 
(Grain Leaf Miner. Ephydridse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Barley, oats, grasses. 

Injury: Mines the leaves. 

Description and biology: Adult fly metallic brown, thickly dusted with gray; under- 
sides and palpi yellow; antennae black, face and beak brown; 2.75 mm. long. Larva 
2 mm. long. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 408, 409, 

fig. 254. 

Camarota flavltarsis Meigen. 

(Grain Fly. Oecinidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Wheat, grasses. 

Injury: Bores in stems. 

Description and biology: Fly, blue black, undersides white, length 2.5 mm. Larva 
and pupa with two large stigmal hooks at apex. 

Distribution: France. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten,- 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 412, 413. 

Chlorops tseniopus Meigen. 

(Straw Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Wheat, rye, barley, grasses. 

Injury: Bores in the stems of grains. 

Description and biology: Fly, yellow, with three black lines on thorax, four black 
cross bands on abdomen and black antennae; length, 3^ mm. Maggot, yellowish 
white, 5-7 mm. long. Winters in stem near roots. 

Distribution: Eiu-ope. 
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 412, 413, 

:4^0scinis frit Linnaeus (Oscinis pusUIa Meigen). 

(Frit Flies. Oscinidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Oats, barley, wheat, rye. 

Injury: Mines the stems of grains. Serious pests. 

Description and Biology: Adult fly, shining black, metallic. Larva, white, legless. 
Mines the stems and roots. 

Distribution: Europe, America. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 410, 411. 

B. OTHEB IMPORTANT GRAIN INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Lygseidae. 

Nysius vinitor Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.) 

Jassidae. 

Jassus sexnotatus Fallen of Germany is a very injurious insect to wheat, barley, oats, and grasses. 
The eggs might be imported with straw during the winter. This is a bright^yellow leaf hopper with 
black markings, measuring about 3.75 mm. in length. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

Haplothrips tritici Kurdjumov, the Europe grain thrips; Europe; often winters in wheat stubbles. 

(See pi. XXIX, fig. d.) 
Haplothrips aculeata Fabricius (see pi. XXIX, figs, a, 6) and Limothrips denticornis Haliday; Europe; 

attack grain. (See pi. XXIX, fig. c.) 



126 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Carabidse. 

Zabrus gibbus Fabricius of Europe attacks wheat, oats, rye, and barley, in both its adult and larval 
stages. It is a shining black beetle with piceous antennae and legs, measuring 15 mm. in length 
and mm. in breadth. The adults hide during the day and feed at night on the grain. They might 
easily be imported. 

Elaterldse. 

Agriotes lineatus Ltnnseus. (See Tobacco.) 

Cerambycidse. 

Calamobius margineUus Fabricius; Europe; bores in stems of wheat. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Phyllotreta vittula Redtenbacher. (See Rape.) 

Brachyrhinldae. 

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Noctuldse. 

Oria muaculosa Iliibner; Russia; very destructive, winters in egg stage in stubble, (See pi. XXIX, 

figs, e, g.) 
Hadena secalis Bjerk; Europe; bores in stalks. 
Trachea basilinea W. V.; Europe; injures wheat, rye, and other grains. (See pi. XXIX, figs./, h.) 

Pyralidae. 

Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa; attacks millet. (See Sugar Cane.) 
DichocTocis piinctiferalis Gu^nee; Queensland; attacks millet. (See Corn.) 

Phycitidse. 

Anerastia botella Zuk.; Europe; injurious to rye, wheat, and other cereals 

PIPTERA. 
Oscinldae. 

Chlorops lineata Fabricius; a tiny reddish frit fly of Europe which breeds in stems of wheat. 

Opomysa florum Fabricius, a small fly of Europe which breeds during the winter in the lower parts of 

the stems of wheat. It is 4. .5 mm. long, pale yellow or reddish yellow in color. 

Itonididae (Cecldomyldae). 

Clinodi ptosis mosellana Gehin; Europe; breeds in stems of wheat and rye. 

ITYMENOPTERA. 
Cephididse. 

^ Cephus pygmaeus Linnaeus of Europe bores in the stems of wheat, rye, timothy, and other cereals and 
grasses hibernating as a larva in the lower part of the stem or root. It could easily be imported in 
straw. The larva is legless. The adult is a black wasplikc insect with yellow markings, measuring 
7 mm. in length. 

Trachelus tabidus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems. (See pi. XXIX, figs. I, m.) 

Cbalcididae. 

Isosomi noiialc Portschinski is a very injurious chalcid pest of grairi in Russia. The larvae pass the 
winter in the stems. (See pi. XXIX, fig. fc.) 

GBANADILLA. 

{Passifiora quadrangularis. Passifloracefe.) 
A tropical American vine valuable as a climber and also for its fruit. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldse. 

Dacus passiflorse Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.) 
Bacus psidii Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus lanthodes Broun; Fiji. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralldse. 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee; Queensland. (See Com.) 



GRAPE INSECTS. 127 

GRAPE. 

( Vitis spp. Family Vitacese.) 

Fruit-bearing \-ines valued both for the fruit itself and for the wines derived there- 
from. 

A. BETTER KNOWN GRAPE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

>tc Eriophyes vltls Landois. 
(Grape Blister Mite. Eriophyldae; Acarina.) 

Hosts: Vitis vinifera, V. vesuviana, V. carinthiaca, V. arizonica, V. sestivalis. 

Injury: Causes much damage to the vine. 

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which attacks the leaves, buds, 
flowers, and berries of the grape. 

Distribution: Europe, Armenia, North America. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 119, 

120, figs. 94, 95. 

Anomala vltls Fabricius. 

(Grape Anomala. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Grape. 

Injury: May be serious. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 12-17 mm.; green, violet or azure; body oval; 
head, prothorax, and scutellum punctate; elytra convex with distinct longitudinal 
striae. Occurs in June and July; crepuscular; feeds on foliage of the vine. Pupates 
in soil in May; stage requires about a month. Larva feeds on roots of grass and the 
vine. Feeds about a year and a half. Egg oblong, hatches in about 15 to 20 days. 

Distribution: Middle and eastern Europe. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 310. 

Sinoxylon perforans Schrk.; Slnoxylon sexdentatum Olivier. 
(Grape-vine Flat-headed Borers. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: S. perforans; Tirol, Italy, grape; Europe, oak, elm, horse chestnut. 5. 
sexdentatum: Spain, grape; South France, Quercus sessilijlora. 

Injury: Bore in the stems, branches, and trunk; sometimes causing very serious 
injury. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 8, p. 489. 

Vesperus spp. 

(Grape Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: V. xatarti Dufour; France; grape. V. luridus Kossi; Italy; grape. V. 
strepens Fabricius; France; grape, rose, forest trees. V. mauretanicus Dry; Algeria, 
Spain; grape, olive. 

Injury: Bore in stems. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 498. 

^ Bromlus obscurus Linnaeus. 
(Grape Root Worm. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Grape, Epilobium, etc. 

Injury: Sometimes serious. Attacks both the roots and the growing parts of the 
vine. 

Description and biology: The species has two varieties, obscurus, which is black, and 
vitis Fabricius, which is brown. The eggs are laid in crevices beneath the inner 



128 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



layers of bark on old wood, and also on leaves, in clusters of 4 to 30. Eggs yellowish 
white, elongate cylindrical. Larva white, with yellowish-brown head, short legs. 
Pupa white, formed in earthen cell. The larva feeds on the roots several feet under 
ground, doing much damage. The adults feed on the foliage and fruit. 

Distribution: Europe, Asia, North Africa, and introduced into California. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 512, 513. 
QuAYLE, H. J. California Agr. Exp., Sta. Bui. 195, 25 pp., 18 figs. 

Haltica ampelophaga Leesb. 

(Vine Flea-beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Grape, willow. 

Injury: Serious. Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 4 mm.; brilliant green, sometimes deep blue- 
green. Two generations, first appears in April (France), feeds on leaves. Pass winter 
as adults at bases of vines, in bark, etc. Pupate in soil. Larva, length 6 mm., black; 




Fig. 65. — Vine flea-beetle (Haltica ampelophaga): Adult, larva, and injury, (v. Rendu.) 

feeds on leaves, flowers, and shoots. Larval period of first generation about a month. 
Eggs clear yellow, oblong; placed on under surface of leaves in clusters of about 30. 
(See text fig. 65.) 

Distribution: France, Italy, Spain, Algiers. 
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 116. 
GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 340. 
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 523, 524. 

Scelodnota strigicoUis Motschulsky. 

(Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) 
Host: Grape. 
Injury: Serious pest. 

Description and biology: Probably similar to grape rootworm. 
Distribution: India. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 359. 

Brachyrbinus (Otiorhynchus) spp. 

(Grape Root Weevils. Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhynchidae); Coleoptera.) 

The weevils of this genus breed at the roots of plants and are very destructive as 
adults, often defoliating vineyards. 



GRAPE INSECTS. 129 

Species: B. raucus Fabricius; Germany, France; adults attack foliage of apple, pear 
cherry, grape. B. singularis Linnteus; Europe (England); adults attack grape, 
grafted fruit trees, oak, rose, hops, Rhododendron, pines, gherkins, spruce, and straw- 
berries. B. turca Boheman; Russia; breeds at the roots of grape. >|<J5. sulcatus 
Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America and Australia; breeds at the roots of 
grape, strawberry, and many other plants and is a very destructive pest. B. populeti 
Boheman; Hungary; adults injurious to grape. B. ligustici Linnteus; Europe; attacks 
grape, peach, hops, beans, beets, asparagus, lucerne. Breeds at the roots and is very 
destructive. B. armatus Boheman, B. asphaltinus Germar, B. corruptor Host., B, 
globus Boheman, B. teretirostris Stierlin and B. tristis Scopoli are also recorded from 
grape. 

Description: These weevils are practically all black, oval, fairly large, with broad 
blunt beaks. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 541-543. 
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologia Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. 

Boarniia genimaria Brahm. 

(Geometridse; Lepidoptera. ) 

Hosts: Grape, wild honeysuckle, rose. 

Injury: Very injurious. Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult, wings 19-20 mm.; brownish gray with white mark- 
ings. Larva, grayish brown in color, with dark yellow and black spots and dark 
wavy side lines; occurs in July; winters in sheltered places. Pupates during spring 
in ground. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 338. 

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Mill. 

(Pyralidee; Lepidoptera.) 
Host: Grape. 
Injury: To fruit. 

Description: Adult, wings lead gray, two diagonal whitish strijjes between which 
are blackish spots. Larva, length 14 mm., dirty brown with broad, dark side stripes. 
Feeds on unripe grape berries. 

Distribution: Southern Europe, Egypt. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 311. 

Seiopteron regale But. 

(Grape Gun Worm. Sesiidse; Lepidoptera.) 
Host: Grape. 

Injury: Bore in canes of the grape; very destructive in Japan. 
Description and biology: Adult moth, about 18 mm. long and with wing expanse of 
37 mm.; general color orange and black. Larva, 18 to 25 mm. long, yellow, feet and 
head darkish brown. Pupa, about 18 mm. long, rich amljer brown in color. 

Distribution: Japan. 
Maskew, F. Cal. State Hort. Com. Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 10, 1913, p. 677. 

Clysia ainbiguella Hiibner. 

(The Cochylis. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 
Host: Grape. 

Injury: Very serious to blossom clusters and fruit. One of the worst grape pests of 
Europe. 

55266—17 9 



130 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 14-15 mm.; forewing yellow, with a 
large dark brown transverse band; hindwing gray. Two generations. First occurs at 
time of flowering of grape ; second generation in early August (France). Pupates in 
early winter under bark scales, in crevices of grape stakes, etc. Larva, length 12 mm., 
at first whitish, later taking on a rose color. Egg placed singly on blossom clusters 
and on grapes. (See text fig. 66.) 

Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Japan, India. 
MoNTiLLOT, L. Entomologie et Parisitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 335. 
Polychrosis botraiia Schillermiller. 
(The PjTalid of the Vine. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Grape. 

Injury: Very injurious. Attacks grape blossoms and fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewings pale yellow with 
three transverse brown lines; hind wings grayish brown. Three annual generations. 

Pupa brown. Larva, length. 
1 cm.; green in color. Eggs 
deposited on berries and on 
blossom clusters. (See text 
fig- 67.) , 

Distribution: Germany, 
Austria- Hungary, Switzer- 
land, France, Italy, Asia 
Minor. 
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes 

Nuisibles, 1891, p. 120. 
GuENAux, G. Entomologie 
et Parasitologic Agricoles, 
1904, p. 340. 

IMPORTANT GRAPE 
INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 

Coccidse: 

Armored — 
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) labia- 
tarum Marchal; Corsica, Italy. 
Aspidiotus (Pstudaonidia) arti- 
cutatus Morgan; West Indies. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) tes- 
serata Pe Charmoy; Mauri- 
tius, Mexico, Antigua. 

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) pedroniformis Cockerell and Robinson; Philippines; Vitis vinifera. 
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) fossor Newstead; Barbados. 

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) vitis Signoret; France, Algiers, Germany, Italy, Sicily. 
Ohionaspis vitis Green; Ceylon, Japan. 
Unarmored— 
CryptingJisia lounsburyi Cockerell; on roots; Cape Colony. 
GuerinieUa serratulx Fabricius; Algeria; Europe. 
Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard; Mexico. 
:>^Lecanium persicse Fabricius; Australia, France, Italy, Caucasus, California. 
Lecanium vini Bouche; France. 
Neolecanium silveirai Hempel; on roots; Brazil. 
J^Palseococcus tosx Riley & Howard; Jamaica. 
Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockerell; Japan, Hawaii. 
Pseudococcus subterrancus Hempel; on roots; Argentina. 
Pseudococcus vitis Niedielski; North -Aifrica, France, Europe, Palestine. 
Pulvinaria vinifera King. 
RJiizcecus falcifer Kiinckel; France, Algeria. 
Solenococcus muratx Kuwana; Japan. 
Lygeeidse. 

Nysius vinitOT 'BergTol\\; Australia. (See Fruit.) 




Fig. 66.— Grape worm (Clysia ambiyueila): Adult, pupae, larvae, 
egg, and injiu-ed grapes. (Silvestri, Sorauer.) 



INSECTS OF GRAPE AND GUAVA. 



131 



COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidae. 

i' Agrilus viridis Ijmntfus; Europe. (See Oak.) 

Scarabaeidae. 

Adoretus umbrosus Fahric'ms; Pacific Islands. (See Rose.) 
Cerambycidae. 

Cerambyi miles Bon.; Austria; Ijores stems of Vitis vinifcra. 

Het c rachthes xneolus 'Bxt':'.s; Mexico; bores stems of Vitis vinifcra. 

Curculionidae. 

OrthorThinuskluggi&chm.\\eTr; Victoria; bores in canes. 



LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tortricidse. 

Capua angusliorana Hawortli; Europe, Asia, Africa. 
(See Apricot.) 

Zygaenidae. 

Ina ampelophaga Boyle; Europe, Caucasus, Pales- 
tine; attacks buds and leaves. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capilata Wiedemami, attacks Vitis vinifcra. 
(See Fruit.) 

Itonididae. 

Contarinia viticola Riibsaamen; Europe; breeds in 
buds and flowers. 



GUAVA. 

( Psidium guajava, etc. Family Myrtaceae.) 

Evergreen trees and shrubs of tropical 
and subtropical America, yielding delicious 
fruits. Several species are grown in Florida 
and California. 

IMPORTANT GUAVA INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldae. 

Armored — 

::lf:Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Green; Ja- 
maica. 

Aspidiotus(Pseudaonidia)t.rilobitiformis Green; Cey- 
lon. (See citrous.) 

>^ Parlatoria ziziphus Lucas; Philippine Islands. 

Otiionaspis (Phenacaspis) megaloba Green; Ceylon. 
Unarmored — 

Cardiococcus umbonatus Cockerell; Mexico. 

Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel; Brazil. 

Ceroplasfes grandis Hempel; Brazil. 

Ceroplastcs psidii Chavannes; Brazil, Europe. 
Ceroplastes singularis T>ie\vsteeid; British East Africa, Uganda. 
Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius. 
Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon. 
Coccus viridis Green; Uganda, India, Mauritius, Ceylon, Brazil. 
Eriococcus coriaccus Maskell; Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. 
Icerya montscrratensis Riley & Howard; New South Wales; Psidium pomifcrum. 
Icerya seycMlarum Westwood; Mauritius. 
Inglisia conchiform is 'Ne-wstea.d; Uganda. 
Pseudococcus grandis Hempel; Brazil. 
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; China, Japan, Jamaica. 
Pseudokermes nitens Hempel; Brazil. 
Pulvinaria cupanix Cockerell; Jamaica. 

Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Brazil, Barbados, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts. 
Saissetia discoides Hempel; Brazil. 
Sai'i^ctia psidii Green; Ceylon. 




Fig. 67.— Grape pyralid {Polychrosis botrana): 
Adult, larvae, pupa, egg, and injured grape. 
(Silvestri.) 



132 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS, 

Aleyrodidse. 

Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, attacks Psidium giiajara. 
(See Coconut.) 

THYSANOPTERA. 

^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida, attacks Psidium guajaia. (See 
Fruits.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Brachyrhinidse. 

Diaprepes abbrcviatus Liimasus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lycaenidae. 

Virachola insocrates Fabricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.) 

Pyralidae. 

Dichocrocis punctiferaUs Guenee: Queensland. (See Corn.) 

Lasiocampidae. 

Suana concolor Walker; .lava. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidse. 

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Psidium guajava. (See Fruit.) 
Anastrepha serpentina Wiedemann, fruit fly; Lesser Antilles; attacks Psidium guajaia. 
Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico. (See Fruit.) 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Psidium catlkianum and P. guajaia. (See Fruit.) 

Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.) 

Ceratitis anonae Graham; Africa. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus psidiiFroggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus xanthodes Broun: Fiji. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus dJDfrsMS Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) 

HAWTHORN; MEDLAR. 

(Mespilus spY>- [Crataegus]. Family Rosacese.) 

Small fruit-beaiing trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere, grown mainly as 
ornamental shrubbery. 

IMPORTANT HAWTHORN INSECTS. 

ACARINA. 
Eriophyidae. 

Eriophye.i goniothorai Nalepa, blister mite; England; attacks leaves of Mespilus oiyacantha. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) pyri Lichtenstein; Europe; Mespilus heteroplrjUa, '. oiyacantha. 

Diaspis lephii Signoret; Europe; Mespilus monogyna. 
Unarmored — 

Ceroplastcs rusci Linnseus; Europe. 
^ Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni-Tozzetti; Europe; Oregon; Mespilus monogyna, M. oiyacantha. 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Mespilus coccinea, M. germanica, M. monogyna, M. oiyacantha, 
M. pyracantha. 

Pulvinariabetulac; Europe: Mespilus germanica, M. monogyna, M. oxyacantha. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Curculionidae. 

Magdalis cerasi Linnaeus and M. pruni Linngeus; Europe; breed under bark. 
Magdalis barbicornis Latreille; Europe. (See Apple.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometrldae. 

Hibernia aurantiari'i Esp., H. drfoliarii Linngeus and H. marginari'i Borckh; Germany; defalialors. 

Lymantriidae. 

Dasychira pudibunda LimiiEus and 5k Euproctis chry.wrrhaa Linnseus; Europe; defoliators. (See Foresi 
defoliators.) 

Lasiocampidae. 

Gastropjcha quercifnlia ljmnx:ns\ Europe. (See Fruit.) 

Hyponomeutidae. 

Argyrcsfhia niHdclla Fabricius; England. (See Plum ) 



INSECTS OF HAWTHORN AND HAZEL. 133 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Ccratitis capilata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredin idse. 

Macrophya pwnctum-album Liiuifpus; Russia; sawfly. 
Priophorus padi Liiinspus; Europe (See Plum.) 

LITERATURE. 

SORAuEK. P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 191.3, vol. 3. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidre), 1912 

HAZEL; FILBERT; COBNUT. 

{CoryJus spp. Family Corylacete.) 

Valuable nut-bearing shmibs or rarely trees of America, Europe, and Asia, some- 
times used for shrubbery. 

A. HAZEL INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Eriophyes avellanae Nalepa; Eriopliyes verniiforniis Nalepa. 

(Hazelnut Blister Mites. Family Eriophyidie; Acarina.) 

Hosts: Corylus avellana, C. tubulosa. 

Injury: Cause galls on buds. Serious in England. 

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mites which form galls in the spring 
and summer buds. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock. 

Distribution: England, Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 118, 

fig. 93. 

Oberea linearis Linnaeus. 

(Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut. 

Description and biology: Adult, beetle occurs from May on. A generation in two 
years. The larva eats pith and wood and pupates in earth. Eggs are placed singly 
under young bark. After oviposition the female rings the twig. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 507. 

Curculio nuciini Linnaeus (Balaninus). 

(Nut Wee\'il. Curculionid;e; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Hazelnut, filbert, cob, oak. 

Injury: Causes nuts to fall prematurely. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 8 mm.; color tawny brown to chocolate 
brown, densely clothed with golden-brown pubescence; has unusually long snout; 
occurs in June and July (England). Flies in bright weather. Pupa creamy white, 
pupates in soil. Larva length rather more than 8 mm.; creamy white; passes winter 
in cell in ground. Eggs are deposited singly, deep in nut. Incubation requires 8 or 
10 days. (See text fig. 68.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 299. 



134 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Laspeyrcsia amplana Hiibner (Carpocapsa.) 

(Nut Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut. 

Injury: To fruit. 

Description and biology: Fore wing cinnamon colored, mth large light spots on both 
sides darkened by brown spots on the inner margin. Flies in July (Germany) . Larva, 
dirty white; head and back darker; bores into the nuts; overwinters in soil, pupating 
in spring. Eggs deposited on unripe nuts. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, .3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 276. 
Henschel. G. a. O. Die Schitdlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 432. 

B. IMPORTANT HAZEL IN- 
SECTS. 




HEMIPTERA. 



Coccldae. 

Unarmored- 
Lecaniu 

Europe; 

colurna. 
Lecanium 

Eiirope; 
Phenaco 

Europe; 
Pulvina 

Europe; 



m coryli Linnpeus; 
Corylus avellana, C. 

pulchrum Marchal; 

Corylus avellana. 
ecus aceris Signoret; 

Corylus avellana. 
via betulx Linnseus; 

Corylus avellana. 



Fig. 68. — The nut weevil ( Curculio nucum): Adult puncturing 
nut. (Guenaux.) 



COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidse. 

Agrilus angustulus Illiger; A. 
subauratus Gebler; Europe; 
bore in bast and sap wood, 
especially of saplings. 
Elateridse. 

Athous subfuscus MtiUer, wire- 
worm; Europe; injures nuts 
and seedlings. 



Cerambycidse. 

Oherea linearis Linnseus; Europe; bores in pith of nursery stock. 

Cbrysomelidse. 

Haltica quercetorumFoudr.; Europe; leaf beetle. (See Oak.) 

Curculionidae. 

Magdalis carbonaria Linnaeus; Eiu'ope; bores in trunks. (See Birch.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geoinetridse. 

Anisopteryx sescularia SciiiSeTmiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

Lyniantrlidae. 

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, and ^ij/mawfrm monac?ia Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest 
defoliators.) 

Notodontidse. 

Phalera buccphala Linnseus; Europe. (See Forests.) 

Tortricldae. 

Laspeyrtsia groftsana Haworth (Carpocapsa); Europe. (See Beech.) 

Hyponomeutldae. 

Argyresthia cphippdla Fahricms; Europe. (See Plum.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredlnidse. 

MonoctcnusjuniperilAunsen^; Europe; sawfly feeds on foliage. 



INSECTS OF HAZEL, HEMLOCK, HEMP, HOPS. 135 

LITERATURE. 

SoEAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
NOssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccida?), 1912. 

HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 

(Tsuga spp. Family Pinaceae.) 

Ornamental evergreen trees, very useful for parking, native of North America, 
East Asia, and the Himalayas. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under 

Conifers. 

HEMP. 

(Cannabis sativa Linnaeus. Family Urticacese.) 

A native of Asia cultivated for the fiber obtained from its stems. Also used as an 
ornamental plant. 

IMPORTANT HEMP INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Chrysomelldae. 

Psylliodes attenuata Koch; Europe. (See Hops.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

Pyrausta nuhilalis Hiibner; Europe. (See Grain.) 

HOPS. 

(Ilumulus lupulus Linnaeus. Family Urticacese.) 

Vines cultivated in Europe and America for the hops, which are used in the brew 
ing of beer. 

A. BETTER KNOWN HOPS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Psylliodes attenuata Koch. 

(European Hop Flea-Beetle. Family Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Hops, hemp, stinging nettle. 

Injury: Feeds on foliage. The larva is supposed to breed in the cones of the hops. 

Distribution: Europe (Russia, England). 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 522. 

Hepialus humuU Linnaeus. 

(Hop Root Borer. Hepialidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Hops, potato, rape, corn, sorrel, dandelion. 

Injury: Bores in the roots. 

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 43-68 mm.; male above silvery wrhite, 
beneath brownish gray, female clay yellow, with pale brick-red marks on forewings. 
Larva yellowish, spotted with black, with dark head; thoracic shield and spots on 
second and third segments yellowish brown; 50-55 mm. The larva breeds in the 
roots. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 320. 

Cecidomyla humuli Theobald. 

(Hop Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse]; Diptera.) 

Host: Hops. 

Injury: Attack the catkins. 



136 



A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 



Description and biology: Fly very 8mall; larvaj white. 
Distribution: England . 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 443. 

Agromyza frontalis Meigen. 

(Hop Leaf Miner. Agromyzidse; Diptera.) 
Host: Hops. 

Injury: Mines the leaves. 




Fig. 69.— Needle-nose hop-bug ( Calocoris fulvomaculatus): a, Adult; 6, early stage of nymph; c, 4th inst ar 
nymph; d, .5th instar nymph. (Theobald.) 

Description and biology: Pupates in the soil. 
Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 406. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT HOPS INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Miridac (Capsidae). 

Qiocor s fulvomaculatus: Needle-nosed hop bug; Europe; sucks juices. (See text, fig. 69.) 



INSECTS OF HOPS, HORNBEAM, HORSE-CHESTNUT. 137 

COLEOPTERA. 
Chrysonielidse. 

Phyllotreta wmorum LinniEUs; Europe. (See Crucifers.) 

Elateridae. 

Agriotes Uneatus Linnfpus. (See Tobacco.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

Pyrausta nubilaUs Hiibner; Europe; bores in stems. (See Grain.) 

Noctuidse. 

Hypena rostralis Lianieus; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

LITERATURE. 

Theobald, F. V. Text Book of Agric. Zoology, pp. 260-202, figs. 150, 159. 1913. 

Remisch,' Fr. VON. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Insekten biol., band. 13, heft 9, pp. 331-333; heft 10, pp. 363-368. 1908. 

HORNBEAM. 

{Carpinus betulus L., etc. Family Betulacete.) 

Hard-wooded trees much used in tool making. Occur in Europe, Asia, and 
America. _ 

IMPORTANT HORNBEAM INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Unarmored— 
Puldnaria bctulx Linnieus; Lccanium coryli Linnaeus, and Lecanium pulchrum Marehal; Europe. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in the wood. 
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the wood. 

Elateridae. 

Athous subfuscus Miiller; wireworm; Europe; injures fruit and seedlings. 

Scarabaeidae. 

Amphimallon solslitialis Linnaeus; Europe; the larvae injure the roots of small plants while the adults 
injure the shoots. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and ^f. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seed- 
lings. 

Scolytidae. 

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Europe; galleries wood. 

Scolytus carpini Ratzeburg; Germany; galleries in bark, bast, and sapwood. 

Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus; Germany; galleries in bark and sapwood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometridae. 

Hibernia defoliaria Linnaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators. 

Lymantriidae. 

Dasychlra pudibunda Liimaeus; :Ji^ Euproctis chrysorrhoca Linnaeus, ^ Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, 
:^Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, Porthesiasimilis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) 

LITERATURE. 

LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae). 1912. 

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. 

NCssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstiosektenkunde, 2d ed. 1913. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT; BUCKEYE. 

{Aesculus spp. Family Sapindacese.) 

Ornamental trees and shrubs, desirable for shade trees, occurring in North America, 
Asia, Europe. 



138 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

A. HORSE-CHESTNUT INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

^ Zeuzera pyrina Linnseus. 
(Horse-chestnut Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Elm, alder, ash, beech, birch, horse-chestnut, linden, maple, oak, willow, 
poplar, buckthorn, spindle tree, mountain ash. 

Injury: Bores in bark and wood of trees. 

Description and biology: Moth white, with steel-blue round spots; wing expanse 
50-70 mm. Larva yellowish, more flesh-colored when younger, with shining black, 
warts; head, thoracic shields and legs black. The larva bores in the wood and pupates 
in a cell of frass near the outside. 

Distribution: Europe, North Africa, and introduced into North America. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 321. 

Hess, Richard. Der P'orstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 84, 85. 

NxJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 321, 322, figs. 

273-275. 

B. IMPORTANT HORSE-CHESTNUT INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldse. 

Unarmored— 
Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Aesculus hippocastanum, A. pavia. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xestobium ru/ovillosum De Geer; Europe; bores in dead wood of standing and living trees. 

Bostrychldae. 

Sinoiylon perforans SciiT.; Europe; bores in branches. 

Scarabseldae. 

Melolontha hi ppocastaniFahncms and M. wf ?o?on<7ia Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seedlings. 

Ceranibycldae. 

Phymatodes lividus Rossi; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber. 

Ipidae. 

Anisandrus dispar Fabrieius; Germany; galleries in wood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometrldae. 

Anisopteryi sescularia SchiffermUler; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

LITERATURE. 

NOssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

HORSE-RADISH. 

(Radicula arinoracia. Family Cruciferse.) 
An herb cultivated for its roots. 

IMPORTANT HORSE-RADISH INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Chrysomelidae. 

Phyllotrcta nigripes Fabrieius, and P. armoracix Koch; Europe, North America. (See Crucifers.) 
Phyllotreta atra Fabrieius; Europe; flea beetle. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

Pionea forficalis Ijinngdus; Europe. (See Cabbage.) 



INSECTS OF lEIS, JICACO, AND JUNIPER 139 

IRIS. 

{Iris spp. Family Iridacese.) 
Flowering herbs, propagated from roots. 

IRIS INSECTS. 

DIPTERA. 
Syrphidae. 

>|< Eumcrus strigitus Fallen, Europe, New York; attacks tubers. (See Onion.) 

JICACO; COCOA PLUM. 

(Chrysobalanus icaco. Family Rosacese.) 
A tropical plant introduced into Florida. 

JICACO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aleyrodidse. 

Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. (See Coconut.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis giffardi Bezzi; Africa; attacks fruit of Chrysobalanus ellipticus. (See Fruit.) 
CcratUis silvestrii Bezzi; Africa. (See Fruit.) 

JUNIPER; RED CEDAR. 

(Juniperus spp. Family Juniperaceae.) 

Ornamental evergreen trees or shrubs distributed throughout the extratropical 
regions of the northern hemisphere. The wood is used in finishing interiors of houses, 
for posts, and the manufacture of small articles, especially pencils. The fruit of 
/. drupacea is edible. Aromatic oils used in medicine are obtained from the fruit 
and branches of some species. 

Erlophyes quadrisetus F. Thorns. 

(Juniper blister mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) 

Host: Juniperus communis. 
Injury: Causes deformations. 

Description and biology: A four-legged blister mite which forms gall-like swellings 
of the fruit and needle. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock. 
Distribution: Europe. 

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO JUNIPER. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldae. 

Armored— 

Aspidiotus madtrcnsis Lindinger; Madeira; Juniperus cedrus. 
^ Chionaspis striata Newstead; South Europe; Juniperus drupacea, J. fatidissima, J. macrocarpa, 
J. oxycedrus, J. phanicea. 
Cryptaspidiotus mediterraneus Lindinger; Algeria, Greece; Juniperus macrocarpa, J. phcenicea. 
Diaspis atlantica Lindinger; Canary Islands; Juniperus phcenicea. 

Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Juniperus canadensis, J. cedrus, J. chinensis, J. communis, J. drupacea, 
J. excelsa, J. macrocarpa, J. oxycedrus, J. phcenicea, J. recurva, J. sabina, J. sphxrica, J. torulosa, 
J. virginiana. 
Lepidosaphes juniperi Lmdinger; Anatolia; Juniperus excelsa. 
Unarmored — 
Pseudococcus vovse Nassonow; Russia; Austria; Juniperus communis. 



140 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Ipidae. 

Phlxoslnus tlnjx Perris; Europe; Junipems commiinis. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tortricidse. 

Laspeyrcsia ditpUcana Zetterstedt; Europe. (See Coniters.) 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

LiNDiNGER, L. OieSchildlause(CoccidiB). 1912. 
EiCHHOFF, W. Europ. Borkenkii.fer. 1881. 

KAFIR CORN. 

See Sorghum. 

KALE. 
See Cabbage. 

KEI APPLE. 

(Aberia caffra.) 

A tree of Cape of Good Hope, introduced into California and Florida and quite 

hardy in southern California. A spring plant grown for hedges. The fruit is used 

as pickles or conserves. 

A KEI APPLE INSECT. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Ccratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 

KOHL-RABI. 

See Cabbage. 

KOLA; COLA. 

(Sterculia acuminata. Family Sterculiacefe.) 

Tropical African trees cultivated for the nuts. 

A. KOLA INSECTS. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

>|< Heliothrips riihTocinclus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruits.) 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Lecanium catori Green; Algeria; on pods. 

LARCH. 

(Larix spp. Family Pinaceae.) 

Valuable ornamental and forest trees grown in the colder regions of Europe, Asia, 
and North America. L. decidua (europsea), the European larch, yields turpentine 
and the bark contains tannin, used for tanning leather. For convenience the insect 
pests are arranged under Conifers. 

LETTUCE. 

(Lactuca spY> . Family Compositse.) 
A well-known genus of herbs grown for their edible foliage. 

IMPORTANT LETTUCE INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Elaterid£B. 

Agriotes Uneatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 



INSECTS OF LETTUCE AND LINDEN. 141 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralldse. 

>fi Pionea fcrrugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) 

Noctuidae. 

^famcs(Ta brasskx Linnreus; Europe; feeds on leaves. 

LINDEN; BASSWOOD; LIME. 

( Tilia spp. Family TiliaceiB.) 

Trees distributed generally throughout the northern temperate zone. The wood 
of several species is easily cut into veneers and is hence in much demand for light 
boxes for packing fruits, etc. They are valuable honey trees. 

A. LINDEX INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Eriophyes tiliarius Connold; Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa. 
(Linden Gall Mites. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) 

Host: Tilia europaea. 

Injury: The first-mentioned mite forms galls on the flower bracts, and the second 
on the leaves, but neither is of vital importance. 

Distribution: England. , 

GiLLANDERS, A. T. Forest Entomology, 1908, pp. 27, 28, 30, 31, fig. 26. 

B. IMPORTANT LINDEN INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coceidse. 

Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Linnseus; Europe. 
Unarmored— 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe. 

X'^/Z'JcoccMS ^/i/cr Loew; Europe; Tilia cordata, T. grandifloiu. 

Pyrrhocoridae. 

Pyrrhocoris aptcrus Linnteus; Germany; in all stages sucks the juices from the leaves, fruit, and stems. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestldse. 

Agrilus viridis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems and branches. (See Oak). 

Lampra rutilans Fabricius, and L. undatus Fabrieius; Europe; bore in bark and wood. 

Scarabseidae. 

MclolonthahippocastaniFahricmsand M. mclolontha hinngsus; P'urope; larvae injure roots of seedlings 

Ipidae. 

Ernoporus caucanicus Lind.; bark beetle; Em'ope. 

Ernoporus tilix Panzer; bark beetle; Europe; Tilia parvifolia. 

Xyloterus domcsticus Linnaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; ambrosia beetles. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Co5sidaB. 

Cossus cossus Linnseus, goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 
>if:Zeuzerj pyrina Linnseus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Noctuldae. 

Xylina soda Rott.; Europe. (See Plum.) 

Cieometridae. 

Hibcrnia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoUaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators. 

Lasiocainpidse. 

Eriogasicr lancstris Linnieus; Germany; defoliator. 

Lymantriidse. 

Dasychira piidibunda Linnseus, ^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, -Jf^PoTthelria dispar Linnaeus, and 
Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) 



142 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

LITERATURE. 

NOssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
Hess, R. Der Forst.schutz, 1898, 1900. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. 

LOQUAT. 

{Enobotrya japonica. Family Rosacese.) 

A fruit tree native of China and Japan, much planted in the Gulf States. The 
fruit occasionally reaches the northern markets. 

IMPORTANT LOQUAT INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Unarmored — 

Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius; Reunion Island. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lycaenidae. 

Vimchola imocratcs Fabricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.) 

Pyralidae. 

Dichocrocis puncti/eralis Guenee; Queensland. (See Com.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidse. 

Ccratilis cipitata Wiedemann, fruit fly. (See Fruit.) 
Bactroccra tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 

MAHOGANY. 

(Sivietenia mahogoni. Family Meliacese.) 

A tropical tree of great importance in the furniture trade, offered by nurserymen of 
Florida and California. 

IMPORTANT MAHOGANY INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidse. 

Zcuzera coffeas Nietner; Orient. (See Coffee.) 

Pyralidee. 

Hypsipyla robusta Moore; India; twig borer. 

MAIZE. 

See Corn. 

MAMMEE APPLE. 

(Mammea americana. Family Guttiferae.) 

Tropical fruit tree now cultivated in Florida and California. 

MAMMEE APPLE INSECTS. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Bacus xanthodes Bioun; Fiji. (See Fruit.) 

MANGEL. 

See Beet. 

MANGO. 

{Mangifera indica. Family Anacardiaceae.) 

A much-cultivated fruit tree originating in the Orient and now extensively culti- 
vated in the West Indies and also in Florida and California. 



MANGO INSECTS. 



143 



A. BETTER KNOWN MANGO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Psylla cistellata Buckton. 
(The Mango Shoot Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Mango ( Mangifera indica) . 

Injury: Injures terminal shoots by producing imbricated pseudo-cones of a bright 
green or yellow color in which the larval 
and pupal stages are passed. 

Description: Adult head small, eyes 
globose and prominent; abdomen deeply 
corrugated and ringed; general color of 
body shining pitchy black. 

Distribution: India. 
Buckton, G. B. Indian Museum Notes, 

1896, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 91. 

Dlnoderus distinctiis Lesne. 
(Bostrychidne ; Coleoptera. ) 

Hosts: Mango, bamboo. 

Injury: Infests branches. 

Description: Adult brown, with red- 
dish tinge at base of elytra. Marginal 
teeth of pro thorax very small, the two 
middle ones longest. Length 3.5 mm. 
(See text fig. 70.) 

Distribution: India. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect 

Life, 1909, p. 316. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, 

1914, pp. 129, 130. 




Fig. 70. — Mango and Vjamboo borer (Dinodcrus dis- 
tinctus): Adults. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



Plocaederus ruflcornis Newman. 
(The Mango Bark Borer. Cerambycidee; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Mango. 

Injury: Considered one of the most formidable pests of the Philippine Islands. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle 23 to 45 mm. in length with antennae longer 
than body; body dull blackish in color, antennae reddish brown, thorax with sharp 
spine on each side, legs of same rufous color as antennae. Eggs deposited singly on 
the bark or in crevices of wounds near lower part of the trunk. Larvx on hatching 
bore into the inner part of bark, where the entire grub stage is passed; pupate in a 
cavity made of grass. (See plate xxx.) 

Distribution: Philippine Islands. 

Jones, C. R. The Philippine Agric. Review, 1913, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 118-124, pis. 24. 
Sternochctus gravis Fabricius. (Cryptorhynchus). 

(Northern Mango Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Mango. 

Injury: This is the common mango weevil of Northern India, and is liable to be 
introduced in seed. 



144 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Description and biology: Adult weevil rusty brown to blackish brown, mottled with 
grayish patches; length 9 mm. Beak long. The entire development takes place in 

the fruit, the larvae first feeding iii the pulp, 
then entering the seed. (See text fig. 71.) 

Distribution: India (Bengal, Assam. United 
Provinces). 

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Cole- 
optera. p. 436, fig. 289. 

Sternoehetus manglferae Fabricius. 
(Cryptorhynchus.) 




(Mango Weevil. (\irculionidi¥; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Mango. 

Injury: Serious enemy of mango, especially 
in Hawaii, where it is reported to have infested 
from 60 to 90 per cent of the crop. Liable to 
be introduced in seed. 

Descri'ption and biology: Adult weevil, varies 
from 6 to 8 mm. in length; when nearly de- 
veloped whitish pink in color, later changing 
to a dark brown with yellow markings; beak 
short, thick, and when at rest turned back 
beneath the thorax in a groove terminating between the first pair of legs. The egg is 
deposited in the fleshy part of the fruit, and on hatching the larva enters the seed, 
where it undergoes its entire development, vacating as an adult. 



Fig. 71. — Northern mango weevil (Sterno 
chetus gravis): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 




Fig. 72. — The mango weevil (Sternochttus mangiferx): a, Adult weevil, from above; 6, same, from 
below. Much enlarged. (Marlatt.) 

Distribution: Inhabits all mango regions bordering Indian Ocean, East Indies 
including Philippines, Madagascar, Hawaii, Labuan, Straits Settlements, and South 
Africa. (Text figs. 72, 73.) 

Van Dine, D. L. Agr. Exper. Sta. Hawaii, Press Bui. 17, 1906. 
Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Girc. 141, 1911. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual_of Dangerous Insects. 



PlateSXXX. 




A Destructive Mango Insect. 

bark borer {Plocxderus ruftcornis). a, b. Larvae; c .cocoon; d, pupa; e, male; , female. 
(Jones.) 



MANGO INSECTS. 145 

Dacus rarotongae Froggatt. 

(Raratonga Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 
Host: Mango. 

Injury: Larvae feed in fruit. 

Description: Adult female length 9 mm., thorax shining black; wings hyaline; 
abdomen diamond shaped; anal segment and ovipositor yellow. 
Distribution: Raratonga, Cook Islands. 

Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 872. 

Dacus tongensls Froggatt. 

(Tonga Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) 
Host: Mango. 

Injury: Bred from mangos imported into New Zealand. 
Description: Adult female length 9 mm.; head dull yellow; thorax black, no yellow 



m 




^V^ 






^ , 



Fig. 73. — The mango weevil (S<frnocftf<M« mon<?«/fra?): o, Larva; ft, pupa. Much enlarged. (Marlatt.) 

on shoulders; wings hyaline, nervures chocolate brown; abdomen black, elongate, 
oval; legs light yellow, sometimes clouded at apex of femora. 

Distribution: Tonga. 
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 870. 

B. IMPORTANT MANGO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse: 

Armored— 
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) personafus Comstock; West Indies, Mexico. (See Olive.) 
Aspidiotus ( Morganella) longispina Morgan; Hawaii, Mauritius; scale of adult female less than 1 mm. 
wide, circular, flattened with reddish nipple-like exuvium. 



55266—17- 



-10 



146 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Coccidae— Continued. 
Armored — Continued. 
Aspidiotus ( Morganella) maskelli Cockeroll; Hawaii, Mauritius, Brazil; scale of female about 1 mm. in 

diameter, pitch black exuvia concolorous and to one side. 
>ic Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; British West Indies. (See Coffee.) 
Aspidiotus [Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii. (See Citrus.) 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; German East Africa, Java. (See Citrus.) (See text 
fig. 32.) 
Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) longissima Cockerell; Mexico; scale of female 2.5 mm. long by 0.66 mm. 

broad, black marked with brown, ventral scale thin, white, exuvia to one side. 
Aulacaspis cinnamomi Newstead; Java, Ceylon; scale of adult female 1.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. broad 

circular, flat, thin, opaque, white. 
Chionaspis vitis Green; India; scale of adult female 2.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, white, thin, transparent . 
H< Leucaspis indica Marlatt; has been imported from India and is now established in certain sections of 

Florida. Scale of female white, elongate narrow, convex, flattened at tip; adult inclosed within 

swollen stronglj' chitinized second stages. (See plate I, fig. 1.) 
>1: Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Newstead; has been found on mangos imported from India, also reported 

from Singapore. Scale of female 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. broad, dark brown, usually with slight 

apical extension. 
Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green; Ceylon; scale of female 2 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. in breadth, 

snow white, opaque, with irregular raised lines on dorsal surface. 
Chionapsis eugenix Maskell; Orient; scale of female 2.5 mm. long, white, elongate pyriform and flat. 
Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) natoZew^w Cockerell; Natal; scaleof female pyriform, about 3 mm. long, white 

with exuvise pale orange brown, scale of male feebly tricarrnate. 
Unarmored — 
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan. (See Avocado.) 
Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius; female covered with wax and resembles C. rusci. 
Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon; adult female 3-3.25 mm. in length, flat pale green, acumi- 
nate at cephalic extremity and broadly rounded posteriorly. 
Coccus acutissimus Green; Ceylon; adult female 5-6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, long and narrow; 

acutely pointed at each end; color varying from creamy white to deep chocolate brown in older 

specimens. 
>(c Coccus mangifirx Green; West Indies, Ceylon; adult female3-4mm. in length, 2.5-3.5 mm. in breadth 

deltoid, pale yellowish green. Has been introduced into Florida and gives promise of being a serious 

pest. 
OeococcuS radicum Green; Ceylon, Hawaii; liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female inclosed in 

a brittle white sac, broadly fusiform, narrow at both extremities; antennae 6-jointed. 
Icerya minor Green; Bengal; adult female 4-6 mm. in length, yellow, with 22 or 23 waxy patches around 

body and a dorsal patch of about 16. 
Icerya seychellarum WesUvood; Seychelles. (See Citrus.) 
Phenacoccus iceryoides Green; India, Philippines ; adult female usually to be found at anterior extremity 

of a globose ovisac, margin with conspicuous fringe of white waxy tissues. 
Phenacoccus mangiferx Green; Ceylon, India; female pale yellow, dorsal area covered with white mealy 

powder, with stout white processes on margin. 
Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Brazil. 
Pulvinaria mammese, Maskell; Hawaii; adult female reddish brown covered with thin grayish meal, 

ovisac large, snow white, forming a mass of loose cotton. 
Saissetia psidii Green; Ceylon; adult female bright red to deep brown, length 2.5-3.75 mm. 
Saissetia punctilifera Green; Ceylon; adult female 3-3.75 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, irregularly oval, 

narrowed in front, varying from reddish green to reddish oohreous. 
Vinsoniasteiliferay\^QStv!oo6.; Ceylon. (See Coffee.) 

THYSANOPTERA. 

^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruit.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cerambycidse. 

Epepeotes luscus Fabricius; Java; bark borer. 

Batocera titana Thomson; India; bores in sapwood. (See text fig. 74.) 

Brachyrlilnidse. 

Diaprepes abbrcviaius Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 

Curcullonidse. 

Cytorhynchus frigidus Fabricius; India; breeds in fruit. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Notodontidae. 

Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliator. 



INSECTS OF MANGO AND MAPLE. 



147 



DIPTERA 
Trypetidae. 

Anastrt pJia fraterculiis Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus passiflorx FroggaW, Fiji. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus persicss Rig; India. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India. (See 

Fruit.) (See fig. 75.) 
Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See 

Fruit.) 
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See 

Fruit.) 
Bactrocera zonatus Saunders: fruit fly; 

Solomon Islands, Ceylon, India. 
Ceratitiscapitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. 

(See Fruit.) 

LITERATURE. 

Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New- 
South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, pp. 808-870. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank- 
heiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

MAPLE. 

(Acer spp. Family Aceraceie.) 

A large genus of trees and slu'ubs 
occurring in Europe, Asia, and Amer- 
ica, much prized for cultivation as 
shade trees and valuable for lum- 
ber. 

IMPORTANT MAPLE INSECTS. 

ACARINA. 

Eriophyidse. 

Eriophyes macrochelus Nalepa; blLster 
mite; England; attacks leaves of Acer 
campestre. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 
Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Acer campestre and A. pscudoplatanvs. 
Unarmored — 
Eriococcus aceris Signoret; Europe; Acer campestre, A. pscudoplatanus. 
Lecanium aceris Curtis; Europe. 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Acer campestre, A. negundo, A. platanoidcs, A. pscudoplatanus. 
P alxococcus fuscipennis Burmeister; Europe. 




Fig. 74.— Mango borer (Ba/o«ra iitona): Male. (Stebbing.) ~ 




Fig. 75. — Mango fruit fly {Dacus ferrugineus): a, Injured mango; ft, adult, and c, larva. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



148 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in trunks. 
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in trunks. 

Lymexylonldae. 

Hyleccetus dermesioidcs Linnaeus; Germany; bores in wood. 

Buprestidse. 

* Agrilus viridis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems and branches. {See Oak.) 

Scarabseidse. 

Melolovtha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; injure roots of seedlings. 

Cerambycidae. 

Rhopalopus insubricus Germar; Europe; bores in bark and wood. 

Scolytidae, Ipidae. 

Scolytus aceris Knotek; Bosnia; galleries in bark and sapwood. 

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; ambrosia beetle in wood. 

Xyloterus domestkus Linnaeus and X. signatus Fabricius; ambrosia beetle Germany. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossldse. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 
■^ Zeuzcra pyrina Linnaeus; Europe: bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Geometridae. 

Cheimatobia brumata Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. 

Lymantriidse. 

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, * Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus, ^ Lymantria mondcha Linnaeus, 
-X- Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, and Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (.Sec Forest 
defoliators.) 

Neptlculidae. 

Nepiicula sericopcza Zeller; Germany; attacks leaves and seed. 

LITERATURE. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkraukheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidae), 1912. 

MELON. 

(See Cucurbits.) 

MESQUITE; ALGABOBA. 

(Prosopis spp. Family Leguminosae.) 

Tender trees and shrubs growing in arid regions. Several species are native in the 
Southwestern United States. The pods are eaten by cattle. 

IMPORTANT MESQUITE INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coreidse. 

Ceratopachys variabilis Dall., a sucking bug; India; sucks juices of jhand {Prosopis spicigera). 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychidse. 

Sinoxylon crassum Lesne and S. anale Lesne; India; bores in Prosopis spicigera. 

LITERATURE. 

Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 



INSECTS OF MILLET, MOUNTAIN ASH, AND MOUNTAIN EBONY. 149 

MILLET. 

(Panicum miliaceum Linn»iis. Family Gramiiiete.) 

These are numerous varieties and species of millets grown throughout the world. 

This species is cultivated extensively in China, Japan, and Russia. The main danger 

of importing pests in shipments of seed. Its pests are discussed under Grains and 

Grasses. 

MOUNTAIN ASH; ROWAN TREE. 

(Sorbus spp.) 

Ornamental deciduous trees of the Northern Hemisphere, with small red berries. 
The berries of some species are edible, and the wood is used for tool handles and 
similar small articles. 

IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN-ASH INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Scarabseidae. 

Milolontha hippocastani Fabricius and J\f. melolontha Linn;pus; Europe; larvse injure roots of seedlings. 

Curculionidae. 

Magdalis barbicornis Latreille; Europe; breeds under bark. 

Scolytidse, Ipidae. 

Scolytus mali Bechst. and S. rugulosus Ratzeburg Europe; bark beetles. 
XyloUrus domesticus Linnseus; Germany; Ambrosia beetle. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidse. 

* Zeuzcra pyrina Linnseus; Europe; bores in wool. (Ses Horsa-rtestnut.) 

Geonietridse. 

Hibcrnia defoUaria Lhinseus; Europe; defoliator. 

Lymantriidae. 

^ Lymantria monacha Linnseus, ^Orgyia anfiqua Linnpus, and Porthcsia similis Fuessly; Europe 
defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) 

Hyponomeutldse. 

>l< Argyresthia conjugdla Zeller; Europe, Japan, British Columbia; bores in fruit. (See Apple.) 

IIYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredlnidae. 

N( matus scptentrionalis Ltnnseus; Europe; sawfly. 
Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe. (See Plum.) 

Collinionidae. 

Mcgastigmus brcvicaudus Ratzeburg, a chalcid; Europe; breeds in seed. 

LITERATURE. 
SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfl&nzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

MOUNTAIN EBONY. 

{Bauhinia racemosa, etc. Family Leguminosse.) 

Very showy plants of the Tropics. Many species are imported into Florida and 
California. 

IMPORTANT BAUHINIA INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Mylabridae (Bruchidse). 

Caryoborus gonagra Fabricius; India; Breeds in the pods of Bauhinia racemosa. 

LITERATURE. 
Stebbing, E. P Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 



150 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

MULBERRY. 

(Morus spp. Family Moraceae.) 

Trees of the temperate regions of the Old and New World. Some species produce 
delicious fruit, while others are cultivated for hedges or as food for silk worms. 

IMPORTANT MULBERRY INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae: 

Unarmored— 

Ceroplastes rusci Liimseus; Italy. 
Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Italy. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cerambycldae. 

Apriona germari Hope and A . cinerea Chevrolat; India; bore in stems of Morus indica. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometrldse. 

Hemirhopala atrilineata Butler; Japan; defoliator. 
Zamacra alhofanclaria Leech; Japan; defoliator. 

LITERATURE. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, 

MUSKMELON. 

(See Cucurbits.) 

NARCISSUS; DAFFODIL. 

{Narcissus spp. Family Amaryllidacese.) 

Flowering plants propagated from the bulbs. 

NARCISSUS INSECTS. 

Merodon clavipes Fabricius; ^ Merodon equestris Fabricius. 
(Narcissus Flies. Syrphidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Narcissus, daffodil. 

Injury: Breeds in the bulbs. 

Description and biology: M. clavipes black, clothed with white, yellow, red, or black 
hairs. >j< M. equestris black or dark metallic green, similarly clad; 13 mm. long. Mag- 
got grayish yellow, 12 mm. long. 

Distribution: Europe. Have been introduced into Canada, California and New 
Zealand. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 435. 

OAK. 

(Quercus spp. Family Cupulif erse . ) 

Valuable timber trees of the northern hemisphere. The bark of certain species 
yields cork, while of other species it is valuable for medicinal or tanning purposes. 

A. BETTER KNOWN OAK INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

H<AgrUus vlridis Linnaeus. 

(Flat-Headed Wood Borer. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.) 

nosts: Oak, beech, alder, aspen, linden, birch, rose, grape, maple, pine. 
Injury: Bores in stems and branches of trees. 



OAK INSECTS. 



151 



Description and biology: Beetle 5-8 mm. long, of variable color (olive green, blue 
green, blue, coppery, etc.), undersides black. Prothorax much broader than long, 
with median impression. Larva with first thoracic segment strongly broadened, body 
white. A generation requires two years. 

Distribution: Europe (Austria, Germany). Introduced into eastern United States 
in roses. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 7, 8, figs. 2, 3. 




Fig. 76.— Great oak-borer ( Cerambyx cerdo): Adult and larva. (Xiisslin.) 

Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus. 

(Great Oak Borer. Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Oak, cork oak, ash, walnut. 
Injury: Bores in wood. (See text fig. 76.) 
Distribution: Europe, Sudan, Tunis. 
NussLiN, Otto: Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 145-148, figs. 

115, 116. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 495-496. 

Haltica quercetorum Foudr. 

(Oak Flea Beetle. Chrysomelidse. Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Oak, hazel, willow, birch, tea rose, beech, alder. 



152 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

Injury: Feed on foliage and buds in adult and larval stage. 
Distribution: Europe (Russia, Germany). 

SoRAUER, P. Handbucli der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 523. 

Cnethocampa processiona Linnaeus. 

(Oak Procession Moth. Cnethocampidse ; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Oak. 

Injury: Defoliator; serious. 

Description and biology: Moth, body clad with long hairs; forewings yellow gray 
with dark gray cross band; hindwings yellowish white with brown gray cross band. 
Larva gray blue with dark dorsal stripe and reddish-brown smooth spots; undersides 
light greenish gray. Feeds at night. In the daytime the larvae wander in processions 
of a few files. Ptipation takes place in thick oval brown cocoon. Eggs are laid in 
clusters of 100 to 200, covered with scales from the parent, and placed on smooth spots 
of the bark. 

Distribution: Europe. 

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 326-328, figs. 
280, 281. 

Coleophora lutipennella Zell. 

(Oak Bud Moth. Elachistidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Oaks and possibly birch. 

Injury: Attacks the buds. 

Description and biology: Adult, moth, wing expanse 15 mm., with front wings yellow, 
hind wings gray, all fringed. Larva, gray with black head. Attacks especially the 
axillary buds. Pupates in a sack or case. 

Distribution: Germany. 
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. p. 433. 

Tortrix virldana Linnasus. 

(Green Oak Tortrix. Tortricidaj; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Quercus pedunculata, Q. sessiliflora, Castanea vulgaris. 

Injury: Feeds on the buds, foliage, and inflorescence. 

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 18-22 mm., forewings brilliant gi'een 
with yellowish border, hind wings gray. Larva, dirty green, punctured with black, 
with black head, 15 mm. long. Eggs are laid on the buds. The larva rolls the leaves, 
in which it feeds. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz. 1900, vol. 2, pp. 128-130, figs. 66, 67. 
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 403, 404, 



fig. 332. 



B. I3IPORTANT OAK INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 



Aphididse. 

Pterochhrus exsiccator Altum. Stomaphis longirostris Altuin, and -S. quercus Linneeus, plant lice; 
Europe; attack the bark, especially of the roots. 

Coccidae. 

Armored — 
Aspiiiotus ( Targionia) alni Marchal; Austria; Quercus cerris. 
Aspidiotus ( Targionia) distincta Leonardi; Italy; Quercus robur, Q. suber. 
Aspidiotus ( Targionia) vitis Signoret; Italy, Sardinia; Quercus macedonica, Q. suber. 
Aspidiotus minimus Leonardi; Europe; Quercus cocci f era, Q. ilex, Q. suber. 
Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) zonatus Frauenfeld; Europe; Quercus cerris, Q. lusitanica, Q. montana, Q. 

nigra, Q. pilustris, Q. pubescens, Q. robur, Q. sessiliflora. 
Chionispis silicis Linnaeus; Europe; Quercus ilex, Q. robur. 



OAK INSECTS. 153 

Coceidae— Continued. 
Unarmored — 

^isterolecinium nriolosum Ratzeburg; Eastern United States, Europe; Qucrcus branii, Q. cerris, Q. 
iht, Q. micHoiiicn, Q. ptlustris, Q. priwis, Q. pibbescens, Q.robur, Q. stssiUflora, Q. ioza, Q. castanei- 
folia, Q. coccifera. 

EriocQzcui aceris Signoret; Austria; Quercus sessiliflora. 

Kernics bacciformis Leanardi; Europe; Quercus cerris, Q. subcr. 

Kermts billotx Signoret; Algeria, France; Quercus ilex ballota. 

K er mcs cordiformis lilndinger; Austria; Quercus robur. 

Kermes gibbosus Signoret, Austria; Quercus cerris. 

Kermis ilicis Linnaeus; Europe; Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex.. 

Kermes pallidus Signoret; Europe. 

Kermes roboris Fourcroy; Europe; Quercus cerris, Q. ilex, Q. pcdunculata, Q. robur, Q. sessiliflora. 

Kermes vermilio Planchon; Europe; Quercus coccifera. 

Lecanium y.lijtum Douglas; Europe; Quercus robur. 

Lecanlum coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. robur, Q. sessiliflora, Q. subcr. 

Lecanium pulchrum King; Europe. 

Niiularia pulvinita Planchon; France, Algeria; Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex. 

Palaeococcus fuscipennis BarmeisteT; Denmark; Quercus robur. 

Pulviniria sericca FonrcToy; Europe; Quercus pubcscens. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Xestobiwn rufovillosum De Geer; Europe; bores in dead wood. 

ftilinus psctinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the wood, injuring it for technical purposes. 
Lyctidae. 

Lyctus linearis Goeze; Europe, South America; bores In seasoned lumber, especially in sapwood, 
also in barrel staves. 

Bostrychidae. 

Bistrychus capucinus Linnaeus; Europe; boresln lumber and barrel staves. 
Sinoxylon perforans Schr.; Europe; bores in the branches. 

Lymexylonidae. 

Hyleccetus dermestoides Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. 
Lymeiylon nivale Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the bark and wood. 

Tenebrionidse. 

P'l'jlan jibbus Fabi-icius, Russia; injures the roots of seedlings. 

Scarabaeidse. 

Euchirus mxcleayiHo.; India; bred from oak stem. 

Buprestidae. 

Airilus an/mtuluslllv^QT, A.elonjatus Herhst, A. subaurat us Gehler, A . bigtiltatus Fabricius; Europe; 
bore in bark, bast, and sapwood. 

Ciryi-ib^thris affinis Fabricius; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of branches and in trunks of seed- 
lings. 

Cnxbus elitus Fabricius, C. fasciatus Villers, C. undatus Fabricius; Europe; attack the stems and 
branches, especially of cork oaks. 

Glateridse. 

Agriotes rterrimus Linnaeus,^, lineatus Linnaeus, and A. obscurus Linnaeus, Athous subfuscus Miiller; 
Dolopius mir-jinilus Linnaeus; Lacon murinus Linnaeus: Limonius xruginosus Olivier; Prosternon 
holoserlceus Olivier; Selatosomus xneus Linnaeus; wireworms; Europe; injurious to acorns and 
seedlings. 

Scarabaeidse. 

Af:lolon'ha hippozistani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvfe injures roots of seed- 
lings. 

Cerambycidae. 

Cillidium xneum DeGeer; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber. 

Cerambyi cerdo Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark and wood. 

Clytus tropicus Panzer; Germany; bores in wood. 

Pyrrhiiiurn sanguineum Linn'BUs, and Phymatodes testaceus Linnaeus; Germany; bore in wood of 

felled trees and lumber. 
Pxynjtoies lividus Rossi; Germany; particularly injurious to barrel hoops and lumber. 
Lophosternus hugeli Redteubacher; India; bores in trunks of Quercus ivcana. 
Paraphrus granulosus Thomson; India; bores in Quercus ilex. 
Prionus corpulenlus Bates; India; probably bores in Quercus semicarpifolia. 
Massicus unicolor Gahan; India; bores in heartwood of Quercus grifftfhii. 
Xylotrechus stcbbingi Gahan; India; bores in bast and outer sapwood of Quercus dilatata. 
Mrges marmoratus Westwood; India; on Quercus grifftthii. 



154 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Brachyrhinidse. 

Brachyderes lusitanicus Fabricius; Europe; attacks roots of Querciis robur, etc. 
MetallUcs iris Olivier; Europe; breeds at the roots. 

Curculionldae. 

Curculio nucum Linnaeus (Balaninus); Europe (see Hazel). Many other spp. CurcuUo (Balaninus) 
Calendridae. 

Calcndra sculpturata Gyllenhal; India, breeds in the aeorns. 

Scolytidse, Ipidse. 

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Europe; galleries in wood. 

Dryocoetes hewetti Stebbing; India; bores in Quercas dilatata and Q. incana. 

Dryocoetes villosus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark. 

Hylesinus crenatus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark. 

Chramesus globulus Stebbing; India; bark and wood of Quercus incana. 

Scolytus intricatus Ratzeburg; Europe; galleries in bark. 

Xyleborus dryngraphus Ratzeburg and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; galleries in wood. 

Xyleborus improbus Sampson; India: tuimels Quercus lamellosa. 

Xyloterus domesticus Liimseus, and A', signatus Fabricius; Europe; galleries in sapwood. 

Platypodldae. 

Diapus capillatus Sampson; India; bores in Quercus lamellosa. 
Diapus impressus Janson; India; bores in Quercus incana. 
Crossotarsus fairmairei Chapuis; India, bores in Quercus incana. 
Platypus cylindrus Fabricius; Europe; bores in staves. 

Scolytoplatypldse. 

Scolytoplatypus darjeelingi Stebbing; India; tunnels timber of Quercus lamellosa. 

LEPIDOFTERA. 
Cossidae. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus, goat moth, Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 
Zeuzera. pyrina Linnteus; Europe: bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Geometrldse. 

Anisoptcryx sescuJaria SchifTermiller; Europe; feeds on foliaee. 

Cheimatobia brumaia Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. 

Hihernia aurantaria Esp.; H. dcfoUaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Germany; defoliators. 

Larentia dilatata Borckh.; Europe; defoliator. 

Biston pomonarius Hiibner; Europe. (See Fruit.) 

Tineidae. 

Tischeria complanella Hiibner and T. simploniella F. R.; Germany; leaf miners. 

Lasiocainpidae. 

Eriogaster lancstris Linnaeus, Lasiocampa quercus Linnaeus, and Malacosoma neustria Linnsens; Eu- 
rope; defoliators. 
Lymantrlidse. 

Dasychira pudihunda Liimsejs, -^Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, •:^Lymanlria monacha Linnaeus, 
Ocneria detrita Esp., ^Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See 
Forest defoliators.) 

Gazalina apsara; India; defoliates Quercus lamellosa. 

Sesiidse. 

Scsia conopi/ormis Esp. and S. vespiformis Linnaeus; Europe; bore in trunk. 
Tortrlcldae. 

Laspeyresia splendana Hiibner {Carpocapsa); Europe; breeds in acorns. (See Chestnut.) 
Laspeyresia grossana Haworth (Carpocapsa). (See Beech.) 
Notocelia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (See Gooseberry.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Cephididae. 

Janus cynosbati Linnaeus, a wood wasp mining in shoots; Europe. 

Ten thredinldse . 

Macrophya punctum-album Linnaeus; Russia; sawfly on foliage. 

LITERATURE. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheilen, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 191-'?. 
Hess, R. Per Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. 



INSECTS OF OAK, OATS, OKRA, OLIVE. 155 

Bargagu, p. Rassegna Biolocica Rincofori Europe!, 1883-1887. 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiusc (CoccidaO, 1912. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. 
Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 

OATS. 

(Avena sativa Linnaeus. Family Graminese.) 

This crop is grown in all temperate regions and also in Australia, Africa, and 
South America, the greater part of the world's crop being raised in Europe. While 
the United States exports more oats than it imports, the latter trade is of considerable 
importance and there is always danger of importing pests with the grain. A full 
discussion of its insect pests will be found under the heading Grains and Grasses. 

OKRA. 

(Hibiscus esculentus. Family Malvaceae.) 

A cultivated plant introduced into the United States from Africa; cultivated for 

its fruit pods. 

IMPORTANT OKRA INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidse. 

Sylepla derogata Fabricius: Africa, Asia. 

Noctuldae. 

Cosmophila sabulifera Guentje; Africa, Asia, Hawaii. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Chrysomelidse. 

Diabrotica graminea Ballon; Porto Rico. 

OLIVE. 

(Olea spp. Family Oleacese.) 

Fruit bearing trees or shrubs of the tropical and warm temperate parts of the old 
world to New Zealand. Olea europxa produces the olive prized as a fruit and for its 
oil. It is cultivated in California and New Mexico. 

A. BETTER KNOWN OLIVE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Aleiirolobus olivinus Silvestri. 

(Olive White Fly. Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Olive. 

Injury: Feeds on foliage, ordinarily not serious. 

Description and biology: Adult, male body cream-colored or whitish ocher; body 
and wings sprinkled with a white waxy powder, forewings exliibit fulvous spots. 
Pupa case, length somewhat exceeding width; dorsum black, margin marked with 
a fringe of wax. Egg reticulated sub elliptical, attached by a short pedicel; pale 
straw in color when first deposited, subsequently turning to brown. One generation 
a year. 

Distribution: Italy. 
Silvestri, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 128. 

Prays oleellus Fabricius. 

(Olive Moth. Hyponomeutidae; Lepidoptera.) 
Host: Olives. 
Injury: Serious. 

Description and biology: Adult, moth 6-6.5 mm. long, gray with silvery reflection, 
a black spot on the apex of the scutellum; front wings gray with silvery reflection, 



156 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

and with several black or dark spots; hind wings uniformly gray. Pupa obconical 
5 mm. long in elongate silken cocoon. Larva when full grown, dusky color with 
two olivaceous stripes on the dorsum. In the first generation feeds on the leaves; 
in the next among the buds and blooms; and in the last in the fruit. 

Distribution: France, Italy, Spain. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Bull. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr. Portici, 1907, vol. 2, pp, 83-184, figs.1-68. 

Dacus oleae Rossi. 

(The Olive Fly. Trypetida- Diptera.) 

Host: Olive {Olea europaea, 0. verrucosa, 0. chrysophylla.) 

Injury: Serious pest of olive in Mediterranean regions. 

Description and biology: Adult, female small, about 5 mm. in length; head dull 
yellow, eyes black, thorax black with silvery pubescence on dorsal surface forming 
three parallel black lines; abdomen black, covered with a scattered gray pubescence. 
The egg, larval, and usually the pupal stages are passed in the fruit. Occasionally 
pupation takes place in the soil. Larvae hatch in from 2 to 4 days after deposition 
of the eggs; larval stage lasts approximately 10 to 13 days; pupal stage 13 to 49 days, 
depending upon the season. 

Distribution: Sicily, Italy, north, east, and south Africa, Canary Islands, Medi- 
terranean region, northern and western Asia, Himalayas, India. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Bull. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, 1913. vol. 8, p. 70. 

B. IMPORTANT OLIVE INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Armored — 
Aspidiotm (Chrysomphalus) nigropunclaius Cockerell; Chili, Mexico; adult female scale 3 mm. in diam- 
eter, dirty grav; exuviae pitch black with narrow reddish margin. 
AspidiotuLs {Chrysomphalus) personatus Cockerell; Jamaica; adult female scale very small, convex, 

circular, dark grav or black. 
^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulntus Morgan; Jamaica. (See Coffee.) 
Aspidiotm {Pseudaonidia) duplex Cockerell; Italy; on Olea fragruns: adult female scale 2.6G mm. in 

diameter, subcircular, moderately convex, dark, blackish brown, exuvia to one side and of orange 

color. 
Aspidiotus (Aonidia) ohx Leonard!; Africa. 
Lepidosaphes olivina Leonard!; Africa. 
Chionaspis {Phenacaspis) bupleuri Marchal; Tunis. 
Chionaspis nerii Hewstead; Algeria. 
Diaspis olex Colvee; Spain. 
^Fiorinia these Green; India; adult female scale elongate, narrow, dark brown with distinct dark median 

marking. Male scale snow white indistinclty tricarinate (see pi. V, fig. 1). 
Leucaspis riccx Targioni-Tozzetti; France, Greece, Algeria, Italy; adult female scale 2.25 mm. long. 

0.5 mm. broad, narrow, wliite, with sides parallel. 
Parlitoria affinis Newstead; Algeria; adult female scale 1-1.25 mm. m diameter, when isolated circular. 

dusky white or pale ocherous. 
Parlatoria cilianthina Berlese and Leonard!; Italy and Algeria; adult female scale 2.3 mm. long. 2.6 

mm. broad, white, dorsal exuvia subcentral. 
Urarmored — 
Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Italy; adult female covered with wax, antenna? 0-jointed. 
Euphilippia olivina Berlese and Silvestri; Italy. 

Filippia olese Costa ; Italy, Algeria; adult female forms a white sac in the foliage. 
Lichtensia e ttoni Newstead; Alger.a; adult female inclosed in a felted sac; adult male scale glossy white 

with strong central keel. 
Pollinii pjllini Costa; Italy; adult female scale pale yellow to brown, smooth head, convex, with 

median curled flossy like filaments on the dorsum. 

THYSANOPTERA. 
Phi oeotliripidae. 

Phlceothrips olese Costa; Algiers, Italy, South America; attacks leaves, bloom and fruit and is an impor - 
tant pest in Italy according to Trabut 



INSECTS OF OLIVE AND ONION. 157 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cerambycldae. 

Vesperus mauretTTiicus Dry .; Algeria, Spain. (See Grape.) 
Curculionidae. 

Cionus, raxini De Geer; Europe; breeds on leaves. 

Ipidse. 

Phlciotribus olex Fabricius; barkbeetle; Southern Europe; Tunis; in nursery stock. 

Hylesinus fraxini Fabricius and H. olex Fabricius; Europe; breed in bark and wood. 

Hylesinus vestitus M. and R.; barkbeetle; Tunis, Corsica, Italy, Southern France; in Pistacia aud olive. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
CEcophoridse. 

(Ecophora oliviella Fahricius; Europe: infests fruit. 

LITERATURE. 

Trabut, L. La Defense Contre les Cochenilles, 1910, p. 88. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

ONION; SHALLOT; LEEK; GARLIC. 

(Allium spp. Liliacefie.) 

Bulbous root plants native of Asia domesticated for centuries and developed into 
many valuable varieties. 

A. BETTER KNOWN ONION INSECTS LIKELY TO BF IMPORTED. 

Chortophila cilicrura Rondani. 

(Shallot Fly. Anthomyidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Allium spp. (including shallot), asparagus, human excrement. 

Injury: Breeds in the plant stems. 

Description and biology: Male fly gray, with three brown stripes on scutellum, 
abdomen with deep black median stripe and brown segments; appendages black. 
Female lighter; length 4.5 mm. Maggot dirty white, with 14 teeth on apical margin 
of stigmal plate. 

Distrihidion: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 427. 

H< Hylemyla antiqua Meigen. 

(Onion Maggot. Anthomyidae; Diptera.) 
Host: Onions. 

Injury: Serious injury to the roots. 

Description and biology: Fly black, thickly dusted with gray, with dark flecks and 
stripes; legs piceous black; length 6.5 mm. Maggot yellowish, 5-6 mm. long. 
Distribution: Europe. Introduced into United States. 

SoRAUEK, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 430, fig. 

262. 
Smith, J. B. New Jersey Exp. Sta. 1907, Bui. 200, pp. 10-15, figs. 1, 8, 11. 

* Eumerus strigatus Fabricius. 

(Onion Fly. Syrpliidse; Diptera.) 

Host: Onions, Iris. 

Injury: Breeds in the stems and bulbs. 

Description and biology: Fly green; abdomen with gray hairy lunules at apex and at 
sides of the first three segments; antennge dark; length 6-7.5 mm. Maggot grayish 
yellow. Pupa sometimes in soil, sometimes in flower shaft. 

Distribution: Europe. Reported present in this country, by Felt, from Iris roots 
at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 434. 



158 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

B. IMPORTANT ONION INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Curculionidae. 

Hypcra nlgrirostris Fabricius, H. ononidis Chevrolat; Europe. (See Clover.) 
Brachycerldae. 

Brachycerus nlbidentatus Gylleiihal; Europe; breeds in roots of Allium sativum and A. ascalonicum. 
Brachycerus corrosus Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in roots of Allium roscum. 
Brachycerus pradicri Fairmaire; Europe; breeds in roots ot Allium sphserocephalum. 
Brachycerus undatus Fabrieius, breeds in roots oi Allium roseum. 

ORACHE. 

(Atriplex hortensis. Family Chenopodiaceee.) 
Plants cultivated for their succulent vegetation. 

IMPORTANT ORACHE INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Chrysoiuelldse. 

Cassida nebulosa Linnaeus. (See Beet.) 

DIPTERA. 
Anthoinyidje. 

^ ChorlopMla (Pegomya) hyoscyami Panzer. (See Beet.) 

ORCHIDS. 

(Family Orchidacefe.) 

Many species of orchids are imported by florists from all parts of the tropical 
and semitropical regions. Several important pests have been taken in quarantine. 

IMPORTANT ORCHID INSECTS. 

ACARINA. 
Tyroglyphidse. 

Rhizoglyphus (Coepophagus) cchinopus F. & R. (See Potato.) 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Armored— 

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) alicnus Newstead; London, England. 
:^Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock; Central America. 

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) portoriccnsis Lindinger; Venezuela. 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) coloralus Cockerell; Guatemala. 
^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Mexico. 
>^Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis Cockerell; Trinidad, Venezuela, Grenada, Central America, Jamaica, 

Antigua, Colombia. 
iif^Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis var. cattleyse Cockerell; Jamaica. 

Diaspis cattlcyx Coc\:eTei\: Mexico, England. 

Fiorinia stricta Maskell; New Zealand. 

Furcaspis occanica Lindinger; Venezuela. 

Lepidosaphes cocculi Green; Philippine Islands. 

Lepidosaphes pallida Green; Java. 

Parlatoria mytilaspiformis Green; Hawaii. 
:^Parlatoria proteus Curtis; India, Brazil, Japan, Philippine Islands, Burma, United States. 
Hi^ Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Lindinger; India, Philippine Islands, Singapore. Has been introduced into 
the United States on mangos. 

Pinnaspis longula Leonard!; Straits Settlements. 
Unarmored — 

Asterolccanium aureum Boisduval; Ceylon, West Indies. 

Asterolecanium cpidendri Bouche; Central America, South Anlerica, Samoa. 

Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii. 

Coccus minimus Newstead; Straits Settlements. 

Pseudococcus glaucus Maskell; New Zealand. 
■^Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood; Venezuela, British Isles, Massachusetts, Indiana, California. 



INSECTS OF ORCHIDS AND PALMS. 



159 



LEPIDOPTERA. 
Castnildae. 

Castnia liens Drury; South America. (See Sugar cane.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Curculionidse. 

H< Cholus forbesi Pascoe, and H< Cholus cattlei/se Champion have been introduced on orchids. 

PALMS. 

The palms yield some very important articles of commerce, such as coconuts 
and dates, and are also considered very valuable as orna- 
mental plants. 

For convenience the pests of the coconut palm (Cocos 
nucifera), the date palm {Phanix dactylifera), the royal 
palm (Oreodoxa regia), the sago palm (Cycas revoluta), and 
the toddy palm {Phoenix sylvestris) are treated under this 
heading. 

A. BETTER KNOWN PAL3I INSECTS LIKELY TO BE 
IMPORTED. 

Aleurodicus destructor Mackie. 
(Coconut White Fly. Ale^Todidse; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Coconut palms. 

Injury: Has the appearance of being a serious coconut 
enemy. 

Biology: Eggs are laid on undersurface of the leaflets, 
where the young larvae locate. Life history much the 
same as Dialeurodes citri R. and H. (See Citrus.) (See 
text fig. 77.) 

Distribution: Philippines. 

Mackie, D. B.: Philippine Agricultural Review, vol. 5, 
No. 3, 1912. 

Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker. 

(The Coconut Leaf Moth. Zygsenidee; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Coconut palm and royal palm {Oreodoxa 
regia) . 

Injury: Larvae injurious to foliage, giving the trees a 
sickly api^earance. 

Description and biology: Adult female, head and thorax 
steel-blue; abdomen and legs ocherous, primary veins 
deep unicolorous steel-blue, secondaries iridescent steel- 
blue; wing expanse about 16 mm. Eggs deposited on 
under surface of leaflets, usually near the base. Upon 
hatching, which requires about 4 or 5 days, the larvae 
begin feeding around the egg shell , gradually proceeding in 
a longitudinal line up the leaf, nibbling on the epidermal 
cells on the under surface of the leaflet; are full grown in 
3 or 4 weeks, when they return to the base of the leaves 
and construct a white cocoon within which to pupate; the adults appear in about 
7 days. 

Distribution: Fiji. 
Jepson, Feank p. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Council Paper No. 25, 1911. p. 35. 




Fig. 77.— Coconut white fly 
(Aleurodicus destructor): 
Adult white fly, enlarged, 
at bottom. (Mackie.) 



160 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus. 
(Rhinoceros Beetle. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Palm, aloes, sugar cane (occasionally). 

Injury: Destructive to coconut palm in Malacca, Singapore, and Madras. May be 
introduced in plants. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle large thickset, about 5 cm. long; and 25 mm. 
broad ; color dark brown to black. The adults feed upon the soft tissues and unopened 
leaves of palms. Larvae are found in decomposed vegetable matter and soil rich in 
humus about plant roots. Pupa is inclosed in hard case. The eggs are white but 
become dull with age; measure 3.5 mm. by 2 mm.; oval. 

Distribution: Ceylon, India, Siam, Annam, Pahang, Sumatra, Java, Celebes. 
Ceram, Amboina, Philippine Islands, Formosa, Korea, China, Straits Settlements, 
Tahiti, Madras, Malabar. 

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 207. 

Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 255. 

Ghosh, C. C. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., 1911, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 193. 

. Promecotheca cumingil Baly. 

(The Coconut Leaf Miner Beetle. Hispidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Coconut {Cocos nucifera). 

Injury: Mines the leaves in larval stage; adults also feed on leaves. May be intro- 
duced in leaves of nursery stock. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle 7.5-10 mm. long and 1.6-2 mm. wide, general 
color, brown ocher; head small, elytral striae finely punctate. Eggs deposited singly 
on underside of leaflets in a small hole made by the adult; entire larval and pupal 
periods spent in the leaf between the lower and upper epidermis. More injury is 
occasioned by the larva than by the adult. Tissues which have been attacked soon 
become l)rowu and die. Egg stage about 32 days, and pupal stage about 7.5 days. 

Distribution: Philippine Islands. 
Jones, Chas. R. The Philippine Agric. Review, 1913, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 228. 

Promecotheca reichei. 

(Coconut Leaf Miner. Hispidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Coconut palm. 

Injury: Damage occasioned by the pest is usually local, but affected trees appear 
brown and unhealthy when viewed from a distance. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle length 8 mm., breadth 2 mm.; general color 
golden; head quadrangular in shape and provided with powerful mandibles; thorax 
golden, basal third of elytra golden and remainder metallic blue. Eggs are deposited 
singly on under surface of leaflets; larvee on hatching make their way into the leaf and 
tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces, feeding on the fleshy cells; pupate 
usually at extreme end of tunnel passage; pupal stage lasts from 18 to 20 days. 

Distribution: Fiji. 
Jepson, Frank B. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Council Paper No. 25, 1911, p. 39. 

Brontispa froggatti Sharp. 

(The Leaf Hispa. Hispidse; Coleoptera.) 
Host: Coconut palm. 

Injury: Very injurious to young coconut groves in Solomon Islands. Liable to be 
imported on growing plants. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXI. 




A Palm Weevil. 

The palm weevil (,Rliynchophorus palmarum): 1 a-d, Adult; 2 a-e, larva; 3 a, 6, pupa; 4, cocoon 

(Blandford.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXII. 





The Palm Scale. 
*The palm scale (Phoenicococcus marlatti). (Original, 



PALM INSECTS. 



161 



Description and biology: Adult beetle about 12 mm. long from tip of antennae to tip 
of abdomen, shining black, head small, antennae 11-jointed, thorax almost square, 
slightly hollowed on sides. Eggs deposited in the folds of the opening fronds. Larvae 
feed on surface of leaf and the adult also injures the foliage. 

Distribution: New Britain and Solomon Islands. 
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Science Bui. 2, 1912, p. 24. 
Bhynchopliorus ferruglneus Fabricius (slgnaticollis Chevrolat). 
(Red Palm Weevil. Calendridse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Coconut palm {Cocas nucifera), toddy palm {Phoenix sylvestris), and date 
palm {Phoenix dactylifera) . 

Injury: Destructive to palms in India, Straits Settlements, and Ceylon. Liable to 
be introduced in plants. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil, brown with conspicuous curved beak; about 
37 mm. long. E'grg's laid singly in tissues of palm tree. Lnrv »: oi\ hatching timnel 
in the soft tissues, gradually 
working into the stem; pu- 
pate in a cocoon of twisted 
fibers within the plant. (See 
text fig. 78.) 

Distribution: India, Cey- 
lon, Straits Settlements, 
Andaman Islands, Persian 
Gulf, Philippine Islands. 

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. In- 
dian Insect Pests, 1906, 
p. 208. 

Stebbixg, E. p. Indian 
Forest Pests, Coleoptera, 
1914, pp. 444, 445; figs. 
292, 293. 

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. 
Agric, New South Wales, 
Science Bui., 2, p. 19, 
August, 1912. 

Banks, Charles S. The 
Principal Insects Attack- 
ing the Coconut Palm, 
1906, Pts. I and II, p. 
154. 

Ghosh, C. C. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., 1911, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 205. 




Fig. 78. 



Red palm weevil {Rhynchophorus /(rrugiiuus): Adults, 
cocoon. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



Rhynchophorus palmarum Linnjeus. 
(The Palm Weevil. Calendridse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Palm and sugar cane. 

Injury: Reported to be very serious in British Honduras. 

Description and biology: A very large reddish weevil. Eggs are deposited in tissues 
of food plant: larva spends entire existence as a borer, and when full grown pupates 
in a rough cocoon constructed of fibers without leaving the plant. (See plate xxxi.) 

Distribution: British Honduras, Trinidad, Lesser Antilles, Brazil, Cayenne, Suri- 
nam, and possibly generally distributed over tropical coast of South America and 
Central America. 

55266—17^—11 



162 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 38, 1902, pp. 23-25. 
Urich, F. W. Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago, 1912, vol. 11, p. 70. 
Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 107. 
Blandford, Walter F. H. Kew Bulletin, February-March, 1893, pp. 27-60. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT PALM INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus pangoensis D. & F.; Samoa; coconut husks. 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Brazil, West Africa, Venezuela, Mexico; coconut. 
(See Coffee.) 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; West Africa, German East Africa, Japan, Venezuela, 
Brazil; coconut, sago palm. (See text fig. 32.) 

Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) linearis Hempel; Brazil. 

Aspidiotus (Hemibcrlesia) palmx Morgan and Cockerell; East and West Africa, West Indies, 
Azores, Brazil: coconut. 

Aspidiotus (Hemibcrlesia) simillimus CockereW; Australia. 
:if Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock; Florida, Mexico, Brazil; coconut. (See Avocado.) 

Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; British Guiana, Porto Rico, Mexico; coconut. 
(See Olive.) 

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) propsimus Banks; Philippines. 

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) scuti/ormis Cockerell; Central America. 

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ansei Green; Seychelles; Cocos micifera. 

Aspidiotus fissidens var. pluridcntatus Lindinger; German East Africa. 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) oricntalis Newstead; German East Africa. 

Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock; Italy, German East Africa, Brazil. 

Aspidiotus varians Lindinger; German East Africa, Madagascar. 

Chionaspis inday Banks; Philippines. 

Chionaspis subsfriata Newstead; Uganda, British East Africa. 

Chionaspis samoana D. & F.; Samoa. 

Cryptaspidus nucum Lindinger; Madagascar. 
:^Diaspis zamix Morgan; Germany, Colorado, Wisconsin (in greenhouses), Italy. 

Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger; Caroline Islands. 

Lepidosaphes mcgregori Banks; Philippines. 

Lepidosaphes unicolor Banks; Philippines. 

Lepidosaphes duponti Green; Seychelles; Cocos nucifera. 

Leucodiaspis cockerelli de Charmoy; German East Africa, Brazil, Venezuela. 

Parlatoria blanchardii Targioni-Tozzetti; Australia, Algeria, Sahara, Egypt, Arabia; date palm. 
(See pi. 5, fig. 3.) 

Parlatoria grceni Banks; Philippines. 
:^ Parlatoria proteus Curtis; Brazil, Jamaica, Australia. 

Parlatoria mytilaspiformis Green. 

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) cockerelli Cooley; China; sago palm. 

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green; India. (See Mango.) 

Pinnaspis buxi Bouche; British Guiana, Trinidad, West Indies, Togoland, German East .\frica 
coconut. (See Betel nut.) 
■^Poliaspis cycadis Comstock. 
Unarmored— 

Asterolecanium ceriferum Green; Ceylon- 

Asterolecanium lineare Lindinger; Brazil. 

Asterolecanium palmx Cockerell. 

Asterolecanium urichi Cockerell. 

Asterolecanium hilli Green; Australia; Livistona humulis. 

Ceroplastes actiniformis Green: Ceylon. 

Ceroplastes myricx Limiaeus; South Africa, India, Europe (m greenhouses). 

Ceroplastes rubcns Maskell: Australia, Hawaii, Japan. 

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus: cosmopolitan; tea, citrus, pahns (see pi. II, fig. 4). 

Coccus acutissimios Green; Ceylon: coconut, sago. 

Dactylopius coccus Costa; Canary Islands. 

Halimococcus lampas Cockerell. 

Icerya montserratensis RUey and Howard; West Indies, Grenada, Mexico. (See Citrus.) 

Icerya seychellarum Westwood. (See Citrus.) 

Lecanium pseudexpansum Green; Australia; Pandanus odoratissimus. 

Paralecanium cocophylUe Banks; Philippines. 
:^Phcenicococcus marlatti Cockeieli; Algeria, Egypt, Sahara; date palm. (See pi. XXXII.) 



INSECTS OP PALM, PANAMA RUBBER, PAPAYA. 163 

C occidse— Continued. 
Unarmored— Continued. 

Pseudococcus cocotis Maskell; Guam. 

Pseudococcus dubia Newstead; Barbados, Grenada. 

Pseudococcus pandani Cockerell; Fiji; coconut. 

Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mexico; coconut. 

Rhkcecus falcifer Kiinckel; Algeria, Sicily. 

Rhizacus (?) terrestris Newstead; London (greenhouse). 

Ripersia palmarum Ehrhorn; Hawaii; Cocos nucifera, Areca lutescens. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Calendridse. 

Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval; Hawaii, etc. (See Sugar Cane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralldae. 

^Ephestia cautella Walker; Egypt; breeds in half ripe dates. (Gough, L. H.: The Agric. Journ. 
Egypt, vol. 3, 1914, pp. 104-105.) 

Lycsenidse. 

Virachola livia Klug; Egypt; breeds in dates (Gough, 1. c, p. 105). 

Tlneldse. 

Ere iinetis flavistriata \Va\shigha.m; Hawaii. (See Sugar Cane. ) 

Zygaenidse. 

Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker; Fiji. (See Royal palm.) 

PANAMA RUBBER. 

(Castilloa elastica. Family Moraceae.) 
African, Mexican, and Central American trees yielding rubber. 

A PANAMA-RUBBER INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Inesida leprosa Fabricius. 
(Castilloa Borer. Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Panama rubber ( Castilloa elastica) . 

Injury: Very serious borer. In West Africa it has almost ruined Castilloa culture. 

Description and biology: Beetle brown, venter and greater part of elytra covered with 
yellowish brown scales; a black triangle on lateral margin of each elytron beyond 
middle; humeri of elytra strong and coarsely punctured; length 25-35 mm. Larva 
5 cm. long, with large clypeus. Eggs laid at base of trunk. Pupates in larval tunnel. 

Distribution: West and East Africa. 
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 502, 503. 

PAPAYA. 

(Carica papaya. Family Passifloraceae.) 
A tropical fruit-bearing tree grown in Florida. 

IMPORTANT PAPAYA INSECTS. 

TIEMIPTERA. 
Coccidee. 

Aspidiotus destructor Signorct; Amani, Africa. 
Pseudoparlatoria ostrinta Cockerell; Cuba. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Calendridse. 

Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval. (See Sugar cane.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Carica papaya and C. quercifolia. (See Fruit.) 
% Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker; papaya fruit fly; West Indies, Florida (F. Knab and W. W. 
Yothers, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 2, pp. -147-453, 2 plates. 



164 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

PAKA PLUM. 
{Spondias spp. Family Anacardiacese.) 
AN IMPORTANT PARA-PLUM INSECT. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Anasfrepha fratercultiK Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 

PARA RUBBER. 

(Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Family Euphorbiacese.) 

This tree produces the Para rubber of commerce, or caoutchouc. It grows in 
Brazil and Guiana, and attempts have been made to grow it in Florida. 

IMPORTANT PARA-RUBBER INSECT. 

ISOPTERA. 
Termltidse. 

Coptotermes gcstroi Wasmann, white ant; India; destroys the roots. 

PARSLEY. 

{Carum petroselinum. Family Umbelliferee.) 
An herb cultivated for its foliage, much used as a garnish. 

AN IMPORTANT PARSLEY INSECT. 

LEPIPOPTERA. 
Pyralidae. 

>|< Pionmferrugalix IFiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) 

PARSNIP. 

{Pastinaca sativa Linnaeus. Family Umbelliferae.) 
The parsnip is grown in Europe and America, and, being a root crop, is liable at 
any time to introduce root pests. 

IMPORTANT PARSNIP INSECTS. 

ACARINA. 
Tyroglyphidae. 

■^Rhizoglyphus ( Coepophagus) crhinnpns F. and R. (See Potato.) 

I.EPIDOPTERA. 
Gelechiidae. 

Dcpressaria nervosa IIw. and D. depresseUn Tlubner; Europe; attack buds and flower heads. 

PIPTERA. 
Agromyzidae. 

Plu/tirrnjra affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) 
Trypetldae. 

Acidia hcmcUi I.inniseus: Europe. (See Celery.) 

PEA. 

(Pisum sativum. Family Leguminosse.) 
The various varieties of peas are grown extensively in Europe and America. Some 
of the pests of the peas, such as the weevils, have been very widely distributed by 
commerce. (See Bean.) 



PEA INSECTS. 165 

A. BETTER KNOWN PEA INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

* Etiella zlnckenella Treitschke. 
(Pea Pod Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Peas, bean, Sann hemp (Crotalaria) . 

Injury: Breeds in the pods. 

Description and biology: Adult, moth mth wing expanse 18-30 mm., pale rufous; 
forewing.s gray brown, with white marginal fascia and a transverse rufous bar, hind- 
wing with brown suffusions and lines. Pupa in spindleform cocoon. Larva l)ores 
in the pods of legumes. 

DistribuXion: Europe, Africa, Asia, West Indies, California, Colorado, Texas, Florida, 
Oklahoma, nearly cosmopolitan. 

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 204. 
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entom., bul. 82, pp. 25-28, 1909. 

Laspeyrcsla (Grapholitha) spp. 
(Pea Moths. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Species: L. c?orsa?ia Fabricius; Europe; peas, beans, Orobus tuberosus , and Trifolium 
pratense. L. nebritana Treitschke; Sudan; lentils, field peas, wild legumes. >]<Z,. 
nigricana Stephens; Europe and Canada since 1893; peas. 

Injury: Bore in the pods. 

Description and biology: Moths, brownish; dorsana vnih crescentiform white spots 

on forewings; nigricana a little smaller than nebritana, the latter with two curved lines 

near tip on each forewing. Larvae bore in pods. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 281, 282, 

283, figs. 205-206. 

Contarlnla pisl Winn. 

(Pea Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae] ; Diptera.) 
Hosts: Pea. 

Injury: Breeds in the hulls of peas, impairing or destroying the yield. 
Description: Midge, yellow, thorax banded with brown, antennae black; length 
2 mm. Maggot white, 3 mm. long. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 446, 447. 
B. OTHER IMPORTANT PEA INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididae. 

>|c Macrosiphum pisi Kaltenbach. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Elateridse. 

Agriotcs lineatus Linnfeus. (See Tobacco.) 

Mylabrldae (Bruchidse). 

jf: Mylabrls rufimanus Boheman, California, >t; M. pisorum Linnaeus, M. lentis Frolichs, M. pallidicornis 
Boheman, -^Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, ■Jf^Pachymerus chinensis Linnaeus, >|< P. quadrimaculatus 
Fabrieius; attack seed. (See Beans.) 
Curculionidae. 

Sitona lineata Linnteus, ^S. flavescens Marsh, and :Ji^S. hispidula Fabrieius; Europe. (See Clover.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lycaenidae. 

Zizera labradus Godt.; Australia; attacks pods. (See Beans.) 

DIPTERA. 
Agromyzidae. 

Phytomyza affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) 



166 A MANUAL OF DANGEKOUS INSECTS. 

PEACH; ALMOND. 

(Amygdalus spp. Family Rosaceae.) 

Delicious fruit-bearing trees of temperate and warm climates. The almond pit is 
much sold as a nut. 

A. BETTER KNOWN PEACH INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Uracanthus acutus Blackburn. 

(Oerambycidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Peach, apricot, plum. 

Description and biology: Adult, length about 14 mm. ; color obscure ferruginous; 
covered with short pubesence. 
Distribution: Australia. 

Blackburn, T. Proc. Linn. See. New South Wales, ser. 2, 1889, vol. 4, p. 451. 

Conogethes punctUeralis Gu^rin. 

(Northern Peach Moth. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Peach. 
Injury: Infests the fruit. 

Description: Adult, wing expanse 21-25 mm., bright yellow, thickly mottled with 
black spots. Pupa dark reddish brown. Pupates on side of peach stone. Larva, 
length 20 mm., cylindrical, with a few erect hairs; color dirty white, almost liidden 
by pinkish markings. Attacks ripening fruit, eating and webbing surface. Eggs 
deposited on half -grown peaches. 

Distribution: Australia. 
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 273. 

Tryon, Henry. Ann. Kept. Dept. Agri. for years 1889-90, p. 75. Brisbane, Queens- 
land, 1890. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT PEACH INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii. 
:^Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) ostrexformis Curtis; British Isles. 

Diaspis leperii Signoret; Europe. 

Diaspis squamosus Newstead and Theobald; Egypt. 
>(c Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Europe. 

Parlatoria affinis Newstead; Algeria. 

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Algeria, Italy. 
■^Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Gomstock); Brazil, Mexico. 
Unarmored— 

Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China. 
^ Lecanium persicse (Fabricius); Europe. 

Lecanium rujosum Signoret; France, Germany. 

Lecanium vini Bouche; Europe. 
Lygeeidse. 

Nysius vinitoT Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Elateridse. 

Agriotes Uneatus Luingeus. (See Tobacco.) 

Bostrychidae. 

A pate monachus Fabricius; Africa, West Indies, attacks almond. (See Citrus.) 

Chrysomelidae. 

Auiacophora olivierei Gu6rin, leaf beetle; Australia. (See Cuciu-bits.) 



INSECTS OF PEACH AND PEAE. 167 

-trachyrhinidse. 

Brachyrhinus ligustici LinnfEus; Europe. (See Grape.) 
Brachyrhinus corruptor Host; Italy; attacks almond. (See Grape.) 

Scolytidae. 

Scolytus amygdali Gu^rin; Mediterranean region; bark beetle in almond and apricot trees, very in- 
jurious. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Xyloryctldae. 

Cryptophaga unipunctata Donovan; Australia. (See Plum, Cherry.) 

Pyralldae. 

DichocTOcis punctiferalis Gu6n6e; Queensland. (See Com.) 

DIPTERA. 

Trypetldae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks peach and almond. (See Fruit.) 
Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus persicse Rig.; India. (See Fruit.) 
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 

PEAK. 

{Pyrus communis, etc. Family Rosaceae.) 

Fruit trees native of south-central Europe and Asia and much cultivated in this 
country for their delicious fruits. 

A. BETTER KNOWN PEAR INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Psylla pyrisuga Forster. 

(The Large Pear Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Pear. 

Injury: Quite injurious in middle Europe and Japan. 

Description and biology: Adult marked with black and red, wings yellow. Female 
about 3.5 mm. and male 2.5 mm. in length. Winters in adult condition under bark 
scales of the trees. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups in hairs of leaf and flower 
stems or on leaves. Nymph is dark yellow in color, with waxy secretion. The foUage 
is distorted and leaves rolled up; also the young branches are killed and young fruit 
destroyed . 

Distribution: Europe, Japan. 

Henchel, G. a. O. Did Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaimi-Insekten, 1895, p. 490. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 647. 

Stephanltis pyrl Fabricius. 
(The Pear Tingis. Tingitidse; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Pear, apple. 

Injury : Serious pest to pear and apple in Europe. 

Description and biology: Adult, about 3 mm. long; body flat and covered with rela- 
tively large wings of a beautiful lace network; lobes of same pattern extend from 
each side of prothorax; general color brownish, with dark bands across wings. 
Nymph oval in outline, pale greenish in color and abdominal segments each with a 
spine on each side; two transverse dusky bands on bodies of older individuals. Eggs 
ovate, oblong, greenish white in color, 0.6 mm. long. Adults winter around base of 
host plants, reproducing in spring on under surface of leaves, where all stages may 



168 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



be found at same time during summer. Badly infested leaves become yellow, then 
brown, and die. (See text fig. 79.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Costa, Achille. Insetti nocivi all' Agricoltura, 1879, p. 166. 
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie Agraria, 1911, p. 82. 

Nephopteryx rubrizonella Ragonot. 

(Pear Fruit Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Pear. 

Injury: Destroys yearly 30 to 40 per cent of fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 25 mm. Forewing grayish brown to 
grayish black, crossed by two equidistant irregularly pinnated grayish-bordered 
black lines; outer margin and basal half much deeper in color; hindwing dark gray; 
thorax colored like forewing, abdomen paler. Two brooded; first occurs in July, 
second in September and October. Fupa, deep reddish brown. Pupates in core of 




Fig. 79.— Tliepeartingis(Sf(-p7(oni«i«pj/n): a, Injured leaf; 6,d,nymphal stages; f, much enlarged hair; 

/, adult. (Costa.) 

fruit. Larva, length 20 mm.; spindle-shaped, color pinkish brown; attacks core of 
fruit. Stage lasts three weeks or more. Eggs, deposited on lower surface of twigs, 
about 20 in a mass, covered by a white silk web. 

Distribution: Japan. 
Matsumura, M. U. S. Dept. Agric, Div. Ent., Bui. 10, 1898, p. 38. 

Dasyneura pyrl Bouch^. 

(Pear Leaf-Curling Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiida)] ; Diptera.) 

Host: Pear. 

Injury: Rolls edges of leaves. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 2 mm. Brown, with limpid wings and tawny 
palpi. Occurs in spring. Pupates in the soil. Whitish maggots. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 350. 



PEAR INSECTS. 169 

Janus compressus Fabricius. 

(The Bud-stinger. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) 

Host: Pear. 

Injury: Hollows out medullary caual in twigs. 

Description and biology: Adult male, length 7 mm.; color black, with a transverse 
yellow band on thorax; abdomen entirely yellow; female 8 mm.; blackish, with three 
yellow spots on thorax and circle of red on abdomen. Occurs in May. One genera- 
tion. Pupates in spring in gallery in shoot. Larva, length 6 mm.; white; makes 
gallery in twig. Winters in this stage in lower part of gallery. Eggs placed in buds. 

Distribu tion : Eiu'ope . 
Genaux, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 304. 
MuTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 189. 

Pamphilius flavlventris Retz. 
(Social Pear Sawfiy. Tenthi-edinidse; Hymenoptera.) 

Hosts: Pear, plum, cherry, white thorn, and other rosaceous plants. 

Injury: Considerable damage. Strips foliage from trees. 

Description and biology: Adult, female, black; antennte and legs yellowish; abdo- 
men tawny at apex, with yellow triangular mark on sides of segments; ventrally 
bands of yellow; male, abdomen reddish yellow from second segment to apex; lower 
part of head yellow; wing expanse 8-12 mm. Pupates in cocoon in soil. Larva, 
length 25 mm.; orange yellow; head black; two black spots on second segment; has 
no prolegs: spins tent over leaves on which it feeds; winters in cocoon; may suspend 
development and remain in soil over a second winter. Eggs are deposited on under 
surface of leaves in groups of 30 to 60. Incubation requires 6 or 7 days. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 338. 

IMPORTANT PEAR INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; Africa. 
>^Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Germany. 
■:^ Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ostreasfor mis Cnitis; Europe, Canada. 

Aspidiotus pectinatus Lindinger; South Africa. 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) pyri Lichtenstein; France, Switzerland. 
i^Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti; South Africa, Australia, Italy. 

Diaspis pyri Colv^e; Spain, Germany. 

Diaspis santali Maskell; New Zealand. 

Diaspis squamosus Newstead and Theobald; Great Britain. 
>^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Germany, Italy, France, Russia. 

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Spain, Victoria, New South Wales. 

Parlatoria pyri Marlatt; China. 
Unarmored — 

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan. 
:^Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni-Tozzetti; England, France, Sweden, Italy, Germany. 

Lecanium caprcx Linnseus; Europe, Nova Scotia. 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe, Algeria. 

Lecanium glandi Kuwana; Japan. 

Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China. 

Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, Germany. 

Lecanium tilix Linnseus; Europe. 

Lecanium vini Boueh6; Europe. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidse. 

■:i(^AgTilus sinuatus Olivier; Europe; Introduced into United States; borer. 

CerambycIdaB. 

Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly; Europe; borer. 
Liopus nebulosus Linnaeus; Elurope; borer. 



170 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Curculionidae. 

Magdalis cerasi Linnaeus; Europe; bores in branches. 

Anthonomus pomorum Linnaeus; Europe; bud weevil. (See Apple.) 

Anthonomus pedicularius Linnaeus, A. pyri Boheman, and A. spinotus Redtenbacher; Europe; bud 

weevils. 
Leptops kopei Schonberr; Victoria. (See Apple.) 

ScolytidsB. 

Scolylus pruni Ratzeburg; Europe. (See Plum.) 
Taphrorychus bicolor Herbst; Europe; galleries in trees. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Laslocampidse . 

Gastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus. (See Fruit.) 

Geometridse. 

Anisopteryz xscularia Schlflermiller. (See Forests.) 

Cossldae. 

Cossus tristis Dru.; Africa. (See Apple.) 

Tortricldse. 

Capua angustiorana Haworth; Europe, Asia, Africa. (See Apricot.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredlnldse. 

Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe. (See Plum.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 

Itonldldae. 

^ Coniarinia pyrivora Riley; Europe, North America; gall midge. 

PERSIMMON. 

(Diospyros spp. Family Ebenacese.) 
Fruit trees of the tropics, of which several species are cultivated in this country. 

IMPORTANT PERSIMMON INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotiis {Aonidia) ebeni Leonard!; Ceylon. 
Unarmored — 

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Japan; Diospyros kaki. 

Coccus bicruciatus Green; Ceylon; Diospyros cbenum. 

Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell; Japan; Diospyros kaki. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Diospyros kaki, the Japanese persimmon. (See Fruit.) 
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Diospyros kaki. (See Fruit.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cosmoptorygidse. 

Kakivoria flavofasciata Nagano: Japan; injures fruit. 

PINE. 

(Pinus spp . Family Pinaceae . ) 

Evergreen resiniferous trees distributed throughout the northern hemisphere; in 
.the tropical and subtropical regions they are confined to the mountains. They are 
very valuable timber trees and many of them yield tiu-pentine, tar, pitch from the 
trunk, and medicinal oils from the leaves and young shoots. Edible seeds are pro- 
duced by some. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. 



INSECTS OP PINEAPPLE^ PISTACHIO, AND PLANE TEEE. 171 

PINEAPPLE. 

(Ananas sativus. Family Bromeliacese.) 

A plant indigenous to America but now cultivated in Hawaii and other parts of 

the world. 

IMPORTANT PINEAPPLE INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus{ Targionia)bromclix 'Leonardi; England, Seychelles. 
Unarmored — 

Pseudococcus ananassx Knwana; Japan. 

Pseudococcus brevipes Cockerell; Jamaica, Antigua, Dominica. 

Pseudococcus bromeliie Bonche; Hawaii. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Tineidae. 

Ereunetis flavistriata Walsingham; Hawaii. (See Sugar cane.) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Dacus xanthodes Broun. (See Fruit.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Calandridae. 

Metamasim ritchiei Marshall; Jamaica. (Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 7, p. 197.) 

PISTACHIO. 

{Pistacia vera, etc. Family Anacardiaceae.) 

A nut-bearing tree of Asia and Europe, cultivated in California. 

IMPORTANT PISTACHIO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccid%. 

Armored— 

Diaspis geiinadiiljeovmrdv, Greece, Italy. 

Leucaspis pistacix Lindinger; Cyprus; Pistacia lentiscus. 
Unarmored — 

Ceroplastes rusci Linnfeus; Pistacia lentiscus, P. terebinthus. 

PLANE TREE; BUTTONWOOD; SYCAMORE. 

(Platanus spp. Family Platanacese.) 
Ornamental deciduous trees of America, Europe, and Asia, valued for their dense 

Rll3,0 P 

IMPORTANT SYCAMORE INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anoblidse. 

Xestobium rufoviUosum DeGeer; England; bores in wood of old-standing trees. 

Scarabseidse. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M, melolontha Linnaeus, Europe; larvfe injure roots of seedlings. 

Cerambycidse. 

.Eolesthes sarta Solsky; India; bores in trunfcs of Platanus orientalis. 

fpldae. 

Anisandrus dispar YahTicius; Germany; ambrosia beetle. 

LITERATURE. 

LiNDiNOEE, L. Die Schildlauso (Coccidan), 1912. 

NDssLix, O. Leitfaden der Forstiasektenkimde, 2d ed., 1913. 

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. 

Stebbing, E. p.' Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 



172 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS, 

PLANTAIN. 

(See Banana.) 

PLUM; CHERRY; PRUNE. 

(Prunus spp. Family Rosaceae.) 

Deciduous trees of the northern hemisphere, with showy flowers and delicious 
fruits, of which many horticultural varieties are cultivated in this country. 

A. BETTER KNOWN PLUM INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

* Eriophyes spp. 
(Plum Blister Mites. Eriopliyidse; Acarina.) 

Species: :^E. phloeocoptes Nalepa; Europe, North America; Prunus domestica, P. 
insititia, P. spinosa. E. similis Nalepa; Europe; Prunus armeniaca, P. chamaecerasus, P. 
domestica, P. insititia, P. spinosa. :^E. padi Nalepa; Europe, North America; Prunus 
padas. P. domestica, P. spinosa. 

Injury: Form different kinds of blister galls on plum trees and are quite injurious. 
These fom--legged blister mites are so small that they are easily transported on nursery 
stock, hence the wide distribution. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 125-127. 

Psylla pruni Scopoli. 
(The Plum Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Plum, Prunus spinosa; P. insititia. 

Injury: Not at present an important pest. 

Description and biology: Adult, thorax marked with red and brown; abdomen with 
broad brown bands on sides and back; wings dark brown. Development and gen- 
erations similar to P. pyrisuga. (See Pear.) 

Distribution: Europe, Siberia. 
Henchel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 490. 

Peltophora pedicillata Kirby. 

(The Cherry Bug. Pentatomidse; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry; strong-scented flowering shrubs; wild fig. 

Injury: Probably not at present important. 

Description and biology: Adult, about 12 mm. long; bright metallic green in color 
with black spots on dorsum. The greater part of ventral surface, edges of thorax, 
and two blotches at base of scutellum bright coral red. 

Distribution: Australia (New South Wales to North Queensland). 
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 327. 

Diphucephala colaspidoides Gyllenhal. 
(The Cherry Green Beetle. Scarabaeidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry and other fruit trees; shrubs. 

Injury: Very serious at times. Defoliation by adults. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 8 mm.; metallic green; smooth; elytra 
deeply marked with punctured striae. Damage done in this stage. Larva feeds on 
roots of various plants. Not of economic importance. (See plate xxxiii.) 

Distribution: Southern Australia. 
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1893, pt. 2, p. 27. 



INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHERRY. 



173 



Rhynchltes coeruleus De Geer. 

(Twig Cutter. Rhynchitidse ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Apple. 

Injury: Cuts off apple shoots. Only nursery stock and bush trees attacked. 

Description and biologij: Adult, length 3-4 mm.; deep blue, shiny, clothed with 
long, upright fuscous pubescence; antennae, legs, and rostrum black; elytra, with 
deep punctured strise. Appear in spring and feed on leaves. Pupate in soil. Larvx 
white, feed about a month, then enter 
soil. Eggs placed singly in soft shoots 
2 to 4 inches from tips. Shoots cut off 
below place of oviposition. (See text 
fig. 80.) 

Distribution: Europe. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 
1909, p. 117. 

Rhynchltes cupreus Liunseus. 

(Plum Borer. Rhynchitidse; 
Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Plum, prune, cherry. 

Injury: Attacks young fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 
3^ mm., color bronze-copper. Occurs 
in autumn, hibernates in this stage and 
reappears in early spring. Pupates in 
ground. Larva develops in fruit, causing 
it to fall. Eggs are placed singly in 
young fruit at base of peduncle. (See 
text fig. 81.) 

Distribution: Europe. 
Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen 

Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, 

p. 81. 

Brachyrhlnus laevigatus Fabricius (Otlorhynchus). 

(Brachyrhinidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Plum. 

Injury: To buds and young twigs. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 6-6.5 mm.; black, shining, without hairs; 
neck-shield rather flat, disk punctured; wing covers finely furrowed. 

Distribution: Middle Europe. 
Henschel, G. A. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 109. 

Magdalis armigera Geoflroy. 

(Plum Stem Piercer. CurcuUonidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Plum. 

Injury: To twigs and foliage. 

Description aiid biology: Adult, length 3.5— i. 5 mm.; color, dull black; neck shield 
with thorn-like projections near fore margin, 4-cornered, hardly as wide as long, 
finely punctate; elytra strigose punctate, space between punctations flat; beak shorter 
than neck shield. Adult attacks leaves. Larva develops in twig. Pupates in 
burrow. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 94. 




Fig. 80.— Plum twig-cutter (Rhynchites ( 
Adult and injury. (Theobald.) 



174 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Curcullo cerasorum Herbst (Balaninus). 

(Cherry Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Cherry. 

Injury: To fruit. 

Description and biology: Adult, length 3-3.5 mm.; color clear brownish red; eyes 
black; prothorax and ventral surface covered with golden hairlike scales. Larva 
eats out cherry pit. Pupation takes place in pit. 

Distribution: Germany. 

Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 91. 

Anthonomus rectirostris Linnaeus. 

(Curculionidte; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry and other fruits. 
Injury: Attacks the fruit. 




Fig. 8L — Flnm horer (Rhynchites ciipreus): Adult and injury. (Henschel.) 

Description and biology: Larva feeds on seeds, preventing fruit from ripening. 
Eggs are deposited in young fruit. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d. ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 556. 

Scolytus assimills Boheman. 

(Scolytidee; Coleoptera.) 
Host: Plum. 

Injury: Attacks bark and sapwood. Very destructive. 
Description: Habits similar to S. rugulosus. 
Distribution: Argentina. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 572. 

Scolytus pruni Ratzeburg. 

(Scolytidse; Coleoptera.) 
Hosts: Plum, pear, apple. 
Injury: Destroys many trees, makes galleries under bark. 



INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHEERY. 



175 



Description and biology: Adult, length 4 mm.; head and thorax black, elytra chest- 
nut. Appears in June (France). Pwpafes in spring, iarmi galleries perpendicular 
to maternal gallery. Eggs deposited in gallery under bark of weakened trees. 

Distribution: Europe. 
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 168. 
GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 340. 
Coleophora anatipennella Hiibner. 
(Cherry Tree Case-Bearer. Elachistidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry, apple, sloe. 

Injury: Serious attacks at intervals of a few years; feeds on buds and early foliage. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewinge creamy white with 

scattered fuscous scales 
noticeable toward tips, 
fringe white ; hind wings 
dusky, with long gray 
fringes. Occurs July to 
August. Pupa pale 
brown in color; pupation 
takes place in its case; 
period 3 or 4 weeks. 
Larva, length 12 mm.; 
reddish brown to orange 
with dark-brown shiny 
head. Larval case pis- 
tol-shaped, dark brown 
to black, with white 
border around mouth. 
Larvae may be found 
Eggs are deposited on under side of leaf. 




Fig. 82. 



-Cherry fruit moth (Argyrcsthia nitidella): Adult moth. 
(Theobald.) 



from August through the winter until June, 
hatching in 2 or 3 weeks. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 195. 

Argyresthia ephippella Fabricius. 
(Hyponomeutidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry, plum, hazel. 

Injury: Not seriously destructive. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewings ocherous brown, 
inner margin white, interrupted beyond middle by dark-brown spot, which can be 
traced across the wings as an oblique fascia terminating in the costa. Larva feeds 
on shoots, leaf, and blossom buds. 

Distribution: Europe. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 193. 
Argyresthia nitidella Fabricius. 

(Cherry Fruit Moth. Hyfionomeutidae ; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry, hawthorn. 

Injury: Seldom serious. Attack fruit just after it has set. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 11 mm.; forewings light brown, with 
white or cream colored inner margins; in middle there is a fascia of deeper brown color 
which terminates in tip of wings. Occurs in May ( Stainton ) . Cocoon dense and white ; 
pupal period about 15 days. Larva light green; head, first thoracic segment and legs 
brown. Eggs placed on shoots near flower bud. Overwinters in egg stage. (See 
text fig. 82.) 

Distribution: England. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 192. 



176 



A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 



Xylina omithopus Rott. 

(Gray Plum Owlet Moth. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Plum. 

Injury: Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult, forewing 15-17 mm. long; grayish white mixed 
with weak brownish. Occurs August and September (Germany). Pupates in July 
in earth. Larva 33 mm. long; blue-green in color, marked with white spots; three 
white dorsal lines; head whitish green. Overwinters as egg. 

Distribution: Europe. 

Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 361. 

Xylina socla Rott. 
(Brown Plum Owlet Moth. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Plum, elm, linden. 
Injury: Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult, forewing 17-20 mm. long; brown with a mixture of 
gray or rose color. Occiu-s August and September (Germany). Pupates in earth. 
Larva length 33 mm.; color apple-green; marked with 
white spots and a broad white dorsal stripe ; head shining 
gi'een. Overwinters as egg. 

Distribution: Europe. 
Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und 
Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 361. 

Laspeyresla funebrana Treitschke. 
(Red Plum Maggot. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Plum. 

Injury: Attacks fruit; damage not easy to detect. 
" (.'aterpillar plentiful in plum pies." (Stainton.) 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse about 12 
mm.; forewings purplish gray, clouded with smoky gray; 
at anal angle is an indistinct, ocellated patch, edged with 
pale gray and inclosing four black dots. Pupates in 
wliitish cocoon under rough bark or debris in spring. Pupa 
amber color. Larva, length 15 mm. , chestnut red in color, 
with sides yellowish or entirely deep red. Eggs, placed at 
base of fruit stalk, hatching in 10 days. (See text fig. 83.) 
Europe, Asia Minor. 




Fig. 83. — Red plum maggot (Las- 
peyresia funebrana): Moth and 
larva in fruit. (Henschel.) 



Distribution: 



Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 363. 

Laspeyresla woeberiana Schiflermiller. 
(Bark Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Prunus sp. and other fruits. 

Injury: Injiu^y to bark. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 16 mm., forewing dark brown, with 
rusty- yellow and lead-gray oblique lines; five white notches on fore margin, and a 
twisted lead line from the notches to the eye spot; speculum on a rusty-yellow ground, 
marked with black. Two broods, first May and June; second August and September 
(Germany). Pupa chestnut brown, pupates in larval gallery. Larva length 9 mm.; 
dirty green, red-headed, sjiarsely hairy. Feeds in galleries in bark; betrayed by 
masses of frass hanging out of air holes. Eggs placed in creAices in bark. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 283. 



U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXIII. 




A Destructive Cherry Insect. 

The cherry green beetle {Diphiicfphala colaspidoides): Adult, larva and injury (French.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXIV. 




The Cherry Borer. 
The cherry borer ( Cryptophaga unipuncta): Moth, larva, pupa, and injury. (French. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXV. 



/'■'•.. , "^ 



3 



4 






^ I Cfl '^ *I -^ .|| 









A Poplar Borer. 

Poplar borer {Molesthes sarta): Fig. 1.— Eggs. Fig. 2.— Empty egg. Figs. 3, 4, 5.— Larval stages. Figs. 
6, 7.— Pupa. Fig. 8.— Male. Fig. 9.— Females. (Stebbing.) 



U. S. Dept. of AgricjltL.re, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXVI, 



?^ 





k> 2 

Potato Weevil. Rhigopsidius tucumanus Heller. (Pierce.) 



INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHERRY, 177 

Cryptophaga unipunctata Donovan. 
(The Cherry Borer. Xyloryctidge; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Cherry, peach, honeysuckle. 

Injury: Very serious. Makes shallow tunnels in branches of trees. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 37 mm.; a white satiny moth; front 
of head, antennae, and a dot on forewings, black. Larva, length, 50 mm.; pinkish 
white, hairy; covers entrance to burrow with silken web in which collects the sawdust- 
like excrement. (See plate xxxiv.) 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 113. 
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 277. 

Olethreutes pruniana Hiibner. 

(Plum Bud-moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Prunus sp. 

Injury: To buds and shoots. 

Description and biology: Adult, forewing 7-8 mm.; from middle of fore margin to 
inner angle, bluish black, mixed with brownish black; border third golden white 
clouded with brownish gray; apical point deep black; palpi grayish black; occurs 
June and July (Germany). Pupates in grass, or between leaves sewed together, 
during latter part of May. Larva, length 20 mm.; gi-eenish yellow, head white, 
divided thoracic shield and anal lobes shining black; feeds in shoots and developing 
leaves drawn together; occurs in spring until middle of May. Eggs placed singly on 
buds. Overwdnters in egg stage. 

Distribution: Europe. 

Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schiidlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 418. 
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 176. 

Hoplocampa f ulvicornis Panzer. 
(Plum Fruit Sawfly. Tenthredinida> : Hymenoptera. ) 

Host: Plum. 

Injury: Frequently causes considerable damage. Attacks fruit and eats out 
interior. Causes fruit to fall. 

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse less than 8 mm.; color black, with 
yellow, yellowish-red or reddish-brown legs. Pupates in soil in brownish cocoon. 
Larva, length 12 mm.; creamy-white, sometimes slightly pinkish; head brov\n; 
caudal end somewhat attenuated and slightly curved. Eggs minute, greenish white 
and transparent; placed in unopened blossom: hatch in a few days. (See text, 
fig. 84.) 

Distribution: Fngland, EiU'ope. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 376. 

Prophorus padi Linnseus. 
( Plum Leaf Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) 

Hosts: Plum, pear, hawthorn, bramble, mountain ash, birch. 

Injiiry: Important. Defoliation. 

Description and biology: Adult, female, color mainly black; thorax shiny, covered 
with grayish brown and two dull white spots; abdomen with scattered, pale, very 
fine hairs; legs white, except middle of femora, apex of tibia and posterior tarsus, 
55266—17 12 



ViS 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



w hich are black. Two broods, frequently three. First brood occurs in May, second 

bout middle of June. (England.) Active during warmest part of day. Pupa 

ale gray. Pupates in ground; period 9 to 12 days. Larva, green or grayish green, 

with almost wlaite sides; head usually pale dull orange brown. Larval stage of first 

brood lasts 3 weeks; second brood overwinters in soil. Eggs are placed on under 

urface of leaves. Incubation requires 8 days. (See text fig. 85.) 

Distribution: England, Europe. 

7i ici^ii. ] . \. Irsfd Tff1f d Iivif. ^fff. p. 372. 




Fig. 84.— The plum fruit sawfly (HoplocampafuMcornis): Adult, larva, and injury. (Ent.TidsV.) 
B. OTHER IMPORTANT PLUM AND CHERRY INSECTS. 



HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) pitavinus Berlese; Italy; Prunus cerasus. 
^Diaspis psntagoni, Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy, Japan, Cape Colony; Prunus cerasus, P. pseudoccrasus, 

P. armeniaca, P. laurocerasus. 
Unarmored— 

Kuwania parva Maskell; Japan; Prunus cerasus. 

Lecanium cerasi Ga&fhs; Germany, England; Prunus cerasus. 

Lecanium cerasorum Coikex^W: Japan; Prunus cerasus. 

Lecaniumc^ryVi Linai3as; Ejrops; Prunus cerasus, P. armeniaca,, P. avium, P.domestica,P.insititiat 
P. laurocerasus, P. padus, P. spinosa. 



INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHEREY. 



179 



Coccidae— Continued. 
Unarmored— Continued. 
Lccanium rugosum Sie.noret; France, Germany; Prunus cerasus. 
Lecanium prunastri Fonscolombe; plum, peach (see pi. iv, fig. 3). 

Pii'vimria hetulx Llnnieas; Denmark, England, Switzerland; Prunus cerasus, P. armcniaai, 
domestica. 

Lygaeldae. 

iV/s;Ms innltor Barirotli; Australia; plum and cUerry. (See Fruit.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychldae. 

Ap^tc m-ymchus Fabri?ius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.) 

Buprestidae. 

C I pnoiis tenebrionis hinnmis; Europe; botes in Prunus spinosa. 

Ceranibycldae. 

Sapcrda scalaris Linnajus; 

Europe; borer in cherry 

trees. 
Liopus nebulosus L i n n a? u s ; 

Europe; borer in cherry 

trees. 
UracanthusacutusBlackhurn; 

Europe. (See Peach.) 

Curcullonldae. 

Leptopshopci Schonherr; Vic- 
toria. (See Apple.) 
Magdalis carbonaria Linnseus; 

Europe; plum. (See Birch.) 
Magdalis cerasi Linna;us, and 

M. pruni Linnaeus; Europe; 

bore under bark of cherry 

and plum. 
Curculio herbsti Gemminger 

(Balaninus); Europe; 

breeds in fruit of cherry 

and plum. 
Curculio rubidus Gyllenhal 

(Balaninus); Europe; breeds 

in fruit of plum. 
Anthonomus druparum Lin- 
naeus; Europe; breeds in 

buds of plum and cherry. 
Scolytidae. 

Scolytus mali Bechst; Europe; 

bores in trunk and branches 

of plum. 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuidse. 

Diloba cxruleocephala Lin- 

naeus; Europe; plum, 

cherry. (See Apple.) 
Xyloryctidae. 

Cryptophaga uni punctata 

Donovan; Australia; bores 

in cherry trees. 

Tortricidae. 

Laspeyresia prunivorana Ragonot; Europe; breeds in fruit. 
Olethreutes variegana Hiibner, Europe; feeds on buds and shoots. 

Geometridae. 

Hibernia rupicapraria Hiibner; Europe. (See Fruit.) 

Anisopteryz xscularia SchiSermillev; Europe. (See Forests.) 

Bislonhirtarius CI.; Europe; defoliator. 

CXeimiloYn boreata Hiibner, and C. brumata Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators 

La^iocampidse. 

Gastropacha quercifolia I-lnneeus; Europe. (See Fruit.) 

Lymantrlidae. 

Teia anartoides Walker; Australia; cherry. (See Fruit.) 




Fig. 85. 



-Plum leaf sawfly (Priophorus padi); Adult and injured leaf. 
(Theobald.) 



180 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Hypononieutidae. 

^ Hyponomeuta malinellus Zeller and ^H. padellus Linnseus; Europe; introduced in United States; 

cherry. (See Apple.) 
^Argyresthia conjugella Zeller; Europe, British Columbia, Japan; attacks fruit of cherry and plum. 
(See Apple.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Tenthredinidae. 

Pamphilius flaviventris Retz.: Europe. (See Pear.) 
Hoplocampa rutilicornis Panzer, sawfly; mines in fruit; Europe. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks fruit of Prunus cerasus. (See Fruit.) 
Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Japanese plum. (See Fruit.) 
Anastrephaludens hoew.; Mexico. (See Fruit.) 

POMEGRANATE. 

(Punica granatum. Family Lythraceae.) 

A fruit-bearing tree of Asia, extensively cultivated throughout the world. Propa- 
gated by cuttings and seed. 

IMPORTANT POMEGRANATE INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lycaenidae. 

Virachola insocrates Fahricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.) 

Virachola livia Klug, the pomegranate butterfly; Egypt; larvse attacks fruit (Gough, L. H.: The 
Agric. Journ. Egypt, vol. 3, 1914, p. 105, pi. 8, figs. 5-7.) 

Pyralldae. 

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Miller; Egypt; breeds in fruit (Gough, 1. c, p. 104). 

POPLAR; ASPEN; COTTONWOOD. 

(Popuhis spp. Family Salicacea?.) 
Soft-wooded trees of the Northern Hemisphere, often used in landscape gardening. 

A. BETTER KNOWN POPLAR INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Saperda spp. 
(Poplar Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) 

Species: S. carcharias Linnaeus, poplar borer; Europe; poplar, willow, aspen. S. 
populnea Linnseus, aspen borer; Europe, Siberia, United States Pacific coast; aspen, 
poplar, willow. S. scalaris Linnseus; Europe; aspen, walnut, cherry, apple, beech. 

Injury: The first two are very injurious species. 

Biology: The egg is laid in the bark and the larva first bores in the bark but later 
goes into the wood. It pupates in the larval tunnel. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 505, 506. 

Trochllium spp. 

(Hornet Moths. Sesiidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Species: T. apiforynis Clerck; Europe; -po-plar (Populus nigra, P. canadensis); aspen 
(Populus tremula L.); ash. T. amnatixforme; India; Populus euphratica. 

Injury: Bore in wood. 

Description and biology: Moths clear winged, wasplike in appearance. Larva bores 
in wood. Pupates in cell of frass near exterior. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 327. 
NiissLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsectenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 317, 318, fig. 

269, a. 
Stebbing, E. p. Manual Forest Zoology India, 1908, pp. 124, 125, fig. 255. 



POPLAR INSECTS. 181 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT POPLAR INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Apliididse. 

Pemphigus bursarius Linnaeus; Europe; foliage. 

Pemphigus immunis and P. napceus; India; attacks the twigs of Populus euphrafica and P. tremula. 

Pemphigus filaginis Fonsc. (marsupialis Koch); Europe; forms pocket-shaped galls on the midrib of 

leaves of poplar. 
Pemphigus vesicalis Koch: Europe; foliage of Populus alba. 
Asiphum tremulx De Geer; Europe; attacks young shoots, leaves and petioles of aspen (Populus 

tremula). 

Coccidae. 

Armored — 

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Populus balsamifera, P. monilifera, P. nigra, P. tremula. 

Crypthemichionaspis africana Newstead; Egypt. 
Unarmored — 

Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Italy. 

Pulvinaria bctulx Linnaeus; Europe; Populus alba, P. nigra, P. tremula. 

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Populus alba, P. tremula, P. virginiana. 

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe; Populus alba, P. tremula. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anobiidse. 

Ptilinus fuscus Geoffroy; Europe; bores in dead wood of standing living trees. 

Buprestidae. 

^■Agrilus viridis Linnasus (see Oak) and A. sexguttatus Brahm.; Europe, bore in bark and branches of 
poplars and aspens. 
Capnodis miliaris Klug; India; bores in Populus euphratica. 
Pceciionota variolosa Paykull; Europe; bores in bark of poplar and aspen. 
Melanophila picta Pallas; South Europe, Algeria; bores in wood of young poplars. 

Scarabseidse. 

Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of small plants. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaus; Europe; larvse attaek roots of seedlings. 

Ceranibycidae. 

.Eolesthis sarta Solsky; India; bores in Populus alba and P. euphratica. (See pi. XXXV.) 

Lamia teiior Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark and larger cuttings of poplar and aspen. 

Saperda carcharias Linnffius,S.scaZorJ« Linnaeus and >^ S. populnca, Linnaeus; Europe; bore in branches 

and trunk. The latter occurs on our Pacific Coast. (See text fig. 86.) 
Xylotrcchus rusticus Linnseus; Russia; bores in bark and sapwood. 
Purpuriisccnus wachanrui I^evrat; Baluchistan; bores in Populus ciliata. 

Chrysoinelldae. 

:^ Phyllodecta vitellinx Lumaeus; Europe, America; leaf beetle. (See Willow.) 
Crcpidodera aurata Marsham; Europe; leaf beetle on Populus laurifolia and P. alba. (See Willow.) 

Curculionidae. 

Orchestes salicis Linneeus; Europe; mines the leaves. 

Orchestes populi Fabricius; Europe; mines the leaves ot Populus nigra and P. dilatata. 
>(c Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus; Europe, Eastern United States; breeds in the stems and twigs. 

Ipidse. 

Xyleborus cry'ptophagus Ratzeburg; Germany ; ambrosia beetle of poplar and aspen. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidse. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus, goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 
yffiZeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Geometridae. 

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Linnaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators. 

Lasiocampida;. 

Eriogaster lanestris Linnaeus, and Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. 

Lyman triidse. 

■Jf^ Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnxus, ^Lymantria monachahhmieus. UpPorthetria disparl^hmisus, Porthesia 
similis Fuessly, Stilpnotia salicis Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) 

Sesiidae. 

Sciopteron iabaniformis Rott.; Europe; bores in base of trunk. 



182 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Cimbicidse. 

Cimber variabilis Klug, sawflj ; Europe; attacks leaves, and adults girdle twigs. 
Pseudoclavellaria amerinx Linnaeus, a sawfly; Europe; attacks foliage. 

Ten thredinidse. 

Nematus (Crcesus) septentrionalis Linneeus and TricMocampus viminalis Fallen; Europe; sawflies. 




Fig. 86.— Poplar borer {Sapcrda popvlnca): Branch of aspen with galls containing larva, pupa, and 

adult. (3arbey.) 

DIPTERA. 
Itonididae (Cecidomyildae). 

Rhabdophaga saliciperda Dufour; Europe; attacks Popitlus alba. (See Willow.) 



INSECTS OP POl'LAE AND POTATO. 183 

LITERATURE. 

SoRAUEE, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkranklieiteii, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. 
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europe!, 1883-188". 
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidse), 1912. 

POTATO. 

{Solarium tuberosum Linnseus. Family Solanacese.) 

Although we grow many potatoes in the United States there has been a very large 
importation trade with other countries. Owing to the danger of introducing certain 
diseases especially, the Federal Horticultural Board has placed restrictions on the im- 
portation of potatoes. There are a number of important insect pests which need to 
be guarded against almost as closely as the diseases. 

A. BETTER KNOWN POTATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

H< Rhizoglyphus (Coepophagus) eclilnopus F. and R. 
(Potato Root Mite. Tyroglyphidae; Acarina.) 

Hosts: Potato, parsnip, tulips, lilies, orchids, and many weeds. 

Injury: Very destructive to roots and tubers. 

Description and biology: A very tiny mite which breeds in roots and is quite destruc- 
tive. It may readily be transported with root crops. 

Distribution: France, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, Chile, Australia, California. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 109-111, 

figs. 82-86. 

Epilachna spp. 

(Potato Ladybird Beetles. CoccinelUdae; Coleoptera.) 

Species: E. 28-maculata Motschulsky; China; potatoes, Solanum spp. E. 28- 
punctata Fabricius; Asia, Malaysia, Australia; Solanacese, Cucurbitacese. E. dode- 
castigma Mulsant; Asia, Malaysia. Australia; Solanacese Cucurbitacete. E. territa 
Mulsant; Java; Spanish peppers, Solanacese. E. pusillanina Mulsant; Java, Sola- 
nacese. E. phyto Mulsant; Java; Solanacese. E. guttato-pustulata Fabricius; Aus- 
tralia; potato. 

Injury: Attack foliage in larval and adult stage. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch dt-r Pflanzenkrankheiten, 2d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 477. 
Rhigopsidius tucumanus Heller. 
(Argentine Potato Weevil; Psaliduridse [Byrsopidse] ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Potato. 

Injury: Bores in potato, making it unfit for use. Has been received alive in the 
United States in South American'potatoes. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil, light brown or grayish, with roughened elytra 
and short broad beak which rests in a deep groove in front of the anterior legs. Length 
9 mm. Pupa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. 
Found in the potato. Larva white legless with chitinized brownish yellow head. 
Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvi.) 

Distribution: Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Chile. 
Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 350, 351, pis. 39-40. 



184 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Premnotrypes solani Pierce. 
(Peruvian Potato Weevil. Brachyrhinidae [Otiorhynchidae] ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Potato. 

Injury: Bores in the tubers. Has been received alive in the United States in 
potatoes from Peru. 

Description and biology: Adult wee^dl bronzy bro'wrn somewhat tuberculate -with the 
thorax narrower than the elytra ; beak moderately long. Length 7 mm. Pwpa white 
with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. Found in the potato. 
Larva white, legless, with chitinized brownish yellow head. Bores in the tubers. 
(See plate xxxvii, figs. 1, 2.) 

Distribution: Peru. 

Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 346, 349, text figs. 1, 2; 

pi. 41, figs. 1, 2. 

Trypopremnon latithorax Pierce. 

(Peruvian Potato Weevil. Brachyrhinidae [Otiorhynchidae] ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Potato. 

Injury: Bores in the tubers. Has been received alive in the United States in 
potatoes from Peru. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil brown, tuberculate, with a very broad pro- 
thorax, scrobes abruptly terminated behind, mandibles with a tooth beneath. Length 
6 mm. Pupa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. 
Found in the potato. Larva white, legless, with chitinized brownish yellow head. 
Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvii, fig. 3.) 

Distribution: Peru. 

Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 349-350, text fig. 3; 

pi. 4T, fig. 3. 

Hypera (Phytonomus) spp. 

(Potato Leaf Weevils. Curculionidee; Coleoptera.) 

Species: H. variabilis Herbst; breeds on the leaves of potato, clover, etc., and 
attacks bean, cabbage, service berries, Plantago lanceolata, Atriplex patula. H. 
crinita Boheman; Algeria and Tunis; breeds on potato. 

Injury: These are potentially important pests. Judging from the ease with which 
the clover pests of this genus have been imported it is important to guard against these 
weevils. 

Description and biology: Similar in form to the well-known clover-leaf weevil, 
Hypera punctata. The larvae feed externally on the leaves and pupate in silken 
cocoons. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT POTATO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Miridae (Capsidae). 

Pkytocoris pabulinus 'Linnxus; Europe; sucks juices of steins. 

Jassidse. 

Eupteryx solani Curtis; Europe; injures leaf. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bathyscia wollastoni J anson, the pigmy potato beetle; Europe, often a serious pest. 

Elateridse. 

Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) 
Lacon murinus Linnaeus; fiiuope; wireworm. 

Meloidse. 

ZonahrisfloTaUs Pallas, Z. H-punctata Pallas, Epicauta rufidorsum Goeze and E. sibirka Pallas, blister 
beetles; Europe; very destructive. 



INSECTS OF POTATO AND PEICKLY PEAE. 



185 



Curculionidse. 

Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe. (See Clover.) 

Besiantha nociva Lea; Australia; larvse and adults destroy young plants. (See Tomato.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Eucheliajacobeas, the cinnabar moth; Europe, injuriousi 

Sphlngidse. 

Acherontia atropos'Lianseus; death's head moth; Europe; larvse feed on potato. (See texi figs. 87, 88.) 

Heplalidse. 

Hepialus lupulinus Linnaeus; Europe; breeds at roots. 

Hepialus humuli Linnfeus; Europe. (See Hops.) , 




Fig. 87. — Death's-head hawk-moth ( A cherontia atropos): Adult somewhat reduced. (Kirliy.) 

Noctuidse. 

:^Hydr(rcia micacea Esp.; the rosy rustic; Europe, Canada; potato-stalk borer. 
Gortyna ochracea Hiibner; Europe; stalk borer. 
Gortyna flavago 'Newraan; Europe; stalk borer. 
Persectania evengi, Australia; climbing cutworm. 
Agrotis spina, Bugong moth; Australia; cutworm. 
Euxoa radians, Australia; cutworm. 
Euplexis nigerrima, Australia; cutworm. 

Pyralldae. 

Lineodes ochracea. 

Pachyzancla phxopteralis, Bermuda. 

DIPTERA. 
Sapromyzldae. 

Lonchxa splendida Loew, New Zealand, Australia, Oceanica. (See Tomato.) 

PRICKLY PEAR; TUNA; BARBARY FIG. 

(Opuntia STpp. Family Cactacese.) 
The common broad-leafed cacti or prickly pears often yields edible fruit. 



186 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



IMPORTANT PBICKLT-PEAB IXSECT. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidse. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Opuntia tuna, and 0. vulgaris. (See Fruit.) 

PURSLANE. 

(Portulaca oleracea. Family Portulacacese.) 

LEPIDjOPTERA. 

Low, fleshy, perennial or annual herbs mostly American. The purslane is culti- 
vated for its edible foliage. Other species are cultivated for their flowers. 

IMPORTANT PURSLANE INSECT. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralldae. 

:+; Hellula undalis Fabricius; Europe, Australia, parts of United States. (See Cabbage.) 



.-^ 




Fig. S8.— Death's-head hawk-moth (ylf/if ro»^//a a/ropo«): Larva. (Kirby.) 

QUINCE. 

(Cydonia oblonga, etc. Family Rosaceae.) 

Ornamental shrubs and trees from Asia now widely cultivated. C. oblonga, the 
quince, yields a fruit used in preserves. C. japonica is much prized as an ornamental 
shrub . 

IMPORTANT QUINCE INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Lecanium rugosum Signoret; Europe. 
^Lecaniumpersicx¥&\>v\cms; Europe, Australia, California. 
Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe. 
Anpidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa. 



INSECTS OF QUINCE, RADISH, AND RAPE. 187 

COLEOPTERA. 
Curcullonldse. 

Magdalis barbicomis Latreille; Europe. (See Apple.) 
AfagdalispTuniUnnseus; Europe; bores under bark. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossldae. 

Cosstis tristis Dru.; Africa. (See Apple,) 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldae. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) 

RADISH. 

{Raphanus spp. Family Cruciforse.) 

Cultivated root crops native of Europe and Asia. Grown from seed. (See Cru- 
cifers.) 

A. A RADISH INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

^ Anthomyia radicum Mei!;en. 
(Radish FI5'. Anthomyidte; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Raphanus s]:)j) . (including radish), Brassica spp. (cabbage, etc.). 

Injury: Breeds in the roots. 

Description and biology: Male fly blackish, female ash gray; scutellum blackish 
with three black streaks; abdomen light gray, with black medium streak; undersides 
and face wliite in male, front triangle and all appendages black; wings clear; length 
4.5-5.5 mm. Maggot whitish, 6 mm. long. Pupates in soil. 

Distribution: Europe, and has been introduced into North America. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch dc-r Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 425. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT RADISH INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Curculionidae. 

Ceutorhynchus assimilis Fayknll; Europe; breeds in seed pod. 

Ceutorhynchus raphini Fabricius; Europe; breeds in stem. 

Ceutorhynchus robertii Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in crown gall on Raphanus raphanistrum. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidse. 

Evergestis eitimalis Sc. (See Rape.) 

RAPE. 

(Brassica napus Linnseus. Family Cruciferse.) 

An important forage and cover crop; also valuable for the oil compressed from 
the seed. 

A. BETTER KNOWN RAPE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Phyllotreta vlttula Redtenbacher. 
(Rape and Grain Beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts and injury: Mines leaves of Setaria; adults feed on beets and rape (Hungary); 
larva in base of stems of barley, rye, and wheat, causing much damage (Scandinavia; 
Russia) . 

Description: Beetle striped with yellow. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 525. 



188 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS, 



Psylliodes chrysocephala Linnaeus; PsylUodes napi Fabricius. 
(Rape Flea Beetles. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Crucifers, rape, cabbage, etc. 

Injury: Adults feed on foliage, flowers, and fruit. 

Biology: Eggs are laid in the leaf axils. Larvm bore into stem and roots. Breed 
continuously through season. 

Distribution: Europe. 

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 523. 

(f 

Evergestis extLmalis Sc. 

(Rape Seed Worm. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Rape, radish, cabbage. 

Injury: Feeds on the seed, spinning a web among the 
fruiting heads. 

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 26 mm., 
. forewings light yellow ochraceous, with two rusty-brown 
transverse lines, violet-gray fringe. Larva yellowish 
green, with lateral gray stripe and four dorsal rows of 
dark-brown spots; head and thoracic shield black; 
18 mm. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d 

ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 308. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT RAPE INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. ,.« 

Nitidulidae. 'Ss 

Meligethes xneva Fabricius: Europe: larvae feed on young sHbots. 

Curculionidae. 

Ceutorhynchus asuimilis Paykull: Europe: breeds in fruit. 
■^ Ceutorhynchus quadridtns Panzer: Europe: Long Island, N. Y. 

breeds in roots. 
Ceutorhynchus sulcicolUs: Europe; forms galls on roots. (See 

text fig. 89.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Hepialidse. 

Hepialus humvli Linnaeus; Europe. (See Hops.) 

DIPTERA. 
Fig. 89.— Galls of Ceutorhynchus Itonldidae. 
sulci colUs on rape. (Ritzema Dasyneura brasncx Winner; Europe; attacks fruit. (See 

Bos.) Cabbage.) 




See Blackberry. 



RASPBERRY. 
RATTAN. 

(Cakmtts spp. Family Palmaceae.) 

Palms of tropical Asia, some of wliich are used to furnish rattan canes. They make 
excellent conservatory plants. 

IMPORTANT RATTAN INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Lyctidae. 

Lyctus brunneus Stephens; Europe, Australia; bores in furniture and sapwood on unseasoned timber 



LITERATURE. 



Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907. 



INSECTS OF RHUBARB AND RICE. 189 

RHUBARB. 

{Rheum rhaponticum, etc. Family Polygonaceae.) 

Robust perennial herbs originating in Asia and Russia. The rhubarb plant has 
been developed into several garden varieties. Propagated by root division or from 
seed. 

IMPORTANT RHUBARB INSECTS, 

COLEOPTERA. 
Chrysomelldse. 

Chsetocnema concinna Marsh; flea-beetle; Europe. Phyllotreta nemorum Linnaeus; Europe. (See 
Crucifers.) 

Curcxillonldse. 

Hypera rumicis Linnseus; Europe; breeds on leaves. 

RICE. 

(Oryza sativa Linnseus. Graminese.) 

Rice is still an important product for importation in spite of the steadily increasing 
production in oiu" own country. The principal sources of importation are Japan, 
China, India, Mexico, and Honduras. The danger of importing rice insects is two- 
fold, through the grain itself, husked or unhusked, and its original containers, and 
through rice stalks used in packing fragile articles of commerce. The similarity of rice 
and grain insects lends importance to any rice pest introduced into the United States. 

A, RICE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Scboenobius bipunctUer Walker. 

(Rice Stem Borer. Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Rice. 

Injury: Bores in stalks, causing infertility. 

Description and biology: Adult moth, straw-yellow color, the forewings having one 
black dot on each. Body about one-half inch in length, wing expanse about 1 i^ich. 
Pupa in silken case in straw. Larva bores in the stalk and remains in the stubble from 
November to June. Eggs laid in clusters on the leaves, covered with hairs; hatch in a 
week. 

Distribution: India. 
S. K. Basu and H. L. Dutt. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913. Dept. 

Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, leaflet 6, pi. 6. 

Chilo auricilia Dudgeon. 
(Rice Stem Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Rice, sorghum, corn, sugar cane, Pennisetum. 

Injury: Bores in stems of grasses. 

Description and biology: Adult moth with metallic spots on fore wings. Larva 
wliitish with black head, thoracic shield and setigerous spots, and with purplish 
brown stripes. 

Distribution: India. 
Maxwell-Leproy, H. F. Mem. Dept. Agric. India. Ent. Ser., vol. 1, pt. 2. p. 197. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 316. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT RICE INSECTS. 

The rice plant has many pests which attack the leaves, stalks, and roots, but which 
are not very likely to be imported. It is, however, of importance to briefly mention 
these in view of unforeseen possibilities of importation. 



190 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



ORTHOPTERA. 
Acridiidse and Lociistldae. 

Hkroglyphus banian Fabricius; India. (See PI. XXXVIII.) 
Xiphidium varipenne; Hawaii. 
Oxya velox Fabricius; Hawaii, Formosa. 

Oxya intricata St&l, and RaciUa okinairemis Matsumura; Formosa and 
Orient. 

Gryllotalpidse. 

Gryllotalpa africana Beauvais; Hawaii, Africa, Formosa, Asia, .Aus- 
tralia, New Zealand. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Jassidae, Cereopidse and Fulgoridse. 

Deltocephalus dorsalis Motschulsky; Formosa. 

Tettigoniella. spectra Distant; India. (See text fig. 90.) 

Zygina subrufa Motschulskj' and Ptyelus costalis Walker; Formosa. 

Dktyophora sinica Walker, Diostrombus politus Uliler, Nisia atrovenosa 
Lethierry, Delphax furcifera Horvath, Zygina maculifrons Mot- 
schulsky, Cicadula fasciifrons St41, C. O-notata Fallen, Nephotettix 
apicalis Motschulsky, and Tctigonia viridis Linnaeus; Formosa and 
Orient. 

Capsidse. 

Fig. 90.— Rice leafhopper Lygus oryzx Matsumiu-a; Formosa, Orient. 

{Tettigoniella spectra): Coreidfe. 

Adult. (Maxwell-Le- Leptocorisa varicornis Fabricius; Japan, China, India, Philippines, 

fi"o>-) Ceylon. (See text fig. 91.) 

Pentatomidae. 

Aenaria leuHsi; Sa.-pan. 

Plantia affinis Dallas; New South Wales. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cucujidse. 

Lsemotmctus rhizophagoides\Xa\keT; Ceylon, Germany; injures dry rice and grain. 






Fig. 91. — Rice bug (Leptocorisa varicortus): Adult. 
(Maxwell-Lefroy.) 

Scarabaeidae. 

A nomala vitis Fabricius; India; root borer, 
Phyllognathus dionysius Fabricius; India; root destroyer. 

Chrysonielidae. 

Hispa xnescens Baly; Assam, Burma, Bengal, Malabar. 
Hispa callicantha: Japan. 



Fig. 92.— Rice leaf-beetle) Hispa aenes- 
cens): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



(See PI. XXXIX.) 



(See text f:g. 92.) 



INSECTS OF RICE AND ROSE. 



191 



Chrysomelidse — C ont inued. 

Chxtocnema basalis Baly; India; flea-beetle. (See text fig. 93.) 
Lema flavipes SulTrian; Japan. 

Curculionidae. 

Echinocncmis squameus Billberg; Formosa; root weevil. 
Hypomeces unicolor Fabricius; Java. 
LEPIDOPTERA. 

Pyralldae. 

Chilo simplex Butler; India, 

Formosa. (See Sugar cane.) 
Nymphula depunctalis Guenee; 

rice case bearer; India, Burma, 

Ceylon, Java, Australia; feeds 

on leaves. (See pi. XL.) 
Nymphula fluctuosalis Zeller; 

India. 
Melissoblaptes gu laris Zeller; 

Japanese grain moth; Japan, 

England; larvse injure stored 



Noctuidse. 

Prodenia litura Fabricius; India, 

Egypt; the cotton worm. 
Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval; 

Africa, Asia, Australia; army 

worm. 
Nonagria inferens Walker; 

Formosa, Orient. 

Hesperldse. 

Parnara mathias Fabricius; In- 
dia; the rice skipper. (See 
pi. XLI.) 

Gallerlldse. 

Paralipsa modesta Butler; Japan, 
Hawaii; larvjTinjurestored rice. 




Fig. 93. — Rice flea-beetle ( Chaetjcncma bisaHs): a, Adult, h, head, 
enlarged; c, hind leg, enlarged. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



ROSE. 

{Rosa spp. Family Rosacese.) 

Ornamental deciduous shrubs bearing beautiful flowers, much imported in 
nursery stock. 

A. AN IMPORTANT ROSE INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius and its var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse. 

(The Japanese Rose Beetle. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Rose trees, citrus, grape, cotton, sugarcane. 

Injury: Injurious to citrus, rose, grape, etc., in Hawaii, Rose trees in Fiji, and sugar 
cane in Java, devouring the foliage. The larvse feed at the roots. May be introduced 
in the soil. 

Biology: The adult is nocturnal in habit, hiding beneath the soil in the day and 
emerging in swarms at night. Larval stage, 17 days, pupal stage about 10 days, and 
egg stags from 6 to 8 days. 

Distribution: Hawaii, Fiji, Japan, Java. 
FuLLOWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 18, p. 11. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ROSE INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse. 

Unarmored — 
Lecanium pulchrum Marchal; Germany, Rosa arvensis. 
Lecanium perornatum Cockerell and Parr.; Austria; Posa canina. 



192 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Coccidje— Continued. 
Unarmored— Continued. 

Jcerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; Trinidad, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Nicaragua, Porto 
Rico. 

Icerya seychellarum Westwood; China, Mauritius, Natal, England. 

Lecaniodiaspis sardoa Targioni; Algeria. 

Shizcecus fulcifer Kiinckel; Algeria, Sicily. 
Armored — 

■^Leucas'pis japoniea Cockerell; Rosa Isvigata. Has been introduced and is established in the United 
States. 

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Peru. 

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi pinnulifera Maskell; Sicily, Italy, etc. 

Parlatoria ealianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Italy. 

Parlatoria proteus virescens Maskell; China, Japan, Formosa. 

Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) howreyi Cockerell; St. Thomas. 

Aspidiotus tayahanus Cockerell; Philippine Islands. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruit.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Buprestidse. 

.4(7rj/«s tjjridis Linnseus; Eiu-ope; breeds in stalks. (See Oak.) 
Clirysonielidse. . " 

Haltica quercetoTum Foudr.; Europe; attacks tea rose. (See Oak.) 
Cerambycidse. 

Vesperus strepens FsxhTitiins; France. (See Grape.) 
Brachyrhinidse. 

Diaprepes ahhreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometridse. 

A nisopteryx xscularia Schiflermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. 

Hibernia defoliaria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. 

Boarmia gemmaria BTahm.: Europe. (See Grape.) 
Lasiocanipidse. 

Malocosoma ncusiria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. 
Lymantriidse. 

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus and Euproctis chrysorrhaa Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest 
defoliators.) 
Notodontidse. 

Phalera bucepJiala Liimaeus; Europe. (See Forest.) 
Tortrlcidse. 

Notocelia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (See Gooseberry.) 

Pyralidae. 

:JfcPionea ferrugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Cephididse. 

Janus luteipes Lep., sawfly, boring in stems; Europe. 

Argldse. 

Arge rosx Linn., sawfly feeds on foliage; Europe. 

LITERATURE. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 

ROYAL PALM. 

(Oreodoxa regia. Family Palmacese.) 
An American palm of magnificent growth. (See Palms.) 

RUBBER. 

See Balota guttapercha; Fig(jF'imsspp.); Ceara rubber; Panama rubber; Para rub- 
ber; Silk rubber; West African rubber. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXVII. 




o o 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XXXVIII. 




A Destructive Rice Grasshopper. 

The rice grasshopper {Hieroglyphus banian): a, Eggs; 6-g, immature stages; h, adults; j, female laying 

eggs. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangeious Insects. 



Plate XXXIX. 




The Rice Root Grub. 

Rice root grub (P/i(/Ho<77iflMMS dionysius): o, Eggs; 6, c, c', larvae; d, d', d" , pupae; «,«', adults. (Max- 

well-Lefroy.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XL 




The Rice Case-Bearer. 



The rice case-bearer {Nymphula depunctalis): a, Larva; 6. pupa; c, pupa in cocoon; d, adult; e, e' 
larvse feeding, in cases; /,/', cocoon stems; g, g', larval cases. ( Maxwell- i^eiroy.) 



U. S.'Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of DangerousHnsects. 



Plate XLI. 




The Rice Skipper. 

The rice skipper {Parnara mathias): a, Eggs; 6, larva webbing leaf; c, full grown larva; c', pupa; 
d, d', d", adults; e, e', puparia of Tachinid flies; /, Ichneumonid parasite; g, g", aachmid parasite. 
(Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



INSECTS OF RUTABAGA, RYE, SAGO PALM, SAL. 193 

EUTABAGA. 

See Turnip, 

RYE. 

{Secale cereale Linnaeus. Family Gramineae.) 

This species as well as its near relatives is cultivated in Europe and Asia. For full 
treatment of its insect pests, see Grains and grasses. 

SAGO PALM. 

(Cycasrevoluta. Family Cy cad acese.) 
A palm-like plant of the Orient, much used in this country at funerals. (See Palms.) 

SAL. 

(Shorea spp. Family Dipterocarpacese.) 
Valuable timber trees of India. 

IMPORTANT SAL INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Scarabseldse. 

Scrica assamensis Brenske; India; adults defoliate and larvae attack the roots of Shorea robusta. 

Lepidiota bimaculata Saunders; India; adults feed on foliage oi Shorea robusta. 

Phyllophaga problematica Brenske (Lachnosterna), and P. dypeaUs Brenske; India; adults defoliate and 

larvse attack the roots of Shorea robusta. 
Hetcroplia varians Olivier; India; breeds at roots of Shorea robusta. 

Cucujidae. 

Lxviophlaus testaceus Fabricius; India; breeds under the bark of felled trees of Shorea robusta. 

Bostrychidae. 

Schistoceros anobioides Waterhouse; India; bores in trees of Shorea robusta. 

Heterobostrychus pileatus Lesne, and H. xqualis Waterhouse; India; bore in timber of Shorea robusta. 
Sinoxylon crassum Lesne; India; a serious borer in the wood Shorea robusta. 
Sinoiylon anale Lesne; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 
Buprestldse. 

Acmxodera stictipennis Laporte et Gory; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 

Chysobothris sexnotata Gory; India; bores in the bark, bast, and sapwood of branches of Shorea robusta. 

Psiloptera viridans Kerremans; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 

Elateridse. 

Ataus sculptus Westwood; India; bores in logs of Shorea robusta. 

Tenebrlonldae. 

Sctenis Ixvis Fairmaire, and S. semivalga Blair; India; bore in Shorea robusta. 

Cerambycidae. 

Acanthophorus serraticornis Olivier; India; tunnels bast and sapwood of Shorea robusta. 
Ccelosterna scabrata Fabricius; India; bores in sapwood of Shorea robusta. 
Phicxderus obesus Gahan; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 
.^olesthes holosericea Fabricius; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 

Biahges pauper Pascoe; India; bores in bast and sapwood felled and sickly trees of Shorea robusta. 
Hypoeschrus indicus Gahan; India; bores in sapwood of Shorea robusta. 

Hoploceratnbyx spinicornis Newman; India; bores in wood of sickly or felled trees of Shorea robusta. 
Xyloirechus smei Lap. et Gory; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 

Cossonidse. 

Coruirthrus jansoni Wollaston; India; bores in timber of Shorea robusta. 
Himatium asperum Marshall; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 

Ipidae. 

Sphxrotrypes assamensis Stebbing, S. globulus Blandford, S. siwalikensis Stebbing, Coccotrypes integer 
Eichhoff, and Dryoccetes minor Stebbing; India; make galleries in wood and bark of Shorea robusta. 

Xyleborus fallax Eichhofl, A', perforans Wollaston, X. bengalensis Stebbing, X. major Stebbing, 
X. schlichii Stebbing; India; bore in Shorea robusta. 

Xyleborus andrciresi Blandford; India; bores in Shorea talura. 

55266—17 13 



194 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Platypodldse. 

Crossotarsus saundersi Chapuis; India; bores in Sfiorea robusta. 
Platypus curtus Chapuis; India; bores in Shorea robusta. 
Platypus talurx Stebbing; India; bores in Shorea talura. 

Diapusfurtivus Sampson, D. quinquespinatus Chapuis, and D. mirus Sampson; India; bores in shorea 
robusta. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Geometrldae. 

Boarmia selanaria; India; feeds on young growth, leaves, and flowers. 

Lasiocampidse. 

Suuna concolor; India; defoliator. 
Trabala vishnu; India; defoliator. 
Basychira horsfcldi; India; defoliator. 
Leucoma diaphana: India; defoliator. • 

Lymantriidse. 

Lymantria grandis, L. lipcha, and L. brittata; India; defoUators. 

LITERATURE. 

Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 
Stebbing, E. P. A Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 

SAPODILLA. 

(Sideroxylon [Achras] sapota. Family Sapotaceae.) 

A fruit-bearing tree of the West Indies, central America, and northern South America, 
cultivated in southern Florida. 

IMPORTANT SAPODILLA INSECTS. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetldse. 

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) 
Anastrepha ludens Loew; Me.xico. (See Fruit.) 

SILK COTTON. 

(Bombnx malabaricum . Family Malvaceae.) 

Tropical trees. The bark of some species produces commercial fiber. 

IMPORTANT SILK COTTON INSECTS 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccirtae. 

Aspidoproctus giganteus Newstead; Africa; Ceiba bombaxi. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychidae. 

Heterobostrichus sequalis Waterhouse; India; bores in the wood. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Lymantriidse. 

Basychira horsfcldi; India; defoliator. 

Noctuidae. 

Mudaria cornifrons; India; breeds in the pods. 

LITERATURE. 

STEBBING, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 
STEBBING, E. P. Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. 

SILKY OAK. 

(GreviUea robusta. Family Proteaceae.) 

A valuable lawn tree with fine fern-leaved foliage, indigenous to .'Vustralia. but 
now cultivated in Florida and California. 



INSECTS OF SILKY OAK, SILK RUBBER, SISSU, SORGHUM. 195 

IMPORTANT SILKY OAK INSECTS. 

iSlsiotes notabllls Fascoe. 
(Silky Oak Weevil Borer. Curculionidse ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Silky oak (Grevillea rohusta), and kauri (Agathis australis). 

Injury: Bores in wood and is easily transported in logs. 

Description: A beautiful grayish weevil about 0.75 inch long, with brown and pinkish 
markings, humeri'and apical declivities of elytra acute angulate or toothed, thorax and 
elytra tuberculate. 

Distribution: Queensland, Victoria. 

French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, pp. 106-108, 

pi. 119. 

Xenocnema spinipes (Wallach) australiae Lea. 

(Spined Log Beetle. Cossonidse, Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Grevillea rohusta and Agathis australis (Dammara). 
Injury: Riddles the wood of logs. 

Description: A small brownish black elongate beetle. Found in large numbers 
under the bark and when the bark is removed they bore rapidly into the wood. 
Distribution: Queensland, introduced into Victoria. 

French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1911, pt. 5, pp. 126- 
128, pi. 124. 

SILK RUBBER; IRE. 

(Funtumia elastica [Kickxia]. Family Apocynaceae.) 

IMPORTANT SILK RUBBER INSECTS. 

(Silk Rubber Longicorns. Cerambycidae; Lamiinae; Coleoptera.) 

Species: Acridocephala bistriata Chevro\a,t; East and West Africa ; Funtumia elastica. 
Moecha adusta Har.; West and East Africa; cacao, Funtumia. Phryneta hecphora 
Thorns.; Kamerun, East Africa; Funtumia elastica. Phryneta coeca Chevrolat; Kame» 
run; Funtumia elastica. 

Injury: Bore in the wood. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 501, 502. 

SISSU. 
{Dalbergia sissoo. Family Leguminosse.) 
A tree of India, furnishing a very desirable timber. It is cultivated in California. 

IMPORTANT SISSU INSECT. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuldae. 

Plecoptera reflexa Guenee; India; defoliator. 

SORGHUM; KAFIR; DURRA; BROOM CORN. 

{Holcus sorghum Linnaeus. Family Gramineae.) 

Owing to the large number of useful varieties of this species throughout the world 
there is more or less commerce in the seed for propagation purposes at least. The 
dangers of importing injurious insects would consist mainly in the shipments of seed, 
although it is conceivable that boring insects might be introduced in brooms. 



196 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

IMPORTANT SORGHUM INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidse. 

Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.) 
Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.) 

Noctuidae. 

Sesamia cretica Led.; Sudan; attacks durra. (See Sugar cane.) 

SOY BEAN. 

{Glycine hispida Maxim. Family Leguminosse.) 

The soy bean was introduced into tliis country from the Orient. Care should be 
taken to see that seed pests are not introduced. 

AN IMPORTANT SOY-BEAN PEST. 

Laspeyresia glycinivorella Matsumura (GraphoUtha). 

(Soy Bean Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 
Host: Soy bean. 

Injury: Breeds in the pods'; very injurious. 
Description and biology: Similar to that of L. nebritana on peas. 
Distribution: Japan. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 284. 

SPINACH. 

(Spinada oleracea. Family Chenopodiacese.) 

An annual herb originating in Asia, now much cultivated for its edible foUage. 

AN IMPORTANT SPINACH INSECT. 

DIPTERA. 
Anthomyidse. 

>|< Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami Panzer (spinach leafminer). (See Beets.) 

SPRUCE. 

{Abies spp., Picea epp. Family Pinacese.) 

Ornamental evergreen trees of the cold and temperate zones of the northern hemi- 
sphere, highly valued for shade, parking, wind breaks, and hedges, and valuable for 
timber. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. 

STRAWBERRY. 

{Fragaria spp. Family Rosacese.) 
Low vines bearing delicious fruit, cultivated in Europe, and America especially. 

IMPORTANT STRAWBERRY INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphididse. 

MacTosiphum fragarix Koch; Europe; sucks juices. 
Macrosiphum fragariellum Theobald; Europe. 
Macrosiphum rogersii Theobald; England. 

Pentatomidae. 

Dlndymibs versicolor; Australia; injixrious. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Carabidse. 

Harpalus ruflcornis Fabrieius; Europe; attacks fruit. 

Pterostichus vulgaris Linn'cEUs; Europe; a wingless beetle, attacks fruit and also feeds on angleworms. 



INSECTS OF STRAWBERRY, SUGAR BEET, SUGAR CANE. 197 

Chrysomelidae. 

Galerucella tenella Linnseus; leaf beetle; Europe; sometimes causes serious damage, larvae and adults 
feed on leaves. 

Brachyrhlnidse. 

Brachyrhinus tenebricosus Herbst; Europe; larva feeds at roots, adults destroy buds and leaves. Several 

species of this genus have been introduced into the United States. 
Brachyrhinus picipes Fabricius; pitchy-legged weevil: Europe; injures strawberry, raspberry, pea, 

turnip, kale, ferns, potted plants. 

Curculionidse. 

Anthonomus rubi Herbst; Europe; larva attacks roots and ruimers, and adults destroy blossoms, buds 

and leaves. 
Rhinaria perdix Pascoe; Australia. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Psychldae. 

Psyche viciella Schiflermiller; Europe. 

LITERATURE. 

Ormerod, E. a. Injvu-ious Insects during 1897, pp. 111-112, 1898. 
Ormerod, E. A. 16th Kept., Injurious Insects, pp. 124-126. 
Curtis, John. Farm Insects, p. 383. 

SUGAR BEET. 

(See Beet.) 

SUGAR CANE. 

{Saccharum offidnarum Linnaeus. Family Graminese.) 

Sugar cane is an important product of the Southern States, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and 
the Philippines. It is grown in many parts of the world. Owing, however, to the 
great danger of transporting insect enemies in the seed cane, its importation into 
the United States, except through the Department of Agriculture, has been forbidden. 
There is still a great possibility of the spread of its enemies from outside into the 
islands. Some very important cane insects also attack corn. The sugar cane is host 
to a multitude of insects which feed on its foliage, suck its juices, or bore in its stems or 
roots. Many of these insects are not very likely to be imported, but in view of such a 
possibility are briefly mentioned. 

A. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS MKELT TO BE IMPORTED. 

Tetranychus exsiccator Zehntner. 

(Sugar-Cane Red Spider. Tetrauycliidse ; Acarina.) 

Host: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Sucks juices from the plant. 

Description and biology: A tiny red mite similar in structure and habits to our 
common red spider, Tetranychus bimaculatus. 
Distribution: Java. 

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 
282-287, pi. 39. 

Tomaspis varia Fabricius; Tomaspis postica Walker; Tomaspis lepidior Font. 

(Siigar-Cane Frog Hoppers. Cercopidse; Hemiptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, corn, grasses. 

Injury: Tomaspis varia is a serious pest in Trinidad; damage called "blight" con- 
sists of withering of leaves and stunting of stem. 

Description and biology: Adult Tomaspis varia, leafhopper 6-9 mm. long, with 
broad front wings; head and prothorax greenish, front wings brown with two yellow 
bands; undersides dark with sutures pinkish. The adults are not active in the day- 
time. They fly or hop when disturbed. Nymphal stages whitish with pink tinge; 




198 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

completely covered by spittle within which they suck on the juices of the plant. 
Eggs elongate, oval, laid separatelyin incisions in dead or withering cane leaves. The 
other two species are similar to T. varia. (See plate xlii.) 

Distribution: T. varia, Trinidad; T. postica, Mexico; T. lepidior, Panama. 
Urich, F. W. Board of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago. Cir. 9, 1913, 45 pp., 

9 pis., 7 text figs. 

Perkinsiella saccliaricida Kirkaldy. 

(Sugar-Cane Leafhopper. Fulgoridae; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Very serious drain on the vitality of the plant due to sucking of the juices. 
Liable to transportation on seed cane. 

Description and biology: A small yellowish leaf hopper differing in the various 

stages mainly in the development of 
the wing pads. Eggs laid in slits 
in the epidermis of the leaves and 
stalks of cane. The insect in all stages 
sucks the juices of the plant. (See plate 

XLIII.) 

Distribution: Hawaii, Australia. A 

r- c, w .T 1- n X-. /o. large number of this species were cap- 

FiG. 94.— West Indian Cane Fly (SienocrawMs soc- . . . . , . ^ 

charivora): Adult. (Baiiou.) ^^^^^'^ 1^ quarantine in shipments re- 

ceived at Washington from Hawaii. 

Van Dine, D. L. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta., Bui. 5, 1904, 29 pp., 8 figs. 
Stenocranus saccharivora Westwood. 
(West Indian Cane Fly. Fulgoridae; Hemiptera.) 

Host: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Very serious drain on vitality of plant due to sucking juices. Liable to 
transportation on seed cane. 

Description and biology: A little yellow leafhopper differing but little in the various 
stages. It is not often a serious pest but at times does much damage. (See text fig. 94.) 

Distribution: West Indies. 
Bassieres, Eugene. La Sucrerie Indigene et Coloniale, Paris, 1912, vol. 79, pp. 

27-32. 

Entochira lateralis Boheman. (Holanlara picescens Fairmaire). 

(The Bibitkever. Tenebrionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, tobacco. 

Injury: Bores in the stalks, causing much damage. It can easily be transported in 
seed cane. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle about 6 mm. long, black, with a brown metallic 
luster on the elytra. Pupa white, oval, acute at apex with many spiny tubercles on 
sides of abdomen. Larva an elongate brown wireworm with pointed apex, 10-11 mm. 
long. Bores in the stalks of cane near the nodes, and also bores in tobacco stems. 
Eggs less than 1 mm. long, oval, almost spherical. 

Distribution: Java. 
Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 

53-58, pi. 7. 
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 494. 



SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 199 

Apogonia destructor Ritsema Bos. 
(Javan Sugar-Cane Grub Beetle. Scarabaeidte ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, grasses, and various plants. 

Injury: Destructive in Java. Attacks the roots. 

Description and biology: Adult about 0.5 inch long, greenish black, of the general 
form of a June beetle. Pupa white, broad in front, tapering behind, with all appen- 
dages beneath. Larva white, usually in a curved position, with large yellow head 
and long legs. Lives at roots of plants, causing much damage. 

Distribution: Java. 

Van Deventer, W. Handbook voor de Suikerriet-cultuur Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 

282-287, plate 4. 

Apogonia ritsenise Sharp. 

(Javan Sugar-Cane Grub Beetle. Scarabaeidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, and other plants. 

Injury: Destructive to the roots. 

Description and biology: Adult reddish brown to blue-black. Somewhat smaller 
than A. destructor. Length 5-7 mm. Immature stages also similar. The larvae are 
very destructive to the roots. 

Distribution: Java. 

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 32, 33, 

pi. 5. ' 

Phytalus smlthl Arrow. 

(The Brown Hard-Back Beetle. Scarabaeidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Larva trims the small roots and is liable to transportation in the soil around 
cane plants. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle tawny red of the shape and appearance of a 
June beetle, 14-18 mm. long. Pupation occurs in a cell in the ground. Larva a 
white grub, usually curved, with large brownish head, and long legs; bores in the 
sugar-cane stumps. Eggs laid in the soil. 

Distribution: Mauritius, Barbados. Trinidad. Has been distributed in cane ship- 
ments. 
Arrow, G. J. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, 1912, pp. 455-459. 

Aphanlstichus consanguineus Ritsema Bos. 

(The Flat-Headed Leaf-Miner Beetle. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Mines the leaves. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle, 3.5 mm. long, black, head and prothorax 
with a bronzy tint. Pupa 3-5 mm. long, orange color, elongate elliptical, with all 
appendages beneath. Larva when full grown about 6 mm. long, orange colored, 
elongate, flattened, with sides crenulate. Eggs laid singly in the leaf. 

Distribution: Java. 

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 

46-53, pi. 6. 

Hispa wakkeri Zehntner. 

(Sugar-Cane Hispid Miner. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane. • 

Injury: Mines the leaves of sugar cane. 

Description and biplogy: Adult beetle 5-6 mm. long, black, bristling with strong 
spines. Pupa cylindrical, yellow or red brown in color, 6-7 mm. long, formed in 



200 



A MAN"UAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 




the leaf mine. Larva yellowish white, flattened, legless, with small brown head, 
brown prothoracic shields, and two apical teeth. Mines the leaves. 

Distribution: Java. 
Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 66-70, 

pi. 9. 

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus (spenglerl Linnaeus). 

(West Indian Sugar-Oane Root Borer. Brachyrhinidae [Otiorhyuchidse] ; 

Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, orange, guava, avocado, mango, rose, Indian corn, Guinea corn, 
sweet potatoes, Bahama grass {Gynodon dactijlon), limes, and other plants. 

Injurij: The larva does serious injury to the roots and the adult to the foliage. 
Liable to transmission in seed-cane shipment. 

Description and biology: Adult 8-18 mm. in length; variable in color from white to 
green and ochraceous, with from four to many denuded elytral striae beak thick, 

tricarinate, antennae elbowed. Pupa 19 mm. 
long, soft and white with a long thick beak. 
Larva long, white, curved, footless. Eggs ob- 
long, oval, smooth, white, laid in clusters on 
leaves and glued between two leaf surfaces. 
The larvae feed at the root system and tunnel 
the stalk of the plants above named. 

Distribution: Porto Rico to Barbados. (See 
plate XLviii.) 

Pierce, W. D. On Some West Indian Sugar- 
Oane Root-Boring Weevils. Journ. Agr. Re- 
search, U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 4, pp. 255-263, 
1915 (Plates XXXV to XXXVIII). 

Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus. 

(West Indian Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; 
Coleoptera.) 

Host: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Serious pest to the stalks of cane. 
Liable to importation in seed cane. 

Description and biology: Adult weevil about 
half an inch long, brown with dark markings 
on the thorax and elytra. The head is pro- 
longed into a long beak. Pupa white with ap- 
pendages folded beneath. It is formed inside a 
cocoon of fiber. Larva pale yellow, with brownish head, legless, wrinkled in appear- 
ance with the hind part of the body swollen; bores downward in the cane stalk. 
Eggs laid singly beneath the rind of the stalk or in the leaf sheaths. 

Distribution: West Indies, Trinidad. 
Van Dine. D. L. Porto Rico Sugar Growers' Association, 1911, Year Book. pp. 55-56. 

Metamasius sericeus Olivier. 

(Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Serious pest to cane stalks. Liable to importation in seed cane. 
Description and biology: Very similar in general appearance and habits to Metamasius 
hemipterus Linnaeus. (See text fig. 95.) 
Distribution: West Indies. 





Fig. 95.— Sugar-cane borer ( Metamasius 
sericeus) : a, Adult; b, larva; c, injury. 
(Ballou.) 



U.^S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



■Plate XLII. 




The Sugar-Cane Froghopper. 
The sugar-cane froghopper Tomaspis varia): Eggs, and egg punctures. (Urich.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerois Insects. 



Plate XLIII. 




The Sugar-Cane Leafhopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida). (Kirkaldy.) 



U. S. Dept. of AKriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XLIV. 




■^> V' '-^ \v -i^ 



/ 



Cane Borers. 

Cane borers. Figs, a, 9, m, s.— CWo simplex: Eggs, 
auriflua: Egg, larva, pupa, adults. Fig. g.—Si 
Nonagria uniformis: Larva, pupa, adults. , Figs^. 
Figs, e, k.— A nerast 




U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XLV. 




The Sugar-Cane Leaf-Roller. 

The sugar-cane leaf-roller (Omiodes accepta): I'IG. 1.— Adult. FiGS. 2, 3, 4, 5.— Larva. Figs. 6, 7.- 
Pupa. Figs. S, 9.— Eggs. Figs. 10, 11.— Injury. (Swezey.) 



SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 201 

Rhabdocnemls obscurus Boisduval. 

(Hawaiian Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.) 

Host^: Banana, sugar cane, coconut, sago palm, royal palm, wine palm (Caryota 
ureris), papaya (Carica papaya). 

Injury: Very injurious to the stalk. Liable to importation in seed cane. 
Description and biology: J.dult weevil reddish brown with darker brown markings, 




Fig. 96.— The Hawaiian sugar-cane borer {Rhabdocnemis obscurus [SplienoplioTus]): 1, Eggs, natural size. 
2, Eggs in situ, much enlarged: o, Section of egg passage with egg, c; b, egg placed unusually near the rind, 
d. S, Larvae, just hatched and older, natural size. 4, Full-grown larva, natural size. 5, Larva, side 
view, enlarged: a, Spiracles; 6, cervical shield. 6, Larva, front view, enlarged. 7, Pupa, enlarged : 
a, Rostrum or beak; b, antenna; c, elytron or wing cover; d, folded wing. 8, Pupal case or cocoon, 
enlarged. 9, Adult, enlarged. (Terry.) 

long beak, elbowed antennae, over 0.5 inch long. Pupa white, in cocoon of fiber. 
Larva white, curved, legless. Bores in the stalks and roots. (See text fig. 96.) 

Distribution: Hawaii, Jamaica, Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Lucia, British 
Guiana, Fiji, New Guinea, New Ireland, Tahiti, Queensland, Malay Archipelago. 
Van Dine, D. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 93, 1911, pp. 35-40. Figs. 4, 5. 



202 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Xyleborus perforans WoUaston. 
(Sugar-Cane Ambrosia Beetle. Scolytidse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, a polyphagous insect breeding in many kinds of wood. 

Injury: Is very injurious to sugar cane in Java. As it bores in the stalks it can easily 
be transported in shipments of seed cane. 

Description and biology: Adult weevils about 2 mm. long, cylindrical, without snouit, 
the head completely concealed from above. Pupa white, about 2 mm. long with head 
and all appendages on the underside. Larva cylindrical, white, legless, with chiti- 
nizedhead. Bores in the pith of the stalk. £'g'g's elliptical. About 70 to 100 eggs are 
laid by the parent, each at the end of a separate chamber. 

Distribution: Java, cosmopolitan in the tropics and sub tropics. 
Van Deventer, W. Handboek, voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp . 

60-66, pi. 8. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, pp. 573-574. 




Fig. 97. — Cane-sueker moth (ra«/r?;a //cMSj. (Ballou.) 

Castnia Ileus Drury. 

(Cane-Sucker Moth: Giant Sugar Cane Borer. Castniidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, banana, coconut, orchids, and Bromeliacese. 

Injury: Very serious borer in cane stalks. When cane is to be imported from sec- 
tions where this species occurs great care should be used to eliminate trash. Only the 
tops should be shipped, and these should be carefully examined for eggs or larvae at the 
base of the leaves. 

Description and biology: Moth measuring over 3 inches in wing expanse, brown with 
a white band crossing each wing and a few yellow spots beyond. Pupa reddish brown, 
over an inch in length. Larva whitish, about 2 inches long, with reddish brown head. 
Bores in the stalks of its food plants. Eggs laid singly, pinkish, elongate, pointed at 
each end, ribbed, in cross section formed like a five-pointed star. Over 50 eggs are 
laid by each moth. (See text fig. 97.) 

Distribution: British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Trinidad, and other parts of northern 
South America. 

Urich, F. W. The Cane Sucker. 2 pp., with colored plate. 

Marlatt, C.L. Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 54, 1905, pp. 71-75, 
pi. 4. 



SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 203 

Sesamia cietica Led. 
(Durra Stem Borer. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Sugar cane, corn, durra. 

Injury: Very serious pest in Khartoum. Is liable to importation in seed cane. 

Description and biology: Adult, a stout bodied, creamy colored moth, with wing 
expanse of about 30 mm.; hind wings silvery white; forewings creamy with faint 
brownish markings. Pupa 15-18 mm. long, chestnut colored. Larva 25-30 mm. long, 
varying from pinkish or yellowish to dead white; head brown, spiracles black. Egg 
white, 6 mm. in diameter. WTiile this pest is more important as an enemy of durra 
and maize in Khartoum it is more likely to transportation in sugar cane. 

Distribution: Khartoum, Sudan. 
King, H. H. Third Report Wellcome Research Laboratory Kliartoum, 1904, pp 

222-224; pi. 27, figs. 1, 3, 6, in color. 

Dlatrsea spp. 
(Sugar-Cane Borer Moths. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Species: ^Diatrsea saccharalis Fabricius; Mexico, West Indies, United States. 
D. striatalis Sn.; West Indies, Java. D. canella Hampson; Trinidad, Grenada, 
Guiana. D. lineolata Walker; Trinidad, West Indies, Central America, South 
America. 

Hosts: Sugar cane and grasses. 

Injury: Very serious injury by boring in the stalk. Easy to transport in seed-cane 
shipments. 

Description and biology: Gray moths with whitish-spotted larvte. Pupate in the 

stalks in the larval tunnels. Eggs are laid in clusters. Diatrsea saccharalis has been 

fully treated in American literature. The others behave in a similar manner. 

Barber, T. C. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Ent., 1911, Circ. 139. 

Stubbs, W. C, and Morgan, H. A. Louisiana Exp. Sta., ser. 2, 1902, Bull. 70. 

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerrietcultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 131-139, 

pi. 20. 

Cbllo simplex Butler. 

(Sugar-Cane Moth Borer of India. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, corn, sorghum, rice, millet. 

Injury: Very serious pest, boring in the stalks. It is liable to importation in 
seed cane. 

Description and biology: Moth yellowish gray, the male a little smaller and 
darker. Pupation occurs in the larval tunnel. Larva about an inch long, with a 
dirty white body and black head, a dark patch behind head and two dark longitudinal 
lines on body. The small hairs of the body are set on black dots. The larva burrows 
in the stalks of cane, corn, sorghum, rice, and millet. Eggs laid in rows, side by side 
on the leaves. (See plate xliv, figs, a, g, m, s.) 

Distribution: India, Formosa. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Moth Borer in Sugar Cane. Agr. Journ. India, vol. 1, pp.. 

97-115. 

Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Beharand Orissa. Calcutta 

Leaflet 56, pi. 38. 

Omlodes accepta Butler. 

(Hawaiian Sugar-Cane Leafroller. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, grasses, sedges. 

Injury: Feeds on the leaves, which it rolls for its protection. The damage is some- 
times serious. Is liable to importation in seed cane. 



204 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Description and biology: Adult, brownish with white-lined veins and margins of 
segments; wings with two darker bands; antennae long. Wing expanse 20-30 mm. 
Pupa 12-14 mm. long, light brown. Larva 27 mm. long, green with a few scattered 
hairs; head pale yellowish. The larva feeds on the leaf, folding it into a tube to 
protect itself while feeding, changing to a new leaf when it has eaten all it can. When 
disturbed it drops to the ground. Eggs laid in small clusters arranged in rows on the 
surface of leaves. (See plate xlv.) 

Distribution: Hawaii, Peru. 
SwEZEY, Otto H. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., Bull. 5, pp. 6-10, pi. 1. 

Poiyocha saccharella Dudgeon. 

(Cane Root Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Causes stunted growth and shriveling of plants by boring in stalks and roots. 

Description and biology: Moth small, brown, with hind wings white. Pupates in 
stalk. Larva about 0.75 inch in length, of white color; bores in stalk and root; hiber- 
nates in root; before pupating it eats an opening in the stem and covers it with silk. 
(See plate xliv, figs. d. j, p.) 

Distribution: India. 

Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Beharand Orissa, Calcutta, 
Leaflet 58, pi. 38. 

Ereunetis flavlstriata Walsingham. 

(Sugar-Cane Bud Moth. Tineidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane, palms, banana, pineapple, Pandanus. 

Injury: While this species mainly lives in the dead tissues of the above food plants, 
it breeds in cane stalks among the dry leaves, but often eats out the eyes or buds, 
thus destroying the propagating value of the cane. It may easily be transported in 
seed cane. 

Description and biology: A small moth, measuring 14 mm. in wing expanse, head 
and thorax yellowish white, forewlngs yellowish white, with indistinct yellow streaks, 
hind wings shining pale golden yellow, becoming white at apex. Pupa 5 to 6 mm. 
long, pale yellowish brown. Larva 12 to 15 mm. long, wliitish, head reddish brown, 
hairs on darker tubercles. The larva usually feeds in the dried leaf sheaths, but 
sometimes attacks the rind, giving entrance to fungi, and does the greatest damage 
by eating out the eyes. 

Distribution: Hawaii. 

SwEZEY, Otto H. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, bul. 6, pp. 9-12, pi. 2, 
figs. 1-6. 

Laspeyresia schistaceana Sn. (Grapholltha). 

(Gray Borer of the Sugar Cane. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Sugar cane. 

Injury: Very important in Java. Is liable to importation in seed cane. 

Description and biology: Moth about 12 mm. long, grayish brown. Pupa reddish 
brown, 8-13 mm. long. Larva yellowish, with head and collar on prothorax as well 
as two apical segments chitinized reddish brown. Hairs sparse on brownish spots. 
The larva bores in stalks of the cane. Eggs oval; about 120 to 170 are laid in a row 
under the leaf or behind the sheath of the cane. 

Distribution: Java. 

Van Deventer, W. Handbook voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 

142-159, pi. 21, text figs. 46-49. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Fflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 284. 



SUGAR-CANE INSECTS, 



205 



B. OTHER IMPORTANT SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Acridlidse and Locustldse. 

Oxya intric3.ta Stal of Formosa and Japan; 0. velox Fabriciiis of China, Japan, India, and Islands o 
the Pacific Ocean; O. annulicornis Matsumura of Formosa; attack foliage. 

Epacromia tamulus Fabrlcius and Trilophidia annulata Thunberg; Java; attack foliage. 

Racilia. okinawensis Matsumiira of Formosa. 

Gelastorhinus esox Burr of Japan and Formosa. 

Acridium succinctum Linnaeus and A. flavicorne Fabricius of Japan, China, India, Formosa, and the 
Malay Archipelago; A. roseum De Geer, A. zehntneri Krauss, A. lutcicorne Serville, and A. asrugi- 
nosum Linnaeus of Java. 

Pachytylus migrator ioides Reicharting, an especially serious pest in Formosa, Asia, Africa, and Aus- 
tralia; CEdaleus infernalis Saussure of Japan, China, Formosa, India, and Malaysia; O. nigrofas- 
ciatus Latreille of Asia, Europe, and Africa. 




Fig. 98. — Cane grasshopper (Atractomorpha crenulata). (Ma.xwell-Lefroy.) 



Atractomorpha crenulata, Fabricius (See text, fig. 98) and A. psittacina De Haan of Java; A. bedeli 

Bolivar of Japan, China, and Formosa. 
Elimxa chloris De Haan, Mecopoda elongata Linnseus: Java. 
Tryxalis nasuta Linnaeus of Formosa, Asia, Africa, and Europe; Phlseoba infumata Brtin, of Formosa > 

China, and Malaysia; Stenobothurus formosanus Matsumiu^a of Formosa; Trilophidia. annulata Thun. 

berg and Epacromia tamulus Fabricius of Asia and the islands of the Pacific; Paratettix gracilis 

Shiraki, P. singularis Shiraki, Hedotettii arcuatus Shiraki, and Tettix formosanus Shiraki of Formosa. 

Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidse. 

Liogryllus bimaculatus De Geer, L. formosanus Matsumura, Gryllus mitratus Burmeister, Tridactylus 
flavomaculatus Matsumura, Oryllotalpa africana Pallas; (Ecanthus indicus Saussure, Anaxiphus 
pallidulus Matsumura, and Trigonidium haani Saussure; Oriental Regions. 



206 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



HEMIPTERA, 
Cocctdae. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Odonaspsis) secreta saccharicaulis Zehntner; Java. 

Aspidiotus ( Targionia.) glomerata Green; India. 

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) sacchari Cockerell; West Indies, Java, British Guiana. 

Chionaspis depressi Zehntner; Java, India. 

Chionuspis madiunensis Zehntner; Java. 

Chionaspis saccharifolH Zehntner; Java. 

Chionaspis tegalensis Zehntner; Java, Mauritius. 
Unarmored — 

Aclerda japonica Newstead; India. 

Asterolecanium bamhusx Boisduval; Madeira. 

IceTy2 seychellarum Westwood; Seychelles, Madeira, Formosa. 

Lecanium guerinii Signoret; Mauritius. 

Lecanium krugcri Zehntner; Java. 

Margarodes formicarum Guild; Barbados. 

Pseudococcus boninsis Kuwana; Japan. 
■>if^Psevbdococcus bromelix Bouche; Hawaii. 

Pseudococcus calceolarix Maskell; Hawaii, St. Croix, Porto Rico, Barbados. (See pi. XLVI.) 

Pseudococcus sacchari Cockerell; Costa Rica, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Barbados, Cuba. 

Pseudococcus saccharifolH Green; Hawaii. 
>^ Pseudococcus tezensis Tinsley; Texas, Mauritius. 

Pulvinaria iceryi Gu6rin; Mauritius, Formosa. 

Ripersia sacchari Guenee; India. 




Fifr. 99.— Cane leaf hopper {PyriUa aberrans). 

Ja'isoidea, Fulgoroidea. 

O'ctyophora sinica Walker, Anagnia splendens GeTuiar, Ricania tseniata St&l., Diastrombus politus. 
Uliler, Phenice moesta Westwood, Nicertoides saccharioora Matsumura, Nisia atrovenosa Lethierry, 
Olijrus oryzse Matsumiu^a, Delphacodes vastatrix Breddin, which is very injurious in Java; Kirbya 
pagana Melichar, Tropidocephala brunncipennis Signoret, T. saccharivorella Matsumura, T. formosana 
Matsumura, Stenocranus sacchari Matsumura, Delphai propinqua Fieber, D. furcifcra Horvath, D. 
qraminicola Matsumura, D. fumosa Matsumura, Zygina circumscripta Matsumura, Z. maculifrons 
Motsehulsky, Z. subrufa Melichar, Gnathodus viridis Matsumura, G. pallidulus Matsumura, Cicadula 
fasciifrons, C. ft-notata Fallen, Nirvana pallida Melichar, JV. suturalis Melichar, DcUocephalus dorsalis 
Motsehulsky, Nephotettii apicMs Motsehulsky, Eucanthus semiglauca Lethierry, Tetigonia viridis 
Linnaeus, T. albida Walker, T. ferruginea Fabricius, Strongylocephalus agrcstis Fallen, and Ptyelus 
costalis Walker; Formosa and oriental regions; Pyrilla aberrans Distant, India. (See text, fig. 99.) 
Phenice maculosaW estvfooi, Dicranotropis vastatrii Breddin, and Eumetopina hrugeri Breddin; Java. 
The leafhoppers of the genus Perkin,uella seem to be partial to sugar cane, sometimes attacking 
grasses. Aside from P. saccharicida Kirkaldy, treated above, the following speeies are recorded by 
Muir: P. vitiensis Kirkaldy, Fiji; P. graminicola Kirkaldy, Hawaii; P. sinensis Kirkaldy, Borneo; 
P. pallidula Muir, Borneo; P. rattlci Muir, British New Guinea; P. bicoloris Muir, British New 
Guinea; P. variegala Muir, British New Guinea; P. papuensis Muir, British New Guinea; P. vasta- 
trix Breddin, Java, Borneo, British New Guinea; P. laldkensis, Muir, British New Guinea; P. 
amboinensis Muir, Amboina. Owing to the habit of laying eggs in the cane stalks any of these species 
can be transported in cane shipments. 



SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 207 



Clcadidse. 

Mogannia hebcs Walker; Java. 

Aleyrodidse. 

Neomaskellia bergii Signoret; Formosa, oriental regions. 

Aleurolobus longicornis Zehntner, and Alcyrodes lactea Zehntner; Java. 

Aphldldse. 

Oregma lanigera Zehntner; Formosa; very injurious. 
Geoica lucifuga Zehntner; Formosa. 

Mlrldae (Capsidse). 

Lygus oryzx Matsumura and L. sacchari Matsumura; Formosa. 
Periscopus mundulus Breddin; Java. 

Tingitldse. 

Serenthia Jprmosana Matsumura; Formosa. 
Leptodictya tabida H. Schaefler; Mexico. 

Lygseldae. 

Cymnus tabaci Matsumura; Formosa. 
Colabathristes saccharicida Karsch; Java. 

Coreldae. 

Cletus trigonus Thunberg, C. bipunctatus H. S., Riptortus fuscus Fabricius, and Leptocorisa varicornis 
Fabricius; Formosa. 

Pentatomidse. 

Scofinophora tarsalis Voll., Mcnida histrio Fabricius, Nezara viridula Linnseus, and Coptosoma cribraria 
Fabricius; Formosa. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

Heliothrips striatoptera Kobus, Physopus seznotatus Zehntner, Oxythrips binervis Kobus, Parthenothrips 
(?) kobusi Van Deventer, Stenothrips (?) zehntneri Van Deventer, Thrips sacchari Kriiger, T. scrrata 
Kobus, T. minuta Van Deventer, and Phlceothrips lucasscni Kriiger; Java. 

Phlceothrips paUidicornis Matsumura; Formosa. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychldae. 

Dinoderus minutus Fabricius; India. (See Bamboo.) 

Scarabseidse. 

Oryctes rhinocerus Linnaeus (see Palms), Xylotrupes dichotomus Linnaeus, and Ligyrus rugiceps Le 
Conte; the destructive scarabaeids, whose larvae feed at the cane roots; oriental regions. 

Xylotrupes gideon Linnaeus, Anomala xnea Perty, Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius (see Rose), and Holo- 
trichia hucophthalma Wiedemann; the very destructive scarabaeids, whose larvae feed at the roots of 
cane; Java; oriental regions. 

Holotrichia vidua; attacks cane in the Philippines. 

Tenebrionldae. 

Gonocephaluvi (Opatrum) acutangulum Fairmaire, which bores in sugar cane and tobacco stalks. 

Elaterldse. 

Agriotcs formosanus, A. taicJiucnsis, A. sacchari, ^olus vittatus, Cardiophorus devastans, C. formosamis, 
Ludius suiuralis, and Lacan shirakii, all described by Matsumura; Formosa and oriental regions. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Monolepta nigrobilineata Motsehulsky; Colaspidea mctaUica Rossi, a very injurious species; Nodostoma 
lateralis Matsumura and Hispa ca'licantha Baly; Formosa and oriental regions. 

Brachyrhlnidae. 

Echinocnemus squamcus Billberg, Myllocerus brunncus Matsumura, M.guUulus Matsumura, Episovivs 
albinus Matsumura, Cneorhinus albiguttatus Matsumura, Phytoscaphus formosanus Matsumura, 
Tanymecus rusiicus Fabricius (a very injurious species); Formosa. 

Hypomeces unicolor Fabricius, which breeds at the roots of young cane and also attacks rice; Java. 

Curculionldae. 

Liius vetula Fabricius; Formosa. 

Baris saccharivora Matsumura; Formosa. 

Calandridae. 

Rhynchophorus palmarum. Linnaeus; Trinidad. (See Coconut palm.) 
Cosmopolites sordidus Germar; Pacific Islands. (See Banana.) 



208 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



LEPIDOPTERA. 
Rliopalocera. 

Cyllo Ida Liimgeus, Discophora celinde StoU, PampMla dara Kollar, Hesperia philino Moschler, H. 

conjuncia H. S.; Java. 
Parnara mathias Fabricius and Telicota augias Linnseus; Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus and Melanitis 

leda Linnteus; Formosa and oriental regions. 

Sphlngidse. 

Leucophlebia lineata Westwood; Formosa, Java. 

Notodontidse. 

Aniicyra combusta Moore (Phalera); Java. 

Cnethocampidse. 

Drcata pelola Moore; Java. 

Arctildae. 

Phissama interrupta Linnaeus; Java. 

Lymantriidse. 

Psalis seniris Hiibner, Euproctis minor Snellenhoeven, Lselia subrufa Snellenhoeven, Procodeca adara 

Moore, and Aroa socrus Hiibner; Java. 
Laelia costalis Matsumura; Formosa. 
Euproctis flavata Cramer; oriental regions. 
Noctuidse. 

Sesamia nonagrioides hel., Spodoptera pecten Gutoee, Agrotis interjedionis Guenee, Remigia frugalis 

Fabricius (see text flg. 100); Java. 
Nonagria cxitiosa Oliff is destructive to cane in New South Wales. 

Nonagria inferens Walker, which is very injurious to cane in Formosa; Cirphis unipuncta Haworth, a 

cosmopolitan pest; and L. loreyi Dup; Formosa. 
Nonagria unifonnis; India. (See pi. XLIV, figs, c, 
f, i, 0.) 
Pyralldse. 

Botys coelesalis Walker, Cnaphalocrocis bifurcalis 
Snellenhoeven, Scirpophaga intacta Snellenhoe- 
ven, and Chactosticha nana Zehntner; Java. 
CMlo infuscatella Snellenhoeven, Scirpophaga auri- 
flua Zeller, a serious borer (see pi. XLIV, figs, b, 
h, 1, n, r), and Diatrxa striatalis Snellenhoeven; 
Formosa and oriental regions. 
Anerasiia abluteUa Zeller; India; borer. (See pi. 

XLIV, figs. e,k.) 
Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.) 
Scirpophaga chrysorrhcea Zeller and S. monostigma 
Fig. lOO.-Cane moth (Remigia frugalis) (Max- teller (see pi. XLIV, flg. g): India; very inju- 

well-Lefroy). rious borers. 

Elacbistidae. 

Cosmoptcryi pallifascicUa Snellenhoeven; Java. 

A utosticha pclodes Meyrick breeds in dead cane leaves and other plants in Hawaii. 

Tortriddse. 

Eucosoma schistacea Snellenhoeven; causes much injury by boring in the stems; Formosa. 

Phycltidae. 

Cryptoblabes aliena Swezey attacks green cane leaves, corn, and sorghum, as well as other plants. 

Tineidae. 

Ercunctis pilosata Swezey and E. muiridla Swezey of British New Guinea attack the cane exactly as 
E. flavistriata; Opogonia aurisquamosa Butler of Hawaii, Marquesas, and Society Islands; 0. apicalis 
Swezey of Hawaii; O. dimidiatella Zeller of Java; O. saccharella Swezey, and O.fumiceps Felder of 
British New Guinea attack the wet dead leaves and lower buds of cane. 

LITERATURE. 

Matsumura, S. Die Schadlichen und Niitzlichen Insekten vom Zuckerrohr Formosas, The Keiseisha, 

Tokyo, 1910. Also in Zeit, f. wiss. Ins. biol., band. 6, pp. 101-104; 136-139. 
Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, vol. 2, 1906. 
MuiR, F. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., Entom. bul. 9, 1910, 11 pp., 5 figs. 
Heidemann, O. Journ. Econ. Entom. 1913, vol. 6, pp. 249-251, flg. 1. 
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
Swezey, E. P. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn. Bul. 0, 1909. 




U. S. Dept. cf Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XLVI. 




The Sugar-Cane Mealy-Bug. 

The sugar-cane mea\y-hug*(Pseudococcm calceolariae): Fig. 1.— Adult mealy-bugs clustered about base 
of j'oiuig cane. Fig. 2.— Adult females, enlarged. Fig. 3.— Single adult with mealylike covering. 
F'G. 4. — Cocoons. (Van Dine.) 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XLVII. 




The Tobacco Stem-Borer. 

[ The tobacco stem-borer Gnorimoschema heliopa): Figs, o, 6. — Eggs. Figs, c, «.— Injury. Fig. d.- 
i. Pupa. Fig./. — Larva. Figs. 9, ft. — Adults. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 



SWEET-POTATO INSECTS. 209 

SWEET POTATO. 

{Ipomo:a batatas Poir. Family Convolvulacese.) 

The sweet potato is now grown in many parts of the world, and, while not often 
shipped into the United States because of our own bountiful crops, there is always 
likelihood of danger in shipment of tubers for propagation purposes. The only 
enemies of the \dne which are dangerous are those which attack the tubers. 

A. BETTER KNOWN SWEET-POTATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Cylas brunneus Fabricius. 
(Liberian Sweet-Potato Borer. Ciu"culionoidea: Coleoptera.) 

Host: Sweet potato. 

Injury: Attacks tubers in a manner similar to C . formicarius . Liable to introduction 
in the tiibers. 

Description: A wingless elongate weevil with body constricted in front of elytra; 
unicolorous, brown, bronzy or black, of the same form as C.forrnicarius. 

Distribution: Liberia. 

>|< Cylas formicarius Fabricius. 

(Sweet-Potato Weevil. Curculionoidea: Coleoptera.) 

Host: Sweet potato. 

Injury: Very serious pest of sweet-potato tubers. 

Description and biology: Adult an elongate weevil, with steel-blue elytra, reddish 
prothorax and legs and darker head; about 0.33 inch in length. Pupa white, elongate 
with all appendages folded underneath. Larva a white footless grub with dark-brown 
head; bores in the tubers of the sweet potatoes and pupates in its burrows. It attacks 
the tubers both in the field and in storage. 

Distribution: Nearly cosmopolitan; Florida to Texas, but not present in all sweet- 
potato sections of the United States. , 

Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Eehar and Orissa, 1913, 
Calcutta, Leaflet 71, pi. 47. 

Euscepes batatse Waterhouse. (Cryptorhynchus.) 

(West Indian Sweet-Potato Weevil. Curculionidse ; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Sweet potato. 

Injury: Bores in the tuber. Very easily distributed. Tliis weevil is caught in 
quarantine in almost every shipment of sweet potatoes from Hawaii to California but 
has not yet become established. 

Description and biology: Weevil elUptical, brown, covered with flat scales and 
bristling with stiff erect scales; beak short, concealed on breast when at rest. Pupa 
white, oval with two apical spines. Larva curved, white, legless with chitinous head. 

Distribution: West Indies (Barbados, Antigua), Hawaii. 

FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bui. 22, pp. 27-29, fig. 9. 
Whitney, L. A. Monthly Bulletin California St. Comm. Horticultiu-e, 1915, vol. 4, 
pp. 162-164, figs. 24-28. 

Omphisa anastomosalls Giienee. 

(Sweet- Potato Stem Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Sweet potato, other garden crops. 

Injury: Bores in the stem and sometimes into the tuber, in which case it can easily 
be disseminated. 

55266—17 14 



I 



210 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Description and biology: Moth wliite, with the body suffused with ocherous and 
rufous, leaving some pale spots on the dorsum; forewings with rufous suffusion on 
basal area extending below median nervure to middle of wing, hyaline patches at 
middle and end of cell, rufous edged ocherous spot between them, and another beyond 
cell, curved postmedial rufous line with irregularly dentate line beyond it inclosing 
series of hyaline patches; hind wings with base rufous, two irregularly waved rufous 
post-medial lines; expanse 32-36 mm. Larva 30 mm. long, pale yellowish wliite, with 
conspicuous brown tubercles. Eggs elliptical, flat or moderately rounded, laid on 
leaves. 

Distribution: China, India, Ceylon, Java. Introduced into Hawaii about 1900 and 
has become quite a pest. 

FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bui. 22, pp. 16-19, fig. 6. 

B. IMPORTANT SWEET-POTATO INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Jassidse and Fulgoridse. 

Nesosydne ipomaicola and Alofia ipoinax; Hawaii. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Conctiyloctenia punctata Fabricius; Africa; sometimes serious. 

Scarabaeidae. 

Adoretus umbrosvs tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Japan. 

ChrysomelidaB. 

Aspidomorpha militaris Fabricius; India, Java; leaf beetle. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuidae. 

Agrotis crinigera, A. dislocata, A. saiicia Hiibner, Spodontera mauritia HoisdMvaX, Laphygma eiigun, 
Hiibner, L. reclusa and Plusia chalcitcs Esp.; Hawaii; cutworms. 

Sphingidse. 

i/frsffoni/'o/i'M// Linnaeus; Hawaii, United States. 

Tlneldae. 

■^Bedellia minor Busrk; Hawaii, Florida; leaf miner. 
Bedellia somnuJentella Zeller; Cosmopolitan. 
BedelUa orctiildla Walsingham, Hawaii; an important leaf miner. 

Pyralidse. 

Phlyctxnia despecta Butler; Hawaii; leaf roller. 

Tortricldae. 

Amorbia einigrateUa Busck; South America, Hawaii; leaf roller. 

TAMARACK. 

See Conifers. 

TAMARIND. 

( Tarnariyidus indicus L. Family Leguminosse.) 

An ornamental shade tree grown everywhere in the Tropics. It is grown in southern 
Florida and California and is used in conservatories in more northern countries. The 
pods contain a pleasant pulp used in the Tropics as a basis for a cooling drink. This 
pulp is also used in medicine. The wood is valuable for furniture. 

IMPORTANT TAMARIND INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Mylabridae. 

Caryoborus gonagra Fabricius; India, breeds in seed. 

Calendrldae. 

Calendra linearis Herbst; Brazil, West Indies. 
:^ Calendra rugicoUis Casey, Key West, Fla.; breeds in seed in pod. 

Tenebrionldae. 

i^Palembus ocularis Casey; Key West, Fla. 
Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. 



INSECTS OF TAMARISK AND TEA. 211 

TAMARISK. 

{Tavwrix spp. Family Tamariscaceae.) 

Ornamental trees or shrubs occurring from Mediterranean regions to East Indies 
and Japan. Tamarix gallica is planted in many places on our Gulf coast. Several 
species have medicinal properties and yield dyestuffs. The punctures of Coccus 
manniparus cause Tamarix manni/era to produce '"manna. " 

IMPORTANT TAMARISK INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
CurcuUonldae. 

Coniatus Ixtus Miller, and C. suavis Gyllenhal, Europe; breed on the leaves. 
Nanophyes tamaricis Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in the ovaries of Tamarix gallica. 

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87. 

TEA. 

(Thea sinensis. Family Ternstroemiacese.) 

The tea plant is a flowering shrub much valued for its leaves, which yield the uni- 
versally used beverage. It occurs in China and India and is also propagated in this 
country. Other species of the genus are much prized as flowering shrubs. 

A. BETTER KNOWN TEA INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff. 

(Shot-hole borer of tea. Ipidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Tea, coffee, cacao. 

Injury: Tunnels in pith of young twigs and in wood of old trunks. Very injurious. 

Description and biolof/y. — Beetle oblong, shining, fuscous, 1^ mm. long; larva devel- 
ops into beetles in fallen twigs. 

Distribution: Ceylon, Java, India. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Fflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 575. 

Biston suppressarlus Gn. 

(Indian Tea Geometrid. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Tea, Dodonea viscosa, Carissa diffusa, Bauhinia variegata, Acacia catechu, 
Acacia modesta, Rothra tinctoria, Cassia auriculata, Albizzia. 

Injury: Serious as defoliator of tea and forest trees. 

Description and biology: Moth, gray with black markings. Larva green. Has three 
broods a year. 

Distribution: India. 
Stebbing, E. p. Manual Forest Zoology, India, 1908, p. 133, fig. 267. 

Psyche spp., etc. 
(Tea Bagworms. Psychidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Species: Psyche albipes Moore; Ceylon; tea. Psyche assamica Watt; India; tea. 
Acanthopsyche reidi Watt; India; tea. Acanthopsyche snelleni Heyl; India; tea. 
Amatissa consorta Templeton; India, Ceylon; tea. Clania variegata SnelL; India, 
Ceylon, Java; tea, cinchona, coffee. Clania crameri Westwood; India; tea, cinchona, 
coffee, Pinus longifolia. Clania holmesi Wall; India; tea. 

Injury: Feed on foliage, twigs, and bark. 

Biology: The larvae feed in bags made from scraps of bark, etc. 
Watt and Mann. Pests and Blights of the Tea Plant, Calcutta, 2d ed., 1903, pp. 

188-200, figs. 13-15, portions of pis. 7, 8. 
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 328, 329. 



212 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT TEA INSECTS. 

ACARINA, 
Tetranychidse. 

Tetranychus bioculatus Wood-Mason. (See Coffee.) 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccldae. 

:)f:Fiorinia these Green; cosmopolitan; tea, olive, etc. (See pi. V, fig. 1.) 

■JfOrtliezia imignis Douglas; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus (See pi. IV, fig. 2.) 

>tc Coccus hesperidum Linneeus; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus, palms. (See pi. II, fig. 2.) 

Pulvinaria these Froggat; Australia; Thea viridis. 

Coccus viridis Green; Ceylon, Hawaii. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidfe. 

Zeuzcra coffeas Nietner; borer. (See Coffee.) 
Cochlidiidae. 

Belippe albiguttata Linnaeus, serious injur5' in Java. 
Zygjenidae. 

Hetcrusia cingala Moore; serious in Ceylon, India. 
Geometridae. 

Ophthalmodes cretacea Butler; Japan. 
Lymantriidae. 

Euproctis divisa Walker and E. latifascia Walker; Orient. Dasychira mcndosa Hiibner, D. misana 
Moore, D. thwaitcsi Moore; India, Ceylon, Java. Orgyia postica Walker; Java, Ceylon. Andraca 
bipunctata Walker; India. 
Notodontidae. 

Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java. 

TEAK. 

(Tectona grandis. Family Verbenacese.) 
A valuable timber tree of the Orient. 

IMPORTANT TEAK INSECTS. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cucujidae. 

Silvanus advena Walth.; India; breeds in leaves, forming galls, causing leaves to drop. 
Malacodermidae. 

Platcros dispallens Walker; India; oviposits in clusters on twigs; defoliates trees. 
Buprestidae. 

Psiloptera fastuosa Fabricius; India; bores in wood. 
Elateridse. 

Adelocera modesta Boisduval; India; bores in bast and sapwood. 
ChrysomelidjB. 

Aspidomorpha sanctsecrucis Fabricius; India; a tortoise-shell beetle; defoliates. 
Cerambycidae. 

Stromatium barbatum Fabricius; India; bores in wood of saplings. Stromatium longicorne Newman; 
India; a very serious borer. Gelonxtha hirta Fairmaire and Xylotrechus smei Lap. et Gory; India; 
bore in bast and sapwood. 

Brachyrhinidse. " 

Astycus lateralis Fabricius; India. Myllocerus viridanus Fabricius; India; a serious defoliator. Myllo- 
cerus carinirostris Marshall and M. discolor variegatus Boheman; India. Cyrtepistomus pannosus 
Marshall; India; a defoliator as an adult. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cosside. 

Cossus cadamhe: India; bores in wood of lopped trees. Duomitut ceramicus; India; bores in wood and 
is very destructive. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 
Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoologj' for India. 1908. 



INSECTS OF TIMBER^ TIMOTHY, AND TOBACCO. 



213 



TIMBER. 

>t= Nacerdes melanura Linnaeus. 
(Timber Beetle. (Edemeridae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Bores in wharf timber, creosoted and untreated piling, paving blocks, and 
pine flooring. 

Injury: Reported as doing considerable damage at Auckland, New Zealand. 
Description: Beetle 12 mm. long, elongate, subdepressed, brownish yellow or red- 
dish, with yellowish pubescence; dilated sides of thorax, femora, tibiae,' and tips of 
elytra blue or blackish. Pupa 16 mm. long, creamy colored, with two median and 
two lateral protuberances on apical segment. Larva 24 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering 
toward apex; creamy colored, front of head light brown; mandibles black; legs short; 
third and fourth abdominal segments swollen beneath and with two protuberances 

each; ninth abdomi- 
nal segment some- 
what bent, with 
transverse fissure at 
apex. 

Distribution: Eu- 
rope, introduced 
into New Zealand, 
Eastern United 
States. 

Brown, T. Tenth 
Rept. New Zea- 
land Dept. Agric, 
1902, pp. 460-463, 
figs. 1-7. 

TIMOTHY. 

(Phleum pratense 

Linnaeus. Family 

Graminese.) 




Fig. 101. — Tobacco white fly {Aleyrodes tabaci): 1, pupa case, dorsal View; 2, 
pupa case, ventral view; 2a, larval leg; 3, more mature pupa case, dorsal 
view; 4, adult male; 4a, male antenna and eye; 46, tip of tarsus; 4c, tip of 
male abdomen. (Targioni-Tozzetti.) 



extensively cultivated in America for hay. 
found under Grains and Grasses. 



This grass is a na- 
tive of Europe now 
A discussion of its insect pests will be 



TOBACCO. 

{Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus. Family Solanacete.) 

Tobacco is grown in many parts of the world and is a very important article of 
commerce in various forms. Commercial importations generally consist of manufac- 
tured products, loose leaf, stem, and seed. The greatest dangers lie in the manu- 
factured products and loose-leaf tobacco. There are at present no quarantine re- 
strictions on tobacco. The tobacco plant has many very important enemies in for- 
eign countries, which are not extremely likely to enter the country in connection 
with tobacco shipments, but which should be guarded against. Many of these 
important insects are listed to assist in the work of identification. 

A. BETTER KNOWN TOBACCO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Aleyrodes spp. 

(Tobacco White Flies. Aleyrodidse; H^miptera.) 

Species: A. to6aa Gennadios; Greece; tobacco. (See text fig. 101.) >|< Trialeurodes 
vaporariorum Westwood, cosmopolitan; many hosts. 



214 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Injury: Suck juices from foliage; injure value of tobacco leaf. ^ 

Description: Adults tiny white flies. 
KiRKALDY, G. W. Hawaii Bd. Comm. Agr. and Forestry, Bull. 2. 
Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, pp. 246-249, fig. 86. 

Catorama tabaci Gu^rin-Meneville. 

(Tobacco Beetles. Anobiidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Stored products. 
Injury: Attacks dried tobacco. 

Description and biology: Adult beetle ovate-discoidal, convex, brown, covered with 
whitish pubescence, about 5 mm. long. Larva similar to that of Lasioderma. 
Distribution: Europe. 

Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, pp. 92, 93. 

Agrlotes Uneatus Linnaeus. 
(Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridse; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Tobacco, grain, potatoes, beets, peas, clover, cabbage, hops, corn, carrots, 
lettuce, peach, etc. 

Injury: Larvae tunnel the roots and sometimes stems. 

Desa-iption and biology: Adult a snapping beetle 7-8 mm. long, brown with griseous 
pubescence; second and fourth elytral intervals blackish; antennae, anterior margin, 
and posterior angles of pro thorax reddish brown. Larvae elongate, chitinous wire- 
worms; feed in the roots and stems of plants and cause much damage. 

Distribution: Europe, Asia, Africa. 

Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, p. 81, figs. 30, 31. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 482, fig. 295c. 

Agrlotes pilosus Lacordaire. 
(Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridae; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Tobacco. 

Injury: Larvae tunnel the plants. 

Description and biology: Adult a snapping beetle, black, 12-14 mm. long. Larva 25 
mm. long, chitinous, wireworm, feeds in the roots and stems. 

Distribution: Bessarabia, Portugal. 
Lindeman, K. von. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia, 1888, 

Moscou. 
Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, p. 82. 

Atbous niger Linnaeus. 
(Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Tobacco, beets. 

Injury: Larvae tunnel the plants. 

Description and biology: Adult, snapping beetle, shining black with cinereous 
pubescence; length 11-12 mm. Larva 18-20 mm. long; a wireworm which feeds in 
the roots of tobacco and other plants. 

Distribution: Europe. 

Lindeman, K. von. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia, 1888, 

Moscou. 
Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, p. 79. 



TOBACCO INSECTS. 215 

Gnorimoschema heliopa Low. 

(Tobacco Stem Borer. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera.) 

Host: Tobacco. 

Injury: Very injurious as a stem borer. Stems having swellings should be destroyed . 

Description and biology: Adult moth small and brown with narrow fringed wings. 
Pupa stage is spent in stem. Larva, caterpillar bores into the leaf stem and bores 
downward in the stalk, causing a swelling to appear in two cr three weeks. In cold 
weather this stage lasts 6 to 10 weeks. Eggs deposited singly upon leaves, stems, and 
stalks, usually upon the lower side of leaves or stems. In cold weather this stage 
lasts 2 or 3 weeks. Warm weather reduces the development from about a third to a 
half. (See plate xlvii.) 

Distribution: Australia, Ceylon, India. 
Maxwell-Leproy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, Calcutta. 
Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913. 

Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta. Leaflet 53, PI. 36. 

jjcPhytomyza afflnis Fallen (nigrlcornis Maequart). 

(Marguerite fly. Agromyzidpe; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Tobacco, Cineraria, Cosmos, Helianthus, Geranium, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, 
marigold, nasturtium, lettuce, celery, carrot, parsnip, pea, cape weed, dandelion, etc. 

Injury: Mines the leaves, destrojdng their value for high-grade products. Might 
be distributed in celery or tobacco. 

Description and biology: Adult fly very tiny. Pupa is formed in leaf mine Larva 
tunnels the leaf. Egg laid on under surface. 

Distribution: Tasmania, New Zealand, Australia, Europe, United States. 

Lea, a. M. Insect and Fungous Pests of the Orchard and Farm, Hobart, Tasmania, 
pp. 81-84. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT TOBACCO INSECTS. 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Gryllidae and Locustidse. 

Acridium migratorium Fieber, and Anisolabris maritima Fieber; Europe. 

Atractomorpha crenulata Fskhncins; India,. 

Brachytrypes achatinus Stoll; Asia. 

Caloptenus italicus Burmeister; Mediterranean Regions. 

Chrotogonus trachypfcrus Blanchard; India. 

Locusta viridissima Fabricius: Europe, Asia, Africa. 

Pachytus sulcicollis; Transvaal. 

Gryllotalpidae. 

GryUotalpa gryllotalpa h. (vulgaris Latreille); Europe. 
Gryllotilpa africana Pal. B.; widely distributed. 
Schizndactylus monstrosus Drury; Asia. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Miridse (Capsldse). 

OaUobdliciis crassicornis Distant; India. 

Lygaeidse. 

Cymnus tabaci Matsumura: Formosa. 
Nysius minor Distant; India. 

Pentatoniidae. 

Nczara viridula LinuFUs; Transvaal. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Scarabseidse. 

Adoretus umbrosus Fabrioius; Hawaii; feeds on leaves. 

Melolontha vulgaris Fabricius of Europe; ^f. rufipes Herbst of Europe, Asia, Africa; M. tenebrosus 
Kiesenwetter, if. niger Fabricius; and M. castanipfes Paykull; breed at roots of tobacco. 



216 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



Scarabseidse — Continued. 

Cctonia luguhris Voet; Europe; breeds in tender bark above the ground, causing reddening of plant. 

(See text fig. 102.) 
Pentodon punctatus Kirby; Europe; Africa; larva destructive to roots. 
Oxythyrcafunesta Poda; Italy; damages leaves. 

Tenebrlonldse. 

Blaps mibcronita Latreille; Italy. 

Entochira lateralis Boheman; Java. (See Sugarcane.) 

Gonocephalurn intermedium Fischer; Bessarabia; causes stunted growth by boring. 

Gonocephalum acutangulum Fairmaire; Java; 
^ j^ bores in stalks: O. (Opatrum) pusillum Fab- 

ricius; Europe; borer. 
Pedinusfemoralis Mulsant; Bessarabia. 

Curculionldae. 

Clconus punctiventris Germar; Europe. (See 
Beet.) 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Noctuidae. 

A grotis trux Hiibner of Europe, A . segetum Schif- 
fermiller (see te.xtfig.l03)of 'Euio'pe, A msacta 
lactinea Cr. of Asia (see text fig. 104), A . moorei 
of Asia, A . lineola Fabrieius of India and Cey- 
lon; cutworms. 

Laphygma reclusa; Orient. 

Chloridea peltigera SchifTermiller, and C. assulta 
Guenee; India. 

Euxoa spinifera Hiibner; Europe, Asia, Africa. 

Mamestra brassicx Linnaeus and M. albicolor 




(Tar- 



Fig. 102. — Tobacco beetle ( Cetonia luguhris) 
gioni-Tozzetti.) 

Hiibner; Italy. 
Micromima Olivia; Cuba, leaf roller on tomato, tobacco, and eggplant. 
Plusia gamma Linnaeus; Europe, and P. argentifera; Tasmania. 
Prodenialitura Fabrieius; Asia, Africa, Australia. (See text fig. 105.) 

Spodoptcra mauritia Boislnvsil, and TriphxnapronubaUnmeus; very widely distributed. (See text 
fig. 106.) 

Gelechiidse. 

:Jii Phthorimxa operculclla Zeller. (See Potato.) 




Fig. 103. — Tobacco cutworm (Agrotis segetum): Adult. (Targioni-Tozzetti.) 



LITERATURE. 

Targioni-Tozetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco en Erba e del Tabacco Secco, 1891. Firenze- 

Roma. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests. 1906. Calcutta. 

LiNDEMAN, K. VON. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia. 1888. Moscow. 
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Museum Notes, Vol. 3. 
Various AtrTHORsin Memoires Dept. Agr. India, Entomological Series. 
Howard, C. W., in Transvaal Agricultural Journal during 1907 and 1908. 
FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta., 1914, Bui. 34. 
JONES, C. R. Philippine Agr. Rev., 1913, v. 6, no. 9. 



INSECTS OF TODDY PALM AND TOMATO. 



217 



TODDY PALM. 

{Phoenix sylvestris. Family Palmacese.) 

A palm much cultivated in India for its sap, which yields sugar and "toddy." 

(See Palms.) 

TOMATO. 

(Lycopersicum esculentum. Family Solanacese.) 
The much-prized garden fruit grown very extensively in this country. 

A.. BETTER KNOWN TOMATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Desiantha noclva Lea. 
(Tomato Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) 

Host: Tomato, potato, and other vegetable plants. 

Injury: Lari'te and adults feed on 
and destroy the plants. They are 
nocturnal feeders, hiding in the soil 
by day. 

Description: Weevil elongate, about 
12 mm. long, brown with black 
dots. Larva pea green in color. 
Pupates in cell in soil. 

Distribution: Australia. 

French, C. Handbook Destructive 

Insects Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 

40-43, pi. 105. 
French, C. Joiu-n. Dep. Agr. Vic- Yig. i04 

toria, pp. 12, 13, Dec, 1913. 




-Tobacco cutworm {Amsacta lactinea): Adult. 
(Maxwell-Lefroy . ) 



Lonchsea splendida. 

(Metallic Tomato Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Tomato, potato, eggplant, other Solanaceae. 

Injury: Breeds in fruit, attacking perfectly healthy tomatoes. 

Description: Fly, metallic blu 
ish green or dark bronze green, 
wings smoky pink, head and legs 
black, body tapering, eyes large 
and prominent. 

Distribution: New Zealand, 
Australia, Pacific Islands. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT TOMATO 
INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Fig. 105. — Tobacco cutworm (Prodenia litura): Larva, pupa, Gelecliuaae. 

adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) ^Phthorimxa operculella Zeller. (See 

Potato.) 
Noctuldae. 

Micromima olivia; Cuba; leaf roller on tomato, tobacco, and eggplant. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

D acus cucurbitx CoqiiiUeXt; India, Ceylon, Hawaii; attacks fruit. (See Cucurl)its.) 
Ccratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks fruit. (See Fruit.) 




218 



A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 



TOON. 

(Cedrela toona, etc. Family Meliacese.) 

Tall ornamental trees of the Tropics; some species cultivated in California and the 
Gulf States. 

AN INSECT INJURIOUS TO TOON. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Pyralidse. 

Hypsipyla robiista Moore; India; bores in flowers, buds, fruit, and twigs of toon (Cedrela toona). 
Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 190S. 

TROPICAL ALMOND. 

( Terminalia SY)-p. Family Combretacese.) . 

Tropical plants, chiefly of the Old World, some of them with edible seed. T. 
catappa is cultivated in Florida and Porto Rico. 

IMPORTANT TERMINALIA INSECTS. 

THYSANOPTERA. 

^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Avocado.) 

COLEOPTERA. 
Bostrychidae. 

Sinixylon cra^iitm Lesne; India; bores in wood of Terminali i lomentosa, T. chcbula. 

Sinorijlon analc Lesne; India; bcres; 

in wood of Tcrminalia bcUerica. 
Lyctus .tpinifrons Lesne; India; bores 

in posts of Terminalia tomentosa. 

Buprestidae. 

PsUopt' ra viridans Kerremans; India; 
bores in wood of Terminalia to- 
mentosa. 

Chrysobothris indica Cast, et Gory; 
India; boresin wood of Terminalia 
tomentosa. 

Cerambycidse. 

^Eolesthe.i holosericea Fabricius; India; 
bores in wood of Terminalia to 
mentosa. 




Fig. 106. — Tobacco cutworm ( Triphaena pronuba): Adult. 
( Targioni-Tozzetti . ) 



Brentidae. 

Cc'ocephalus carus Walker; India; bores in wood of Terminalia tomentosa. 

Flatypodidse. 

Platypus cupulatus Chapuis; India; bores in wood. 

DIPTERA. 
Trypetidae. 

Ccratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Terminalia catappa. (See Fruit.) 
Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 

TUBNIP; RUTABAGA. 

{Brassica rapa, Brassica campestris. Family Cruciferse.) 
These root crops will bear watching for root pests. 

IMPORTANT TURNIP INSECTS. 

Meligethes aeneus Fabricius. 

(Turnip Flower Beetle. Nitidulidae; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Turnip, rape, cabbage, and other crucifers. 

Injury: Does coiisiderable damage to the buds and flowers, causing stunted and 
shriveled appearance. 



INSECTS OF TURNIP, VIBURNUM, AND WALNUT. 219 

Description and biology: AduH metallic green, sometimes with a bluish shimmer; 
sides parallel, head and apex rounded, legs dark brown; fore tibise lighter, small 
externally saw-toothed; body 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Larva yellowish 
white, head dark; mandibles with darker apex and a double row of short teeth; length 
4.5 mm. Diuing the first week in June the beetles may be found in numbers in 
blossoms, apparently feeding on the pollen. The eggs are deposited within the 
unopened buds. The larvse feed in the buds and flowers and cause stunting and 
shriveling. Pupation takes place in earthen cells. 

Distribution: Europe. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 474, figs. 

288-289. 
Ormerod, E. a. Fifteenth Report Injurious Insects, London 1892, p. 96, fig. (adult). 

Trichocera hiemalis. 

(Winter Turnip Gnat. Mycetophilidse ; Diptera.) 

Hosts: Turnip, cabbage. 

Injury: Is found in connection with injury to roots of these crops, especially where 
a fungus disease known as "club," "anbury," etc., is present. There is a possibility 
that the gnat might be concerned in the spread of the fungus. 

Distribution: England. 
Ormerod, E. A. Sixteenth Rept. Injurious Insects, 1892, pp. 147, 148. 

Athalia spinarum Fabricius. 

(Turnip Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) 

Hosts Crucifers, turnips, beets, etc. 

Injury: Defoliates. 

Biology: Eggs laid in the leaves. Larv^ feed on the leaves. Pupates in earthen 
cocoon. 
Jablonowski. Tier. Feinde d. Zuckerriibe, pp. 298-303, fig. 60. 

VIBURNUM. 

( Viburnum spp. Family Caprifoliacese.) 

Ornamental shrubs, including the black haw, the snowball, laurustiniis, and many 
other desirable garden plants. They occiu- in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and 
Java. 

IMPORTANT VIBURNUM INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidse: 

Armored — 

^Aspidiotus (Chrysoviphalus) persese Comstock; Mexico, England (Kew Gardens), Florida. 

Aspidiotus spinosus Covaslodk; Italy; Viburnum tinus. 

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe. 

Parlatoria myrtus Maskell; South Australia. 

Chionapsis (Phenacaspis) eugcnix Maskell: Australia, China, Japan, Ceylon, Hawaii. 
Unarmored — 
^Lichtensia viburni Signoret; France, England, Wales, Massachusetts. 

Pseudococcus viburni Signoret; France, Maritime Alps. 

Solenococcus muratsp Kuwana; Japan. 

WALNUT AND BUTTERNUT. 

( Juglans spp. Family Juglandaceae. ) 

Hardy nut-bearing trees of Europe, Asia, and America. The nuts are all edible. 
The trees are valuable for shade and the wood is very valuable for furniture. The 
husks of the nuts are sometimes used for medicinal purposes or for tanning. 



220 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

IMPORTANT WALNUT INSECTS. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Coccidae. 

Armored — 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) juglandis Colv(%; Spain; Juglans regia. 

Diaspis leperii Signoret; Europe; Juglans cinerea, J. regia. 
Unarmored — 

Lecanium coryli Linaseus; Juglans nigra, J. regia. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Cerambycidae. 

Cerambyx cerdo Linnfeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Oak.) 

Oberea linearis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in pith of nursery stock. (See Hazel.) 

Saperda scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood and bark. 

Curculionidse. 

Magdalis carbonaria Linnaeus; Europe; bores in trunks. (See Birch.) 
Alcides porrectirostris Marshall; India; breeds in nuts of Juglans regia. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossldae. 

Cossus cossus Linnwus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) 

Tortrlcldae. 

Lispeyresia splendana Hiibner; Europe. (See Chestnut.) 
Laspeyresia grossana Haworth; Europe. (See Beech.) 
Lispeyresia amplana Hiibner; Europe. (See Hazel.) 

SoRAtJER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. 
NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 

WATERCRESS. 

( Roripa nasturtium . ) 
A hardy market crop grown in moist soil, ditches, and water courses. 

AN IMPORTANT WATERCRESS INSECT. 

Limnophilus flavicornis Fabricius. 
(Watercress Caddis Worm. Limnophilidse ; Trichoptera). 

Hosts: Water cress, Lemna. 

Iijury: The larvae feed on the leaves. 

Biology: The larvae are concealed in cases and live under water. The eggs are laid 
in gelatinous masses and are sometimes retained for a while at the extremity of the 
female's body, but are finally attached to some aquatic plant. 

Distribution: England. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 236. 

WATERMELON. 

See Cucm-bits. 

WHEAT; EMMER; SPELT. 

{Triticum sativum Lam. and Triticum spp. Family Graminese.) 

Wheat is grown in many parts of the world and is a standard article of commerce. 
The principal manner in which its insect enemies may be transported is in shipments 
of the grain, although the occasional use of straw in packing would be liable to intro- 
duce stem-infesting insects. The greater part of the world's wheat crop is grown in 
Europe. P^or full treatment of its insect pests see Grains and grasses. 



WILLOW INSECTS. 



221 



WILLOW. 

((SaZix spp. Family Salicacese.) 

Important trees along waterways in Europe and America. The wood is used in 
the manufacture of gunpowder and for many other purposes. Certain species are 
cultivated for materials with which to manufacture baskets. 

A. BETTER KNOWN WILLOW INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. 

Crepidodera aurata Marsh. 

(Willow Leaf Beetle. Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera.) 

Hosts: Willow, Populus laurifolia, P. alba. 
Injury: Feeds on foliage. 
Distribution: Throughout Europe. 

Phyllodecta spp. 

(Willow Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) 

Species: P. vitellinae Linnseus; Europe, Connecticut (introduced); willows (Salix 
purpurea, etc.), poplar. P. vulgatissima Linnaeus; Europe; willows (Salix vimi- 
nalis, etc.). P. tibialis Suffrian.; 
Europe; willow. 

Injury: Feed on foliage in adult 
and larval stages. 
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflan- 

zenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 

3, p. 518. 

Cossus cossus LinnsBus. 
(Goat Moth. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) 

Hosts: Willow, poplar, alder, elm, 
oak, birch, linden, walnut, scotch 
pine, ash, beech, maple. 

Injury: Bores in trees to the heart- 
wood. Very serious, kills many 
trees. 

Description and biology. — Adult, 
male wing expanse 68-75 mm., fe- 
male 75-90 mm.; stout and clumsy, 
clothed with dense gray hairs, fore- 
wings dark gray and brown, with 
dusky transverse streaks; hind 
wings ashy gray to grayish brown 
with some indistinct brown marks; 
antennae fringed with gray. Occurs '^' 
June and July and flies at dusk. 
Pupa, rich brown in color, with three rings of spines around abdomen. Pupation 
occurs in larval galleries; requires about a month. Larva, length 75-100 mm., 
dirty ocher-yellow, with broad, median dorsal, mahogany-red stripe; head blackish 
brown two deep-brown spots on first thoracic segment. Larval period about 3 
years; tunnel in wood, occasionally leave trees. Eggs, brown, round, convex above, 
flattened below, ribbed; deposited in groups of 15 to 50 in crevices of bark; each 
female deposits 200 to 300 eggs, which hatch in about 10 days. (See text fig. 107.) 

Distribution: Europe, Syria, Korea, North Africa. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 42. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 322. 

NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 321, fig. 272. 




-The goat moth ( Cossus cossus): Larva, pupa 
and adult . ( Henschel . ) 



222 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. 

Rhabdophaga spp. 
(Willow Gall Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.) 

Species: R. nielsonii Kieffer; Denmark; willow. R. saliciperda Dufour; Europe; 
willow, Populus alba. R. salicis Schrk.; Europe; Salix purpurea. 

Injury: Bore in wood and form gall-like formations. 

Description and biology: R. nielsonii with head and thorax beneath yellowish red, 

thorax dark brown above; abdomen red; length 3 mm. 

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 456, 457, 

fig. 277. 

B. OTHER IMPORTANT WILLOW INSECTS. 

ACARINA. 
Eriophyidse. 

Eriophyes tetanothrii Nalepa, blister mite; England: attacks leaves of Salii caprea. 

HEMIPTERA. 
Aphldidae. 

Lachnus viminalis Fonsc, plant louse: Germany: attacks shoots oi Salix viminalis. 

Coccidse. 

Armored— 

Aspidiotus ( Tarqionia) distincta Leonard!; Europe. 

Chionaspis salicis Linn<EUs; Europe. 
Unarmored — 

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas: Europe. 

Lecanium coryli Linnfeus; Europe. 

Phenacoccus aceris Signoret; Europe. 

Pulvinaria betulae Linnaeus; Europe. 

COLEOPTERA. 
Anoblldse. 

Ptilinus fuscus Geoflroy: Europe: bores in dead wood of standing living trees. 
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. 

Buprestidae. 

Agrilus seiguttatus Brahm., Europe; bores in bark. 
Poecilonota variolosa PaykuU: Europe; bores in bark. 

Scarabseidse. 

Amphimallon solstitialix Linna?us; Eiu-ope: larvae attack roots of shoots. 

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and 3/. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack i oots of seed- 
lings. 

Cerambycidae. 

JEolesthes sarta Solsky; India: bores in trimks of Salix alba and S. babylonica. 

Aromia moschata Linnaeus; Germany; bores in stems and old cuttings. 

Lamia teitor Linnaeus: Europe: bores in larger cuttings and shoots. 

Oberea oculata Linnaeus; Europe; bores in pith of twigs and stems. 

Phymatodes lividus Rossi; Germany; particularly injurious to baskets; also, attacks felled trees and 
lumber. 

Saperda carcharias Linnaeus, 4cS. populnea Liimaeus; Europe; bore in tark and wood. The latter spe- 
cies occurs on the Pacific coast of the United States. 

Chrysomelidae. 

Haltica quercetorum Foudr.; Europe; leaf beetle (see Oak); H. ampelophaga Gut5rin; Europe, Africa 

(see Grape). 
Melasoma populi Linnaeus: India: defoliator on Salix elegans and S. babylonica. 

Curculionidae. 

Dorytomus affinis Paykull, D. agnathus Boheman, D. dorsalis Herbst, D. maculatus Marsham, D. 

majalis Paykull; Europe; the eggs are laid in the buds in the fall, and the larvfe develop in the 

flowers in the spring. 
Orchestes decoratus Germar; Europe: mines the leaves of Salix triandra, S. viridis, S. fragilis, and S. 

purpurea. 
Orchestes populi Fabricius; Europe: mines the leaves of Salix viminalis, and S. triandra. 
:^ Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linu'i^us; Europe, eastern United States; breeds in the stems and twigs. 



INSECTS OF WILLOW AND YEW, 223 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
Cossidse. 

■>iiZeu:era pyrina Linnsus; Europe; bores in wood of basket willow. (See Horse-chestnut.) 

Cymbldae. 

Earias chlorana Hiibner; Europe; attacks foliage, buds, and shoots of long-leaf willows. 

Geoinetridae. 

Anisopteryx xsculnria SchilTermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. 
Larcnlia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; defoliator. 

Lasiocampidse. 

Eriogaster lanestris Linnfeus and Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. 
GastTopacha quercifolia Linnteus; Europe. (See Fruit.) 

Lymantriidae. 

^^c Euproctis chrysorrhceal,inn?ons, i'f:Lymantria monachahinneeus, :^Porthetria dispar Linnjcus, ^Orgyia 
antiqua Linnaeus, Forthesia similis Fuessly, and Stilpnotia salicis Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See 
Forest defoliators.) 

Sesiidse. 

SesiitnrmicaeformisEsp.; Europe; bores in stems and shoots. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
Clmbicidae. 

Cimbex variabilis Klug; Europe; sawfly, attacks leaves. 
Pseudoclavellaria amerinse lArmmens; a sawfly; Europe; defoliator. 
Trichiosoma lucorum Linna-us: Europe; defoliator. 

Tenthredinidse. 

Euuraater Jurine. Pontjniisilicis Christ, a,nd Pteronidea salicis Linnaeus; Europe; sawflies. 

DIPTERA. 
Itonididse (Cecidomyidaei. 

Cecidomyia siliciperda Dufour; Europe; breeds in branches of Salix triandra, S. alba, S. fragilis, S. 

caprea, and S. purpurea. 
Cecidomyia salicis Sehrank; Europe; breeds in shoots. 

LITERATURE. 

SORAUEB, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. < 

NlissLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. 

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. 

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87. 

LiNDiNGER, B. Die Schildlause (Ooccidae), 1912. 

YEW. 

( Taxus spp. Family Taxaceae.) 

Ornamental evergreen trees or shrubs distributed throughout the northern hemi- 
sphere. The wood is valued for cabinetmaking. In studying the pests of this genus 
reference should also be made to Conifers. 

Eriophyes psllaspis Nalepa. 

(Yew Gall Mite. Eriophyidae. Acarina.) 

Host: Yew. 

Injury: Forms gall-like swellings of the buds. Serious injury to hedges. 

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite, which causes galls by its feeding. 
Especially liable to introduction on nursery stock. 

Distribution: England. 
GiLLANDKRS, A. T. Forcst Entomology, Edinburgh and London, 1908, p. 26, fig. 25. 



U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XLVII 





O 



a d 



H 2 




U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual o) Dangerous Insects. 



Plate XLIX. 




The Avocado Weevil (Heilipus lauri). (Barber, Proc. Ent. Soc. 
Washington.) 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 

Abraxas grossulariata 119 

Acanthocinus xdilis 73 

A cantholyda erythrocephala 70 

Acanthophorus serraticOTnis 193 

Acanthopsyche reidi 211 

snelleni 211 

Acanthoscelides obtectus 6, 36, 165 

Acarina 7 

Acherontia atropos 185 

Acheta bimaculata 89 

Acidia heraclei 52, 164 

Aderda distorta 33 

japonica 33, 206 

toMonis 33 

Acmseodera stictipennis 193 

Acridium xruginosum 205 

flavicorne 205 

MeToglyphicum 89 

luleicorne 205 

migratorium 215 

peregrinum 89 

Toseum 205 

succinctum 205 

zehntneri 205 

Acridocephala bistriata 195 

Acrocinus accentifer 59 

Acronycta aceris 40 

Adelocera modesta 212 

Adoretus umbrosus 50, 59, 90, 131, 191, 207, 215 

tenuimaculatus 50, 59, 90, 191 , 210 

Adoxus obscurus 6 

^naria lewisi 190 

JEolesthes holosericea 193,218 

sarta 96, 171, 181, 222 

Molus vittatus 207 

JEsiotes notabilis 195 

Agelastica alni 12, 46 

Agrilus angvstulus 39, 134, 153 

betuleti 73 

biguttatus 39, 153 

elongatus 39, 153 

sexguttatus 181,222 

sinuatus 5, 169 

subauratus 134, 153 

viridis . 12, 39, 46, 73, 131, 141, 148, 150, 181 , 192 

Agriotes aterrimus 68, 153 

formosanus 207 

lineatus 43,49, 51, 68, 

85, 126, 137, 140, 153, 165, 166, 184 , 214 

obscurus 68, 153 

pilosus 214 

sacchari 207 

taichuensis 207 

Agromyza fabalis 38 

frontalis 136 

55266—17 15 



Page. 

Agromyza maura 28,29 

phaseoli 37 

simplex 28, 29 

Agrotis sp 6 

crinigera 210 

dislocata 210 

exclamationis 44 

interjectionis 208 

plecta 44 

saucia 210 

segetum 44, 70, 216 

spina 185 

tritici 75 

trux 216 

vestigialis 70 

ypsilon 8, 14 

Akermeslevis 9 

punctatus 59 

scrobiculatus 9 

Alaus sculptus 193 

Alcides porrectirostris 220 

scenicus 103 

Alder bud moth (see Coleophorafuscedinella). 

Aleurocanthus voglumi 56 

Aleurodicus cocois 34, 109, 132, 139 

destructor 159 

Aleurolobus longicornis 207 

olivinus 155 

Aleurothrixus porteri 56 

A leyrodes spp 213 

lactea 207 

tabaci 213 

Aleyrodidse 7 

Alfalfa gall midge (see Asphondylia miki). 
leaf weevil (see Hypera murina). 
weevil of Europe (see Hypera postica). 

A loha ipomaex 210 

Amar caterpillar (see Virachola insocrates). 

Amatissa consorta 21 1 

Ambrosia beetles (see Anisandrus spp.; Xyl- 
oterusspp.). 

Amorbia emigratella 210 

A mphimallon solstitialis 39, 73, 137, 181, 222 

Amsacta lactinea 216, 217 

lineola 216 

moorei 216 

Anagnia splendens 206 

Anastrcpha acidusa (see Anastrepha fratcrcu- 
lus). 

fraterculus 60 , 

64, 94, 100, 113, 132, 147, 164, 170, 180 

ludens 60, 114, 132, 167, 180, 194 

peruviana 114 

serpentina 132 

A naxiphus pallidulus 205 

225 



226 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 

Andraca bipunctata 212 

Anerastia ablutclla 208 

botella 126 

Angoumois grain moth (see SUotroga cereal- 

ella). 
Anisandrus dispar. 12,40,46,54,137,138,148,154,171 

Anisolabris maritima 215 

Anisopteryx xscularia 12, 

24, 46, 105, 134, 138, 154, 170, 179, 192, 223 
Annona friiit fly (see Ccratitis anonx). 

Anomala xnea 46,207 

grandis 12 

vitis 127, 190 

Anomalococcus crcmastogastri 102 

Anonxpestis bengalella 93 

Anoplus plantaris 46 

Anthaxia osmastoni 73 

quadripunctata 68 

Anthomi/ia radicum 50, 187 

Anthonomus druparum 179 

grandis 87 

incurvus 23 

pedicularius 23, 170 

pomorum IS, 170 

pyri 23, 170 

rectirostris 174 

rubi 47, 197 

spinotus 170 

vesti/us 87 

Anthores asperula 63 

Anticyra combusta 208 

Antonina crawii 33 

socialis 33 

Aonidia (see Aspidiotun [Aonidia]). 
Aonidiella (see Aspidiotus [Aonidiella]). 

Apate molle 67 

monachus 30, 56, 63, 166. 179 

Aphanist.ichus consanguineus 199 

Aphrastasia pectinatx 67 

Aphis avcnx 5 

brassicx 5 

gossypii 5 

rumicis 5, 43 

Apiomorpha attenuata 98 

bduerieni 98 

calycina 98 

conica 98 

duplex 98 

ellipsoidalis 98 

floralis 98 

helmsii 98 

karschi 98 

maliformis 98 

minor 98 

munita 99 

ovicola 99 

ovicoloides 99 

pedunculata 99 

pharetrata 99 

pileata 99 

pomi/ormis 99 

Tugosa 99 

sessilis 99 

sloanei 99 

strombylosa 99 

thorntoni 99 

umbcUata 99 



Page. 

Apiomor-pha urnalis 99 

variabilis 99 

Apion armipes 87 

meliloti 14 

tenue 14 

xanthostylum 87 

Apoderus coryli 12, 39,46 

Apogonia destructor 199 

ritsemx 199 

Apple blossom weevil {see Anthonomus pomo- 
rum). 
borer (see Cossus tristis). 
clearwing (see Sesia myopx/ormis). 
ermine moth (see Hyponomeuta ma- 

linellus). 
gum borer (see Bimia femoralis). 
moth (see Argyresthia conjugella). 
pith moth (see Blastodacna putripcn- 

nella). 
psylla (see Psylla mall). 
root borer (see Leptops hopei). 
sawfly (see Hoplocampa testudinca). 
stem piercer (see Magdalis barbicornis). 
tree borer (see RMzopcrlha collaris). 
Apricot scale (see Epidiaspis pyricola). 

Apriona cinerca 150 

germari 150 

A radus cinnamomeus 73 

A rxcerus fasciculatus 6, 55, S4, 91 

A rgc rosx 192 

Argentine potato weevil (see Rhigopsidius 
tucumanus). 

A rgyresthia conjugella 6, 20. 149, 180 

ephippella 134, 175 

fundella 70 

ilium inatella 82 

Ixvigatclla 83,84 

nilidella 132, 175 

A rgyroploce illcpida 11 

Army worm (see Cirphis unipuncta). 

Army worms 8 

A Toa socrus 208 

Aromia moschata 222 

Ascelis attenuata 99 

echiniformis 99 

prxmollis 99 

schraderi 99 

Ash gall mite (see Eriophyes fraxini). 

A siphum trcmulx 181 

Asparagus fly (see Platyparxa peeciloptera). 
leaf beetles (see Crioceris spp.). 
miners (see Agromyza spp.). 

Asphondylia miki 15, 16 

A spidiotus alatus 98 

britannicus 5, 35 

camcllix 6 

confusus - 98 

destructor 163 

fissidens pluridentatus 162 

madcrensis 139 

minimus 152 

pangoensis 162 

pcctinatus 169 

perniciosus 5 

persearum 30 

rapax (see A. camelUx). 

spinosus 162, 219 



INSECT INDEX. 



227 



Pa-e. 

Aspidiotus tasmanix 9,9S 

tat/abanus 192 

varians 162 

A spidiotui' {A onidia) ebcni 170 

Uuri 35,72,169 

olc^r 1,",6 

planclionioides 102 

pinicola 72 

Aspidiotus (Annijirlla) cocotlphayus 102 

miniatx 98 

subcuticularis 102 

subrubescens 58 

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus ) albopictus 58 

alienus 44, 158 

ansei 162 

dictyospermi 5 

pin- 
nuli- 
fera. 58 

kabelei 58 

nigropunctatus . 26, 156 

paulistus 35 

pedroniformis . 130 
perseie5, 30, 158, 162, 219 

personatus 30, 

58,93,102,145,156,162 

portoricensis 158 

propsimus 162 

scutiformis 30,35, 59, 162 

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus 23,24, 

102, 169, 186 

coloratus 158 

juglandis 220 

orientalis 5, 59, 162 

ostrexformis 5,166,169 

patavinus 178 

pyri 132,169 

zonatus 152 

Aspidiotus ( Evaspidiotus) labiitarum 130 

Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) palnix 162 

similUmus 162 

Aspidiotus ( Morganella) longispina 145 

maskelli 102,146 

Aspidiotus {Odonaspis) batnbusarum 32 

canaliculata 32 

inusitata 32 

secreta 32 

saccharicTulis. 32, 206 

Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidia) articulatus 30, 

59, 63, 102, 130,131, 

146,156,158,162,192 

clavigera.. 59,102,146,166 

duplex 59,156 

fimbriatus 59 

fossor 130 

obsita 102 

quadriareolata 9 

silvatica 102 

tesserata 130 

trilobitiformis 59, 

102, 131, 146, 162 

Aspidiotus {Pseudischnaspis) bowreyi 192 

linearis 162 

longissima 146 

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) acacix 9 

aim 11,152 

biformis 5, 158 

cattleyx 158 



Page. 

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) bromelix 171 

distincla 152, 222 

glomerata 206 

sacchari 206 

vitis 130,152 

Aspidomnrpha mililaris 210 

sanctxcrucis 212 

Aspidoproctus giganteus 194 

Asterolecaniura aurcum 158 

bambusx 33, 206 

bambusicola 33 

ceriferum 162 

coffex 63 

coronatum 33 

epidendri 158 

eiiguuin 33 

flavociliatum 33 

hemisphxricum 33 

hilli 162 

lanceolatum 33 

lineare 162 

masuii 33 

miliar is , 33 

palmx 162 

pudibundum 33 

pustulans 102 

rubrocomatum : 33 

solenophoroides 33 

tenuissimum 33 

tumidum 33 

udagamx 33 

urichi 162 

variolosum _ . 5, 153 

ventruosum 9 

Asthenia pygmxana 70 

Astycus lateralis 212 

Athalia spinarum 44, 219 

Atlious hirtus 79 

niger 43, 214 

subfuscus 39, 134, 137, 153 

Atomaria linearis 41 

Atractomorpha bedeli 205 

crenulata 205, 215 

psiltacina 205 

Aulacaspis cinnamoml 146 

javanensis 32 

miranda 93 

Aulacophora olivierei 92, 166 

Austrian alfalfa leaf weeTil (see Hypera melcs). 

Autosticha pelodes. 2O8 

Avocado wee il (see Heilipus lauri). 

Bactrocera eucurbitx 24, 25, 38 

tryoni 24, 25, 

34, 38, 60, 93, 114, 112, 147, 167, 187 

zonatus 147 

Balaninus (See Curculio). 
Bamboo borer (see Dinodervs distinclus; Euco- 
soma puragramma.) 
fruit fly (see Ceratitis striata). 
shot-hole borer (see Dinoderus pili- 
frons). 
Baxianainiit fly (see Dacuscvrvipennis). 

root barer (see Cosmopolites sordidvs). 
Banded pumpkin beetle (see Aulacophora 
olivierei). . 

Barxus sordidus 63 

Baris chlorizans 49 



228 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 

Baris carulescens 49 

glabra 49 

lepidii 49 

opiparis 49 

saccharivora 207 

trxgardhi 92 

viridisericea 49 

Bark beetles 8 

borer (see Leptostylus prsemorsus). 
Tortrix (see Laspeyresia wceberiana). 

Barynotus squamosum '. 49 

Basilianus cantori 46 

Batocera albofasciata 103 

boisduvali 101 

frenchi 103 

rubra 103 

titana 146, 147 

Bathyscia wollastoni 184 

Bean aphis (see Aphis ruviicis). 
fly (see Agromyza phaseoli). 
leaf beetle (see Cerotoma dentkornis) . 

roller (see Eudamus proteus). 
pod borer (see Maruca testulalis). 
stem maggot (see Agromyza fabalis). 

weevils 8 

weevil (see A canthoscelides spp.; Mylab- 
ris spp.; Pachymerus spp.) 

Bedellia minor 210 

orchilella 210 

somnulentella 210 

Beech tortricid (see Peronea ferrugana) . 
tortrix (see Laspeyresia grossana). 
Beet army worm (see Laphygma eiigua). 
carrion beetle (see Blitophaga opaca). 
fly or Spinach leaf miner (see Pegomya 

hyoscyami). 
root wee\il (see Cleonus punctiventris). 
tortoise beetle (see Cassida nebulosa). 
worm (see Plusia gamma). 

Belippe albiguttata 212 

Bemisia giffardi 56 

Bembecia hylxiformis 47 

Bibitkever (see Entochira lateralis). 

Bimia femoralis 98 

Birch blister mite (see Eriophyes rudis). 

twig wee\il (see MagdaUs carbonaria). 

Biston hirtarius 110, 111, 179 

pomonarius 110, 154 

suppressarius 10, 211 

Bixadus sierricola 63 

Black alfalfa leaf beetle (see Colaspidema 
atrum). 
scale (see Saissetia oleae). 

Blaps armata 73 

mucronata 216 

Blastodacna hellerella 20 

putripenella 19 

vinolentella 19 

Blister beetle (see Epicauta rufidorsum). 

Blitophaga opaca 5, 43 

undata 43 

Blue or hairstreak butterfly (see Lycsena 
bsRtica). 

Boarmia crepuscularia 55, 96 

gcmmaria 129, 192 

selanaria 194 



Boll worms (see Diparopsis Castanea; Earias 
spp.; Sacadodes pyralis) . 

Bostrychopsis jesuita 59 

parallela 33 

Bostrychus capucinus 53, 153 

Bothynoderes farinosus 44 

punctiventris 44 

Botys Cfjelesalis 208 

Brachonyx pineti 74 

Brachycerus albidentatus 158 

corrosus 158 

pradieri 158 

undatus 158 

Brachyderes incanus 46 

lusitanicus 154 

Brachyrhinus (Otiorhynchus spp.) 65, 128 

armadillo 65 

armatus 129 

asphaltinus 129 

aurifer 65 

corruptor 129, 167 

egregius 65 

fullo 65 

fuseipes 65 

129 

65 

irritans 65 

jovis 65 

kratterii 65 

Ixvigatus 173 

lepidopterus. '. 65 

ligustici 44. 129, 167 

morio 65 

multipunetatus 65 

niger 65 

orbicularis 44 

ovatus 6, 65 

perdix 65 

picipes 197 

populeti 129 

raucus 44, 129 

sensitivus 65 

septentrionis 65 

singularis 65, 129 

sulcatus 6, 129 

tenebricosus 47, 197 

teretirostris 129 

tristis 129 

turca 129 

Brachytrypes achatinus 14, 215 

Brachyxystus subsignatus ". 52, 68 

Brazil flg borer (see Heilipus bonelli). 
Broad-nosed grain weevil (see Caulophilus 
latinasus). 

Bromius obscurus 127 

vitis 127 

Brontispa froggatti 160 

Broun's fruit fly (see Dacus [ Tephrites] lan^ 

thodes). 
Brownhaji-bac'kheetle (see Phytalus smithi). 
plum owlet moth (see Xylina socia). 
Brown-tail moth (see Euproctischrysorrhaa). 
Bruchus (see Mylabris spp.). 
Brush spinner (see Orgyia gonostigma). 

Bryobia ribis 1 19 

Bud stinger (see Janus compressus). 



INSECT INDEX. 



229 



Page. 
Buff tip moth (see Phalera bucephala). 

Bupalus piniarius 66 

Buprestis geometrica 73 

Byctiscus betulx 12, 39, 46 

Byturus tomentosus 47 

Cabbage aphis (see Aphis brassicse). 

gall midge (see Dasyneura brassicx). 
maggot (see Phaoniatrimaculata). 
midge (see Contarinia torquens). 
webworm (see Hellula undalis). 
worm (see Pieris monuste). 
Cacao fruit fly (see Ceratitis punctata). 

moth (see Zaratha cramerella). 
Cadelle (see Tenebrioides mauritanicus) . 

Calamistisfusca 85 

Calamobius marginellus. 126 

Calathusfuscipes 81 

Calendra granaria 6 

linearis 210 

oryza 6 

rugicollis 210 

sculpturata 154 

California grape rootworm (see Adoxus ob- 
scurus). 

Caliroa xthiops 6 

CalUdium xneum 39, 54, 153 

violaceum 39 

Calocampa etoleta 44 

Calocoris fulvomaculatus 136 

Caloptenus italicus 215 

Camarimena rugosistriatus 52 

Camarota flavitarsis 125 

Camponotus ligniperda 11 

Cane grasshopper (see Atractomorpha crenu- 
lata). 
leafhopper (see Pyrilla aberrans). 
root borer (see Polyocha saccharella). 
sucker moth (see Castnia licus). 

Cantharis fusca 73 

Capnodis indica 73 

mitiaris 181 

tenebrionis 110, 179 

Capua angustiorana 24, 131,170 

Caradrina exigua (see Laphygma). 

Cardiococcus umbonatus 131 

Cardiophorus devastans 207 

formosanus 207 

Carphoborus minimus 74 

Carpocapsa (see Laspeyresia). 

Carpomyia pardalina 93 

Caryoborus gonagra 149, 210 

Cassida nebulosa 6, 41, 158 

vittata 44 

Castilloa borer (see Inesida leprosa). 

Castnia licus 34, 159, 202 

Catalpa scale (see Diaspis pentagona). 

Catorama tabaci 214 

Caulophilus latinasus 6, 30 

Cccidomyia humuli 135 

saliciperda 223 

salicis 223 

Celery fly (see Acidia heraclei). 

leaf tyer (see Phlyctasnia ferrugalis). 

Ceocephalus carus 218 

Cephaleia hypotrophica 70 

signata 70 

Cephus pygmxus 126 

Cerambyi cerdo 26, 151, 153, 220 



Page. 

Cerambyi m iles 131 

scopolii 23, 169 

Ceratitis anonx 51, 94, 115, 132 

capitata ... 24, 25, 30, 34, 38, 60, 64, 93, 94, 100, 
103, 115, 116, 126, 131, 132, 133, 140, 142, 147, 
163, 167, 170, 171, 180, 186, 187, 194, 217, 218 

catoirei 58 

giffardi 116, 139 

nigerrima 116 

punctata 51, 116, 126, 132, 147 

rubivora 116 

silvestrii 116, 139 

striata 32 

Ceratopachys variabilis 148 

Cerococcus ornatus 63 

Ceronema caudata 99 

Ceroplastes actiniformis 162 

campinensis 131 

ceriferus 63, 102 

cistudiformis 30 

denudatus 94 

erithrxus 9 

ficus 102 

gowdeyi 102 

grandis 131 

mimosx 9 

myricx 102, 162 

psidii 131 

quadrilineatus 94, 102 

Tubens 30, 102, 146, 162, 169, 170 

rusci 102, 132, 150, 156, 171, 181 

singularis 131 

theobromx 33 

townsendi percrassus 102 

vinsonii. .: 131, 142, 146 

vinsonioides 63 

Ceroputo yaccx 94, 102 

Cerostoma parenthesella 40 

Cerotom,a denticornis 38 

Cetonia lugubris 216 

Ceutorhynchus assimilis 187, 188 

contractus 92 

cyanipennis 49 

quadridens „ 49, 188 

raphani 187 

robertii 187 

sulcicollis 49, 188 

Chxtocnema basalts 191 

concinna 189 

tibialis 44 

Chxtococcus bambusx 33 

Chxtosticha nana 208 

Chalcoides chloris 44 

Charagia lignivora 10, 20, 100 

Charlock weevil (see Ceutorhynchus con- 
tractus). 

Cheimatobia boreata 40, 46, 179 

brumata 24, 105, 148, 1.54, 179 

Chermes abietis 67 

viridis 67 

Cherry borer (see Cryptophaga unipunctata). 
bug (see Peltophora pedicillata). 
ermine moth (see Hyponomeuta padel- 

lus). 
fruit moth (see Argyresthia nitidella). 
green beetle (see Diphucephala col- 
as pidoides). 
spinner (see Biston hirtarius). 



230 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 
Cherry tree case-bearer (see Colcophora ana- 
tipennella). 
weevil (see Curculio cerasorum). 
Chestnut weevil (see Curculio elephas) . 

Chilo auricilia 85, 189, 196, 208 

infuscatella 208 

simplex 85, 126, 191, 196, 203 

Chionaspis arundinarix 32 

austriaca 72 

bambusx 32 

berlesei 29 

colemani 32 

depressa 206 

elongata 32 

frenchi 98 

graminis 32 

hikosani 32 

inday 162 

madiunensis 206 

manni 102 

nerii 156 

saccharifolii 206 

salicis 1 1, 26, 45, 48, 95, 121, 

141,147,152,181,219,222 

samoana 162 

simplex 32 

striata 25, 94, 139 

substriata 162 

tegalensis 206 

vitis 130, 146 

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) bupleuri 156 

cockerelli 162 

dilatata 146,162 

eugenise 146, 219 

megaloba 131 

nafalensis 146 

Chloridea assuUa 216 

obsoleta 0, 14 

peltigera 216 

Chloroclystis rectangulata 20 

Chlorops lineata 126 

txniopus 125 

Cholus cattleyx 159 

forbesi 159 

Chortophila cilicrura * 29, 157 

Chortophila (Pegomya) brassicae 7 

cepetorum 7 

fusciceps 7, 38, 50 

hyoscyami 7,42,158,196 

Chramesus globulus 154 

Chrotogonus trachyptcrus 14,89,215 

Chrysobothris affinis 153 

indica 218 

sexnotata 193 

solieri 73 

Chrysochroa bicolor 50 

fulminans 50 

Chrysolophus spectabilis 10 

Chrysomphalus [see Aspidiolus ( Chrysompha- 
lus)]. 

Cicadula fasciifrons 190, 206 

6-notata 190, 206 

Cigarette beetle (see Lasioderma serricorne). 

Cimbex fagi 40 

variabilis 13, 47, 182, 223 

Cinnabar moth (see Eucluiia jacobece). 



Clonus fraiini 27, 157 

scrophularix 44 

Cirphis leucosticha 85 

unipuncta (Heliophila, Leucania) 8,208 

Citrus leaf miner (see Phyllocnistis citrclla). 

Cladius pectinicornis 6 

Clania crameri 55, 64, 76, 211 

holmcsi 211 

variegata 55,64,211 

Cleonus cincrcus 44 

fasciatus 44 

mendicus 44 

pedestris 44 

piger 44 

punctiventris 41 , 216 

tigrinus 44 

ucrainiensis 44 

Cletus bipunctatus 207 

trigonus 207 

Clinodi ptosis equestris 123, 124 

mosellana 123, 126 

Clover leaf weevils (see Hypera spp.)- 
root weevils (see Sitona spp.). 

Clysia ambiguclla 129, 130 

Clytus floralis 14 

tropicus 153 

Cnaphalocrocis bifurcalis 208 

Cnaphalodes Inpponicus 67 

strobilobius 67 

Cneorhinus albiguttatus 207 

plagiatus 29, 51 

Cnethocampa pinivora 71 , 76 

pityocampa 71, 76 

proccssiona 152 

Coccidae 7 

Coccotrypes integer 193 

Coccus acuminatus 35, 131 , 146, 158 

acutissimus 44,146, 162 

arundinarix 33 

bicruciatus 170 

hesperidum .59, 162, 212 

hoferi 23 

mangiferse 5, 146 

manniparus 211 

marsupialis 94 

minimus 44 , 158 

viridis 59, 63, 131, 212 

Coshylis (see Clysia ambiguella). 
Cockchafer (see Mclolontha melolontha) . 
Co?onut leaf-miner beetles (see Promecotheca 
spp.). 
leaf moth (see Levuana iridescens). 
palm scale [see Aspidiotus ( Chrysom- 
phalus) persex], 
white fly (see Aleurodicus spp.). 
Codling moth (see Laspeyresia pomonella). 

Ccclosterna scabrata 193 

spinator 10 

Calostomidia assimilis 39 

• pilosa 39 

Coepophagus [see Rhizoglyphus (Coepopha- 

gus)l 
Coffee beetle (see Xyleborus coif ex). 

bean weevil (see Arxccrus/asciculatus). 
leaf miner (see Leucoptera coffeella). 
red spider (see Tetranychus bioculatus). 



INSECT INDEX, 



231 



Colabathristes saccharicida 207 

Colaspidea metallica 207 

Colaspidema atrum 13 

Coleophora anatipennella 24, 175 

fuscedinella 11 

laricella 82 

lutipennclla 152 

Colobogaster quadridentata 100 

Colopha compressa 95 

Conarthrus afflnis , 33 

jansoni 193 

Conchaspis angrseci 5, 102 

Conchylis epilinana (see Phalonia). 

ConckyhctpTiia punctata 210 

Confused flour beetle (see Tribolium con- 
fusum). 

Coniatus Ixtus 211 

suavis 211 

Coniferous root weevils (see Brachyrhinus). 
sawfly (see Diprion simile). 
weevils (see Magdalis spp.). 

Conogetkes puncti/eralis 166 

Contarinia gossypii 89 

pisi 165 

pyrivora 7, 170 

torguens 49 

tritici 7, 123 

viticola 131 

Coptops bidens 63 

fusca 63 

Coptosoma cribraria 207 

Coptotermes gestroi 164 

Corxbus elatus 153 

fasciatus 153 

nndafus 153 

Com Ry (see Siphonella pumilionis). 
Corner spot (see Orgyia gonostigma) . 

Corymbites seneus 43 

Cosmophila sabuUfera 155 

Cosmopolites sordidus 34, 207 

Cosmopteryi paUifasciella 208 

Cossus cadambe 212 

cossus 12, 

27, 40, 46, 96, 141, 148, 154, 181, 220, 221 

tristis 19, 170, 187 

Cotton blister mite (see Eriophycs gossypii). 
boll worm (see Chloridea obsoleta). 
flower bud maggot (see Contarinia gos- 
sypii). 
stainers (see Dysdercus spp.)- 
stem borer (see Sphenoptera neglccia). 
worm {Prodenialitura). 

Cratopus punctum 64 

Cratosomus rcidi 60 

Crepidodera costatipennis 50 

aurata 181, 221 

Criocephalus tibetanus (?) 73 

Crioceris spp 27 

asparagi 6, 27 

duodecimpunctaia 6, 27, 28 

impressa 103 

merdigcra 28 

Crcesus septentrionalis (see Nematus). 

Crossotarsus coniferse 52, 81 

fairmairei 75, 154 

saundersi 194 



Page. 
Crueifer leaf beetles (see Phyllotreta spp.). 

Cryphalus abietis 69 

boswellix 69 

deodara 52 

him.alayensis 52 

intermedius 84 

longi/olia 74 

major 74 

morinda 81 

picese 69 

saltuarius 69 

strohmeyeri 79 

Crypsiphona occultaria 99 

Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides 35 

mediterraneus 139 

Cryptaspidus nucum 162 

Cryptes baccatus 9 

Crypthemichionaspis africana 181 

Cryptinglisia lounsburyi 130 

Cryptoblabes aliena 208 

gnidiella 91,129,180 

Cryptoccphalus pint 73 

Cryptococcus fagi 39 

Cryptophaga rubriginosa 11 

unipunctata 167, 177, 179 

Cryptorhynchus batatse (see Euscepes). 

brandisi 74 

gravis (see Stcrnochetus). 

lapathi 6, 12, 46, 181, 222 

mangiferx (see Sternocheius). 

raja 74 

Crypturgus cinercus. 74 

pusillus 69 

Ctenochiton araucarix 25 

eucalypti 99 

Curculio spp 154 

amoenus 103 

cerasorum 174 

elephas 53 

herbsti 179 

7iucum 133, 134, 154 

rubidus 179 

Cucurbit fly (see Dacus cucurbitx). 

ladybird beetles (see Epilachna 
spp.). 
CuiTant fi'uit moth (see NotoccUa roborana). 
gall mite (see Eriophyes ribis). 
moth (see Abraxas grossulariata). 
shoot borer (see Incurvaria capitella). 
web worm (see Thamnonoma wau- 

aria). 
worm (see Pteronidea ribesii). 
Custard-apple caterpillar (see Anonxpestis 
bengaleUa). 

Cutworms 8 

Cutworms (see Agrotis spp.; Euioa spp.; 
Feltia s,^\> .: Peridroma spp.) . 

Cylas brunneus 209 

formicarius 6, 209 

Cyllo leda 208 

Cymnus tabaci 207, 215 

Cypress borers (see Diadoxus spp.). 

Cyrtepistomus pannosus 212 

Cyrtotrachelus dux 33 

longipes 33 

Cytorhynchus frigidus 146 

Daclylopius coccus 162 



232 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 

Dacus xqualis 58 

cmurbitx 38, 93, 217 

curvipennis 34 

diversus 60, 117, 132, 147, 167 

ferrugineus 60, 93, 100, 117, 147 

frenchii 117 

olex 156 

ornatissimus 58 

passiflorss 60, 117, 126, 147 

persicx 117, 147, 167 

psidii 118, 126, 132 

rarotongx 145 

tongensis 145 

( Tephrites) xanthodes. . . . 118, 126, 132, 142, 171 

Dasychira horsfeldi 194 

mendosa 64, 212 

misana 64, 212 

pudibunda 12, 40, 

47, 48, 107, 132, 134, 137, 141, 148, 154, 192 

selenitica 66 

thwaitesi 64, 212 

Dasyneura abietiperda 81 

brassicx 49, 188 

laricis 84 

picex 81 

pyri 168 

Death's-head moth (,see Acherontia atropos). 

Delphdcodes vastatrix 206 

Delphax fumosa 206 

furcifera 190, 206 

graminicola 206 

propinqua 206 

Deltocephalus dorsalis 190, 206 

Dendroctonus micans 65 

Dendrolimus pini 71 

sibiricus 83 

Depressaria depressella 164 

nervosa 51, 164 

Dermestes frischi 5 

vulpinus 5 

Desiantha nociva 185, 217 

Diabrotica graminea 85, 155 

Diacrisia obliqua 91 

Biadoxus erytiirurus 64, 94 

scalaris 64, 94 

Dialeges pauper 193 

Diamerus fici 103 

Diamond-back moth (see Plutella maculipen- 
nis). 

Diaprepes abbreviatus 30, 

60, 64, 85, 126, 132, 146, 192, 200 
spengleri (see Diaprepes abbrevia- 
tus). 

Diapus capillatus 154 

furtivus 194 

impressus 154 

mirus 194 

quinquespirvatus 194 

Diaspidiotus (see Aspidiotus [Diaspidiotus]). 

Diaspis atlantica 139 

bromelix 102 

cattleyx 158 

gennadii 171 

leperii 132, 166, 220 

olex 156 

5, 52, 169, 178 



Page. 

Diaspis pyri 23, 169 

santali 169 

squamosus 166, 169 

visci 25, 73, 94, 139 

zamix 5, 162 

Diastrombus politus 206 

Diatrxa spp ., 203 

canella 203 

lineolata ^jvi> 203 

saccharalis «o 6, 203 

striatalis 203, 208 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis 24, 34, 51, 

60,85,94,126,132,142,167 

Dicranotropis vastatrix 206 

Dictyophora sinica 190, 206 

Diloba cxruleocephala 21, 179 

Dindymus versicolor 17, 196 

Dinoderus brevis 33 

distinctus 33, 143 

minutus 31, 207 

pilifrons 31 

Dioryctria splendidella 76 

Diastrombus politus 190 

Diparopsis castanea 91 

Diphucephala aurulenta 10 

colaspidoides 172 

Diploschema rotundicolle 59 

Diplosis eucalypti 100 

paralis 100 

Diprion pallidus 70 

pini 70 

rufus 70 

simile 6, 70 

DiscopUora celinde 208 

Distichocera macleayi 97 

Dolopius marginatus 68, 153 

Dorytomus affinis 222 

agnathus 222 

dorsalis 222 

maculatus 222 

majalis 222 

Doticus pestilans 24 

Dreata petola 208 

Dreparw cultraria 40 

Dreyfusia nuesslini 67 

picex 67 

Drosicha maskelli ^ 102 

Drugstore beetle (see Sitodrepa panicea). 

Dryocoetes alni 12 

autocraphus 69 

hewetti 154 

indicus 81 

minor 193 

villosv^ 54, 154 

Dryophilus pusillus 79, 84 

Duomitus ceramicus 212 

Durra stem borer (see Sesamia cretica). 

Dysdercus spp 86 

andrex 86 

annuliger 86 

cardinalis 86 

cingulatus 86, 87 

delauneyi 86 

fasciatus 86 

fernaldi 86 

howardi 86 



INSECT INDEX. 



233 



Page. 

Dysdercus insularis 86 

nigrofasciatus 86 

pacificus 86 

TuficolUs 86 



superstitiosus 86 

smturellus 5, 86 

Eariaschlc la 91,223 

cftr. lataria 91 

fabia :. 91 

gossypii 91 

insulana 87 

plaga 91 

Early moth (see Hibernia rupicapraria). 
East African cotton weevil (see Apion xan- 
thostylum). 

Echinocnemis squameus 191, 207 

Ecthoea quadricornis 50 

Eggplant fruit borer (see Leucinodes orbo- 

nalis). 
Egyptian cotton boll worm (see Earias insu- 
lana). 
cotton worm (see Prodenia Utura). 
Eight-toothed large spruce bark beetle (see 
Ips typographus). 

Elaphodes tigrinus 10 

Elimxa chloris 205 

Elm bark beetle (see Scolylus multistriatus). 
leaf beetle (see Galerucella luteola). 
sawfly (see Fenusa dohrnii). 

Enarmonia pinicolana 67, 70 

rufimitrana 77,78 

Entochira lateralis 198, 216 

Entodecta pumila 47 

Epacromia tamulus 205 

Epepeotcs lusctis 50, 146 

Ephestia cautella ; . 6, 163 

elutella 76 

kuetinieUa 6 

Epiblema nigricana (see Eucosoma). 
tedella (see Laspeyresia). 

Epicauta rufidorsum 43, 184 

sibirica 184 

Epicoccus acacix 9 

Epidiaspis piricola 5, 23, 24, 121, 166, 169 

Epilachna spp 92, 183 

argus 92 

chrysomelina 92 

dodecastigma 92, 183 

guttato-pustulata 183 

S8-maculata 183 

38-punctata 92, 183 

phyto 183 

pusillanina 183 

territa 183 

Episomus albinus 207 

Ereunetis flavistriata 34, 163, 171, 204, 208 

muiriella 208 

pilosata 208 

Eriocampoides limacina 6 

Eriococcus aceris 39, 147, 153 

angulatus 25 

araucarix 25 

buxi 48 

confusus 99 



Page. 

Eriococcus coriaceus 99, 131 

crispus 102 

cro/ti 99 

eucalypti 99 

fagicorticus 39 

graminis 33 

grcgarius 99 

irregularis 99 

lagerstrcemix 102 

onukii 33 

pallidus 39 

picta 99 

raithbyi 39 

serratilobis 99 

simplex 99 

spiniger 99 

teppcri 99 

tcssclatus 99 

Eriogaster lanestris 46, 141, 154, 181, 223 

Eriophyes spp 172 

avellanx 133 

fraxini 26 

goniothorax 132 

gossypii 86 

Ixvis 11 

laricis 82 

macrochclus 147 

oleivorus 5, 55 

padi 5, 172 

phlceocoptes 5, 172 

pini 70 

psilaspis 223 

pyn 5 

quadrisetus 139 

ribis 118, 119 

rudis 45 

similis 172 

tetanothrix 222 

mix 141 

tiliarius 141 

vermiformis 133 

vitis 5,127 

Eriosoma lanuginosa 95 

ulmi 95 

Ernobius abietinus 73 

abietis 79 

angusticollis 79 

longicorais 79 

nigrinus 73 

pini 73 

Ernoporus caucasicus '. 141 

fagi 40 

tilix 141 

Estigmena chinensis 33 

Etiella zinckenella 165 

Eubactrus sp 73 

Eucalymnatus brunfelsix 35 

Eucanthus semiglauca 206 

Euchelia jacobex 185 

Euchirus madeayi 153 

Euchloris submissaria 10 

Eucosoma nigricana 77 

paragramma 32 

schi stacea 208 

Eudamus proteus 38 

Eumerus strigatus 139, 157 



234 



INSECT INDEX. 



Eumetopina krugeri 206 

JSuphilippia olivina 156 

Euplexis nigerrima 185 

■'Euproctis chrysorrhcea 6, 

40, 107, 132, 137, 148, 154, 181, 192, 223 

divisa 212 

flavata 20S 

flexuosa 55 

latifascia 212 

minor 208 

Eupteryx solani 184 

European grain moth (see Tinea granella). 

thrips (see Haplothrips tri- 
tici). 
hop flea-beetle (see Psylliodes at- 

tenuata). 
pine-shoot moth (see Eietria buo- 
liana). 

Euscepes batatx 209 

Euura ater 223 

Euxoa radians 185 

segetis 91 

spinifera 216 

Euzophera cedrella 52, 70 

Evaspidiotus [see Aspidiotus ( Evaspidiotus)]. 

Evergestis extimalis ■i9, 87, 188 

Evetria spp 72 

buoliana 6, 70, 72 

comstookiana 72 

duplana 6, 72 

frustrana 72 

pinivorana 6, 72 

resinella 72 

rigidana 72 

furionana 6, 72 

Feathery-horned yellow-box borer (see Dis- 
tichocera macleayi). 

Feltia sp 6 

Fenusa dohrnii 6 

Fig branch borer (see Hylesinus porcalus). 
moth (see Ephestia cautella). 
stem-bormg beetle (see Sinoxylon suda- 

nicum). 
tree borer (see Batocera boisduvali). 
Figure-of-8-moth (see Diloba cseruleocephala). 
Fiji fly (see Dascus passiflorse). 

Filippia olese 156 

Fiorinia acacias 9 

bambusx 32 

diaspiformis 32 

grossularix 121 

signata 32 

stricta ; . 158 

tenuis 32 

these 156, 212 

Fir bark tortricid (see Laspeyresia duplicana). 

bud worm (see Eucosoma nigrican-a). 
Flatheaded leaf-miner beetle (see^ Aphanis- 
tichus consanguineus). 
wood borer (see Agrilus viridis). 
Flax capsule worm (see Phalonia epilinana). 
Flea beetle (see Phyllotreta atra). 

Flour beetles 122 

Fluted scale (see Icerya purchasi). 

Fonscolombia fraxini 26 



Forest defoliators (see Melolontha melolontha). 

Frea maculicomis 63 

marmorata 63 

Frit fly (see Chlorops lineata; Oscinis frit). 
Fruit tree bark beetle (see Scolytus rugulnsus). 
borer (see Capnodis ten^ebrionis) . 

Furcaspis oceanica 158, 162 

Galerucella luteola 6 

tenella 197 

Gallobellicus crassicornis 215 

Gasteroc'ercodes gossypii 91 

GastTopacha quercifolia 24, 111, 132, 170, 179, 223 

Gastrophora henricaria 99 

Gazalina apsara 154 

Gelastorhinus esoi 205 

Gelechia atriplicella 41 

dddecella 70 

gossypiella (see Pectinophora). 

instabilella 41 

ocellatella 41, 42 

Gelonxtha hirta 212 

Geococcus radicum 146 

Geoica lucifuga 207 

Geonomus qvMdrinodosus 64 

Giant sugar cane borer (see Castnia liens). 
Giflfard fruit fly (see Ceratitis giffardi). 

white fly (see Bemisia giffardi). 
Gipsy moth (see Porthetria dispar). 

Glenea novemguttata 50 

Glyphina betulit 45 

Gnathodus pallidulus 206 

viridis 206 

Gnorimoschema heliopa 215 

Goat moth (see Cossus consvs). 

Gonocephalum intermedium 216 

Gonocephalum {Opatrum) acutnngulum 207, 216 

pusillum 216 

sabulosum 43, 73 

Gooseberry moth (see Zophodia convoluiella). 

Gortyna flavago 185 

ochracea 185 

Goasyparia cavellii 39 

spuria 96 

Gratillaria syringeUa 27 

Grain fly (see Cnmarota flavitarsis). 
Grape anomala (see Anomala litis). 

blister mite (see Eriophyes vitis). 
borers (see Vesperus spp.). 
gun worm (see Sciopteron regale). 
pyralid (see Polychrosis botrana). 
root weevils (see Brachyrhinus spp.). 

worm (.see Bromius spp.). 
vine flatheaded borer (see Sinoxylon 

spp.). 
worm (see Clysia ambiguella). 
Grapholitha (see Laspeyresia spp.). 
Grass army worm (see Spodoptera mauritia). 
Gray borer of the sugar cane (see Laspeyresia 
schist aceana). 
fruit tree bud moth (see Olethreutes 

cynobatella). 
larch moth (see Enarmonia pinicolana). 
plum owlet moth (see Xylina orni- 
thopus). 
Greasy cutworm (see Agrofis ypsilon). 
Gre It oak borer (see Cerambyx cerdo). 



INSECT INDEX, 



235 



Page. 
Greedy scale (see Aspidiotus camellise). 
Green hanging moth of the apple (see Charagia 
lignivora). 
leaf weevil (see Phyllobittfi ma:uli- 

cornis). 
pug moth (see Cft/oroc?j/*7/« reclangu- 

lata). 
oak tortrix (see Tortrii viridana). 

Oryllotalpa af Tirana 89, 190, 205, 215 

gryllotalpa 43, 45, 215 

vulgaris (see Gryllotalpa gryllo- 
talpa). 

Gryllus melas 43 

mitratus 205 

Gueriniella serratuls 73, 94, 9ri, 130, 150 

Gum tree bug (see Mictis profana). 

Gunda sikkima 103 

Gypsy moth (see Porthetria dispar). 

Hadena secalis 126 

Halimococcus lampas 162 

Haltica ampelophaga 128, 222 

guercetorum 12, .39, 46, 134, 151, 192, 222 

Haplothrips aculeata 125 

tritici 125 

Harlequin fruit bug (see Dindymus versicolor). 

Harpalus xneus 81 

ruficornis 196 

Hawaii m beet web worm (see Hym-nia fas- 
cialis). 
leaf bug (see Hyalopcplus pelluci- 

dus). 
sugar-cane borer (see Rhabdocnemis 

obscurus). 
su?ar-eane lexfroller (see Oniiodes 
accept a). 
Hawt'iorne scale (see Lecanium bitubcrcula- 

tum). 
Hazelnut blister mites (see Eri^iphyes avella- 
nx: liriophyes vcrmiformis). 

Hedotettii arcuatus 205 

Heilipus bonelli 101 

lauri 30 

Heliothrips rubrocinctus 5, 50, 

63, 109, 132, 140, 146, 192, 218 

striatoptera 207 

Hetlula undalis 6, 186 

Helopeltis antonii 50 

theivora 50 

Hemiberlesia (see Aspidiotus [Heniiberlesia]). 

Hemichionaspis sp 11 

ftci 102 

minima 102 

scrobicularu m 32 

Hemirhopala atrilineala 150 

Hepialus humuli 85, 135, 185, 188 

lupulinus 185 

Herse convolvuli 210 

Hesperia conjuncta 208 

philino 208 

Hessian fly (see Phytophaga deslriictor). 

Heterachthes xneolus 131 

Heterobostrichus xqualis 193, 194 

pileatus 193 

unicornis 33 

Heteroplia varians 193 

Heterorhina hookeri 10 



Heterusia cingala 212 

Hibernia aurantiaria 40, 46, 132, 141, 154, 181 

defoliaria 24, 40 , 

46, 96, 106, 132, 137, 141, 149, 154, 181, 19 2 

marginaria 40, 46, 132, 137, 141, 154, 181 

rupicapraria Ill, 179 

Hieroglyphus banian '' 190 

Himatiu m asperum 193 

Hispa xnescens 190 

callicaniha 190, 207 

wakkeri 199 

Holaniara picescens (see Entochira lateralis). 

Holotrichia leucophthalma 207 

vidua 207 

Holzneria poschingeri (see Prociphilus bu- 

melix). 
Hop aphis (see Phorodon humuli). 

leaf miner (see Agromyza frontalis). 
midge (see Cecidomyia humuli). 
root borer (see Hepialus humuli). 

Hiplocam pa falvicornis 24, 177, 178 

rutilicornis 180 

testudinea 22, 23 

Hoplocerambyx spinicornis , 193 

Hormomyia annulipes 40 

fagi 40 

Hornet moths (see Trochilium spp.). 
Horse-chestnut borer (see Zeuzera pyrina). 

Hyalopeplus pellucidus 37 

Hydrellia griseola 125 

Hydracia micacea 185 

Hylastes angustatus 74 

ater 74 

attenuatus 69 

cunicularius 81 

decumanus 69 

himalayensis •. 69 

longifolia 74 

opicus 74 

Hylecatus dcrmestoides 39, 46, 79, 148, 153 

Hylemyia antiqua 157 

coarctita 124 

Hylesinus crenitus 27, 154 

frazini 27, 157 

olese 157 

oUipcrda 27 

porcitus 101 

vcstitus 157 

Hylobius abictis 12, 40, 46, 68 

fatuus 68 

piceus 68 

Hylofrupcs bajulus 68 

Hylu rgops glabratus 81 

palliatus 69 

Hylurgus lignipcrda 74 

Hymenia fascialis 6, 42, 43 

Hypena ro.%lralis 137 

Hypcra spp 61, 184 

crinita 184 

fasciculata 51 

meles 6,14,61 

miles 61 

murine 13, 61 

nigrirostris 6, 61, 158 

ononidis 61, 158 

pistinacx tigrina 51 



236 



INSECT INDEX. 



Hypera postica 6, 14, 15 

punctata 6, 14, 51, 61 

rogenhoferi 51 

rumicis 189 

variabilis 38, 47, 61, 184, 185 

Hypoborus fiais 103 

Hypceschrus indicus 193 

Hypomeccs curtus 63 

unicolor 191, 207 

Hyponomeuta evonymeila 48 

malinellus 21, 180 

padellus 21, 180 

padi 48 

Hysipyla robusta 142, 218 

Icerya xgyptiaca 102 

albolutea 94 

maxima 102 

minor 145 

mont^erratensis 30, 35, 59, 131, 162, 192 

palmeri 102, 130 

purchasi 5 

seychellarum 59, 102, 131, 146, 162, 192, 206 

Imported cabbage butterfly (see Pontia rapx) 
maggot [see ChortopMla 
(Pegomya) brassicx]. 
clover weevil (see Miccotrogus pici- 

rostris). 
onion maggot (see Pegomya cepe- 
torum). 

Ina ampelophaga 131 

Incurvaria capitella 121 

Indian meal moth (see Plodia interpwnctella). 
tea geometrid (see Biston suppres- 
sarius). 

Inesida Icprosa 163 

Injlisia conchiformis 131 

fagi • 39 

Ips acuminatus 74 

amitinus 69 

blandfordi 74 

cembrx 69 

duplicafus 69 

longifolia 74 

mannsfeldi 74 

ribbentropi 69 

sexdentatus 69 

stebbingi i 52 

typographus 66, 69 

Island fruit fly (see Rioxa musx). 

Isosoma noiiale 126 

Itycorsia campestris 77 

stellata 70 

Janus compressus 169 

cynosbati 154 

fumipennis 47 

luteipes 192 

Japanese grain motii (see Melissoblaptes 
gularis). 
rose beetle (see Adoretus umbrosus). 

Jassus scinotatus 125 

Java cinchona geometrid (see Boarmia 
crcpuscularia). 

sugarcane grub beetle (see Apogonia 
spp.). 
June beetle (see Melolontha spp.)- 



Jimiper blister mite (see Eriophycs quadri- 
setus). 

Kakivoria flavofasciata 170 

Kermes acacix 9 

bacciformis 153 

ballotx 153 

cordiformis 153 

gibbosus 153 

ilicis 153 

pallidus 153 

roboris 153 

vermilio 153 

Kirbya pagana 206 

Kuwania parva 178 

Lachnosterna (see Phyllophaga). 

Lachnus agilis 72 

fasciatus 81 

grossus 78, 81 

laricis 84 

nudus 72 

picex 78, 81 

pichtx 78 

pini 72 

pinicola 81 

txniatus 72 

tomentosus 72 

viminalis 222 

Lackey moth (see Malacosoma neusiria). 

Lacon sp. near davidi 81 

murinus 43, 153, 184 

shirakii 207 

Lxlia costalis 208 

subrufa 208 

LxmopMceus testaceus 193 

Lxmotmetus rhizophagoides 190 

Lagosinia strachani 94 

Lamia textor 181, 222 

Lampra assamensis 103 

decipiens 96 

rutilans 12, 96, 141 

undatus 141 

Laphygma exigua ( Caradrina) 6, 14, 210 

reclusa 210, 216 

Lappet moth (see Gastropacha quercifolia). 
Larch blister mite (see Eriophyes laricis). 

bud-gall midge (see Basyneura laricis). 
gall moth (see Laspeyresia zebeana). 
needle miner (see Cohophora laricella). 
sawfly (see Nematus erichsoni). 
shoot moth (see Argyresthia Ixviga- 

tella). 
spinner (see Dendrolimus sibiricus). 
tussock moth (see Dasychira selenitica). 

Lareniia dilutata 12, 40, 46, 96, 154, 223 

nebulata 46 

Large Australian fruit fly (see Docks xqualis). 
bast beetle (see Dendroctonus micans). 
pith borer [see Tomicus (Myelophilus) 

piniperda]. 
pear psylla (see Psylla pyrisuga). 

Lasiocampa quercus 75, 154 

trifolii 60 

Lasioderma serricorne 6 

Lasioptera cerealis 124 

miscella 100 



INSECT INDEX. 



237 



Page. 

Laspeyresia spp 165 

am plana 134, 220 

coniferana 79 

doTsana 165 

duplicana 67,140 

funebrana 176 

glycinivorella 196 

grossana 38, 54, 134, 154, 196, 220 

nebritana 165, 196 

nigricana 6, 165 

pactolana 79, 80 

pomonella 1 

proximana 79 

prunivorana 179 

schistaceana 204 

splendana 53, 54, 154, 220 

strobilella 80 

tedella 80,81 

tvceberiana 176 

zebeana 83 

Lafheticus oryzx / 122 

Leaf hispa (see Brontispa froggatti). 
Leather beetle (see Dermcstes spp). 

Lecaniodiaspis acacix 9 

africana 9, 102 

convexus 98 

dilatata 9 

frenchi 98 

newmanni 98 

sardoa 192 

Lecanium aceris 147 

arion 25 

bituberculatum 5,23, 132, 169 

caprex 11, 23, 169 

catori 140 

caudatus 63 

cerasi 178 

cerasorum 178 

ciliatum 45, 48, 153, 181, 222 

corni 11 

coryli. ... 11, 24, 45, 95, 96, 121, 132, 134, 137, 
138, 141 , 147, 153, 169, 178, 181, 186, 220, 222 

glandi 23, 169 

guerinii 206 

krugeri 206 

kunoensis 24, 166, 169 

perornatum 191 

persicx 23, 130, 166, 186 

prunastri 24, 179 

pseudexpansum 162 

pulchrum 45, 53, 134, 137, 153, 191 

pyri 23 

rehi 1 21 

rubi 121 

rugosum 23, 166, 169, 179, 186 

sericeum 79 

tiUx 169 

variegatu m 23 

vini 23, 24, 130, 166, 169 

Leiomerus granicoUis 51 

Lema cyanella 122 

flavipes 191 

melanopus 122 

Lemon caterpillar (see Papilio demoleus). 

silver mite (see Eriophyes oleivorus). 



Lepidiota bimaculata 193 

Lepidosaphes abietis 79 

acacix 9 

bambusicola 32 

beckii 5 

cocculi 158 

corrugata... 63 

duponti 162 

ficifoiii 1(J2 

ficus 5 

juniperi 139 

longula 30 

mcgregori 162 

mexicana 102 

minima 102 

newsteadi 73 

olivina 156 

pallida 158 

pinnxformis 59 

somalensis 9 

spinifera 9 

ulmi 5 

unicolor 162 

Leptocorisa varicomis 190, 207 

Leptodicfya tabida 207 

Leptoglossus spp 97 

Leptops hopei 17, 18, 170, 179 

tribulus 10 

Leptostylus prxmorsiis 56 

Leptura rubriola 81 

Lesser grain borer (see RMzopertha dominica). 

Leucania loreyi 208 

unipuncta (see Cirphis). 

Leucaspis bambusx 32 

indica 5, 146 

japonica 5, 23, 32, 192 

Icewi 73 

pini 73 

pistacix 171 

pusilla 73 

riccx 156 

signoreti 73 

Leucinodes orbonalis 95 

Leucodiaspis cockerclli 44, 162 

Leucoma diaphana 194 

Leucophlebia lineata 208 

Leucoptera coffeella 62 

Lcucotermes lucifugus 7 

Levuana iridescens 159, 163 

Liberian sweet-potato borer (see Cylas brun- 
neus). 

Lichtcnsia eatoni 156 

lutea 102 

viburni 219 

Light-brown apple moth (see Tortrix ash- 
worthana). 

Ligyrus rugiceps 207 

Limnophilus ftavicornis 220 

Limothrips dcnticornis 125 

Limonius xruginosus 153 

Lincodcs ochracea 185 

Liogryllus bimaculatus 205 

formosanus 205 

Liopus nebulosus 23, 25, 16S, 179 

Liparus coronatus 44, 51 



238 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 
Lit! (see Odcdda). 
Little boUworm (see Pyroderces simplex). 

Lixus ascanii 44 

vetula 207 

Lochmxa caprex 46 

Locusta viridissimi , 215 

Lonchxa. splcndidi 95, 185, 217 

Longheaded flour beetle (see Latheticus ory- 
' zx). 

Lophocatcrcs {Ostoma) pusillus 122 

Lophodcs sinistraria 10, 25 

Lophosternus hugeli 153 

Lucern moth of New South Wales (see Tortrix 
divulsana). 

Ludius sutUTul's 207 

Luperus pinicola 73 

Lycxna bxtici 37 

Lyctus brunncus 188 

lineiris 153 

spinifrons 33, 218 

Lygxoncmatus ambiguus 82 

pint 82 

siieseni 82 

Lygesis mendica 10 

Lygus oryzx 190, 207 

pratensis 5 

sacchari 207 

Lymantria brittata 194 

grandis 194 

lipcha 194 

monacha 40, 47, 48, 70, 

108, 134, 137, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181, 223 

Lymexylon navalc 153 

Lytti vesicatorii 26 

Machxrota planitix 90 

Macrophya punctum-album 27, 133, 154 

Macrosiphum fragirix 196 

fragariellum 196 

pisi 5, 165 

rogersii 196 

Macrothylacia rubi 47 

Magdalis spp 65 

armigera 173 

aterrima 96 

barbicornis 17, 132, 149, 187 

carbonaria 45, 134, 179, 220 

cerasi 23, 132, 170, 179 

dupUcata 65 

memnonia 65 

phlegniatica 65 

pruni 23 , 132, 179, 187 

rufa 65 

violacei 65 

Magpie moth (see Abraxas grossulariata). 

Malacosoma neustria 40, 46, 106, 154, 181, 192, 223 

Mamcstra atbicolor 216 

brassicx 44, 50, 141, 216 

dissimilis 44 

oleracea 29, 44, 50 

Mandarin fruit fly (see Dacus ornatissimus). 
Mango bark borer (see Plocxdcrus ruficornis). 
borer (see Batoccra titana; Dinodcrus 

distinctus). 
fruit fly (see Dacus ferrugineus). 
scale (see Cocciis mangi/erae; Leucaspis 
indica). 



Page. 
Mango shoot psylla (see Psylla cistellata). 

weevil (see Sternochetus mangiferx). 
March moth (see Anisopteryx xscularia). 

Margarodcs formicirum 206 

Marguerite fly (see Phytomyzi affinis). ■ 

Maruca testulalis 37 

Massicus unicolor 153 

Masters' gum barer (see Trypocharia mas- 
ter si). 
Mauritius fruit fly (see Ceratitis catoirei). 

MayetioloL avenae 124 

destructor (see Phytophaga). 

Mecopoda elongata 205 

Mediterranean flour moth (see Ephestia kueh- 
niclla). 
fruit fly (see Ceratitis capitata). 

Megastigmus brevicaudus 149 

borriesi 79 

strobilobius 70 

Meges marmoratus 153 

Melanimon tibialc ». 73 

Melanitis Icda 208 

Melanophil i picta 181 

Mclasoma xnci 12, 46 

populi 222 

Meligethes xneus 188,218 

Melissoblaptes gularis 191 

Melobasis splendida 10 

Melolontha castanipes 215 

hippocastani 10, 12, 26, 39, 46, 54, 73, 

96, 137, 138, 141, 14S, 149, 153, 171, 181, 222 

melolontha 10, 12, 26, 39, 46, 54, 73, 96, 

104, 137, 138, 141, 148, 149, 153, 171, 181, 222 

niger 215 

Tufipes 215 

tenebrosus 215 

vulgaris 43, 104, 215 

Melon aphis (see Aphis gossypii). 

fruit fly (see Carpomyia pardalina). 
weevil (see Baris trxgardhi). 

Menida histrio 207 

Merodon clavipes 150 

equestris 150 

Mesites aquitanus 74 

Metallic tomato fly (see Lonchxa splendida). 

Metallites atomarius 68 

iris 46, 154 

laricis 68 

mollis 68 

Metamasius hemipterus 'i 200 

ritchiei 171 

sericeus 200 

Metanastria hyrtaca 55 

Mexican bean weevil (see Spermophagus pec- 
toralis). 
fruit fly (see Anastrepha ludens). 
grain beetle (see Pharaiontha Mr- 
schi). 

Miccotrogus picirostris 61 

Micromima olivia 95, 216, 217 

Mictis profana 97 

Millet stalk worm (see Pyrausta nubilalis). 

Mindarus abietinus 67 

Mites (see Acarina). 

Mnesampela privata 99 

Moecha adusta 50, 195 



INSECT INDEX. 



239 



Page. 

Moecha bilttneri j 63 

molator 63 

Mogannia hebes 207 

Mole crickets (see Gryllotalpa spp.; Schizodac- 
tylus spp.). 

Molorchus minor 79 

Monarthropalpus buxi 48 

Monoctenus juniperi 134 

Monohammus fistulator ; 50, 63 

galloprovincialis 73 

ruspator 50 

sartor 68 

Monolepta nigrobilineata 207 

Monophlebus stebbingi octocaudata 102 

Moon-flecked moth (see Phalera bucephala). 

spjt m3th (see Phalera bucephala). 
Morganella [see Aspidiotus ( Morganclla)]. 
Mottled umber mjth (see Hibernia defoliaria). 

Mudaria cornifrons 194 

Mycalesis mineus 208 

Myelophilus [see Tomicus ( Myelophilus)]. 

Myllocerus acacix 10 

brunneus 207 

cariniro.^tTis 212 

discolor variegatus 212 

guttulus 207 

viridanus 212 

Mylabris sp 6, 35 

afflnis 36 

atomarius 36 

lentis 6,36, 165 

loti 36 

pallidicornis 36, 165 

pisorum 6,36, 165 

rufimanus 6,36, 165 

Myzus persicx 5 

Nacerdes melanura 213 

Nanophyes tamaricis 211 

Narcissus fly (see Merodon spp.). 
Natal fruit fly (see Ceratitis rubivora). 

Necrobia rufipes 5 

Needle-nose hopbug (see Calocoris fulvomacu- 
latus). 

Nematus erichsoni 6 

( Croesus) septentrionalis 13, 47, 149, 182 

Neolecanium plebeium 102 

silveirai 130 

Neomaskellia bergii 207 

Nephopteryx rubrizonella 168 

sagittiferella 57 

Nephotettix apicalis 190, 206 

Nepticula sericopeza 148 

Nesosydne ipommcola 210 

Nezara viridula 207, 215 

Nicertoides saccharivora 206 

Nidularia pulvinata 153 

Nigeria fruit flj' (see Ceratitis nigerrima). 

Nirvana pallida 206 

suturalis 206 

Nisia atrovenosa 190, 206 

Nitocris usambica 63 

Nodosloma lateralis 207 

Nola metallopa 99 

Nonagria exitiosa 208 

inferens 191, 208 

uniformis 123, 208 



Page. 
Northern mango weevil (see Sternochetus gra- 
vis). 
peach moth (see Conogethes puncti- 
fcralis). 

Nothorhina muricata 73 

Notocelia roborana 47, 121, 154, 192 

Nim moth (see Lymantria monacha). 
Nut fruit tortrix (see Laspeyrcsia splendana). 
tortrix (see Laspeyresia amplana). 
weevil (see CurcuUo nucum). 

Nymphula depunctalis 191 

fluctuosatis 191 

Nysius minor 215 

vinitor 109, 125, 130, 166, 179 

Oak bud moth (see Colcophora luiipennella). 
flea beetle (see Haltica quercctorum). 
procession moth (see Cnethocampa pro- 
C(ssio7ia). 
scales (see AstcroUcanium variolosum). 
Oat gall midge (see Mayetiola avenx). 

Oberea linearis 12, 96, 133, 134, 220 

oculata 222 

Oblong leaf weevil (see Phyllobius oblongus). 

Ochsenhcimeria taurella 123 

Ocinara dilectula 103 

lewinii 99 

signifera 103 

Ocneria dctrita 154 

Ocnerostoma piniariclla 76 

Ocrophara montana 33 

Odonaspis [see Aspidiotus (Odonaspis)~\. 

Odonestis australasix 24, 100 

plagifera 55 

pruni 112 

CEcanthus indicus 205 

CEcophora oliviella 157 

(Edaleus infernalis 205 

nigrofasciatus 205 

Olenecamptus bilobus 103 

Olethreutes cynobatella 113 

hercyniana 79 

pruniana 177 

variegana 179 

Oliarus oryzx 206 

Olive fly (see Dacus olex). 

moth (see Prays oleellus). 

white fly (see Aleurolobus olivinus). 

Omiodes accepta 203 

Omphisa anastomosalis 209 

Oncopeltus quadriguttatus 90 

Onion fly (see Eumerus strigatus). 

maggot (see Hylemyia antiqua). 
thrips (see Thrips tabaci). 
Opatrum. [see Gonocephalum (Opatrum)]. 

Ophonus pubescens 81 

Ophthalmodes cretacea 212 

Opisthoscelis conica 99 

fibularis 99 

globosa 99 

maculaia 99 

mammularis 99 

maskeUi 99 

nigra 99 

pisiformis 99 

serrata 99 

spinosa 99 



240 



INSECT INDEX. 



Pasie. 

Opisthoscelis subrotunda 99 

verrucula 99 

Opogonia apicalis 208 

aurisqtmmosa 208 

dimidiatella 208 

fumiceps 208 

saccharella 208 

Opomysa florum 126 

Orange rust mite (see Eriophyes oleivorus). 

Orchestes alni 12, 96 

decoratus 222 

fagi 40 

ferrugineus 96 

populi 181,222 

rufus 96 

salicis 181 

testaceus scutellaris 12 

Oregma lanigera 207 

Orgyia antiqua 70, 149, 223 

gonostigma 112 

postica 64, 212 

Oria musculosa 126 

Orthezia insignis 59, 212 

prxlonga 59 

Ortheziola fodiens 63 

Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris 60 

kluggi 131 

Orthotomicus erosus 74 

laricis 69 

longicollis 74 

proximus 69 

suturalis 69 

Oryctes rhinoceros 160, 207 

Oscinisfrit 125 

pusilla (see Oscinisfrit). 
Ostoma [see Lophocateres (Ostoma)]. 
Otiorhynchus (see Brachyrhinus). 

Oxya annulicornis 205 

intricata 190, 205 

velox 190, 205 

Oxycarenus dudgeoni 90 

gossipinus 90 

hyalinipennis 90 

Iktus 90 

Oxythrips binervis 207 

Oxythyrea funesta 216 

Oyster-shell scale (see Lepidosaphes ulmi). 

Pachnxus azurescens 63 

litus 63 

Pachydissus sericus 10 

Pachymerus chinensis 6, 36, 37, 165 

quadrimaculatus 6,36,37,165 

PacJiyrhina crocata 70 

maculata 44 

Pachytus sulcicollis 215 

Pachtylus migratoriodes 205 

migratorius 26 

Pachyzancla phxopteralis 185 

Painted apple moth (see Teia anartoides). 

Palxococcus fuscipennis 73, 147, 153 

TOSX 130 

Palembus ocularis 210 

Palm weevil (see Rhynchophorus palmarum) . 

Pamphila dara 208 

PampMUus flaviventris 169, 180 



Panolis griseovariegata 71 

Papaya fruit fly (see Toxotrypana curvicauda). 

Papilio demoleus 57 

idxus 60 

Paralecanium cocophyllx 162 

expansum 102 

geometricum 35 

Paralipsa modesta 191 

Paraphrus granulosus 153 

Parasa lepida 64 

Paratettix gracilis 205 

singularis 205 

Parlatoria affinis 23, 26, 156, 166 

blanchardii 162 

calianthina . . 23 , 24, 35, 59, 156, 166, 169, 192 

cinerea 59 

greeni 162 

myrtus 219 

mytilaspiformis 158, 162 

proteus 5, 158, 162 

virescens 192 

pseudaspidiotus 5, 146, 158 

pyri 23, 169 

sinensis 59 

ziziphus 5, 59, 131 

Parnara mathias 191, 208 

Paropsis picea 10 

Parthenothrips (?) kobusi 207 

Pea aphis (see Macrosiphum pisi.). 
midge (see Contarinia pisi). 
moths (see Laspeyresia spp.). 
pod borer (see Etiella zinckenella). 
weevils [see Mylabris (Bruchus) spp.]- 
Peach fruit fly (see Dacus persicx). 
Pear borer (see Agrilus sinuatus). 

fruit borer (see Nephopteryx rubrizonella) . 
gall midge (see Contarinia pyrivora). 
leaf blister mite (see Eriophyes pyri). 

curling midge (see Dasyneura pyri). 
scale (see Aspidiotus ostrexformis). 
thrips (see Txniothrips pyri). 
tingis (see Stephanitis pyri). 
tree psylla (see Psylla pyricola). 

Pectinophora gossypiella 88 

Pedinus femoralis 43, 216 

Pegomya [see Chortophila (Pegomya) spp.]. 

Peltophora pedicillata 103, 172 

Pemphigus bursarius 181 

filaginis 181 

immunis 181 

marsupialis (see P. filaginis). 

napceus ; . . . 181 

vesicalis 181 

Pentodon punctatus 216 

Perak pomelo moth (see Nephopteryx sagitti- 
ferella). 

Peridroma sp 6 

Periscopus mundulus 207 

Perkinsiella spp 206 

amboinensis 206 

bicoloris 206 

graminicola 206 

lalokensis 206 

palUdula 206 

papuensis 206 



INSECT INDEX. 



241 



Page. 

Perkinsiella rattlei 206 

saccharicida 198, 206 

sinensis 206 

variegata 206 

vastatrix 206 

vitiensis 206 

Peronea ferrugana 12,40,47 

Persectania evengi 18o 

Peru\-ian cotton-square weevil (see Antho- 
nomus vestitus). 
fruit fly (see Aiuistrepha peruviana). 
potato weevil (see Trypopremnon 
laiithorax; Premnotrypes solani). 

Petrognatha gigas spinosa 103 

Phxnops cyanea 73 

Pha hra bucephala 12, 40, 47, 96, 108, 134, 192 

combusta (see Anticyra). 

Phalonia epilinana 104 

Phaonia trimaculata 49 

Pharaxonotha kirschi 122 

Phenacaspis |see Chinaspis {PheTiacaspis)]. 

Phenacoccus aceris 11, 134, 222 

iceryoides 146 

mangiferx 146 

pergandei 170 

picese 81 

socius 121 

Phcnacoleachia zealandica 39 

Phenice maculosa 206 

moesta 206 

Philephedra theobromse 50 

Philippine orange moth (see Prays citri). 

Phissama interrupta 208 

Phlseoba infumata 205 

Phlaophthorus spinulosus 81 

rhododactylus 81 

Phlaosinns fhujx 25, 140 

zhobi 74 

Phlaothrips lucasseni 207 

olex 156 

pallidicornis 207 

PMaotribus caucasicus 27 

olex 157 

PMyctxnia despecta 210 

ferrugalis 6, 44 

Phtenicococcus marlatti ^62 

Phoracantha recurva 97 

tricaspis 97 

Phorbia dcina [see ChortophiJa (Pegomya) 
hyoscyami]. 

Phorodon humuU 5 

Phosphtiga atrata 43 

Phryneta caca 195 

conradfi 103 

hecphora 195 

spinntor 103 

Phthorimxa operculella 216, 217 

Phyclta abietella 52, 70 

infusella 91 

Phylaitis sp 91 

Phylan gibbus 73, 153 

Phylla phis fagi 39 

Phyllobius argentatus 39, 46 

betulx 46 

maculicornis 17, 46 

55266—17—16 



Page. 

Phyllobius oblongus 110 

pyri 46 

sinuatus 46 

urticx 39 

viridicoUis 39 

Phyllocnistis citrella 58 

Phyllodecta spp 221 

tibialis 221 

vitellinx 6, 181, 221 

lulgatissima 221 

Phyllognathus dionysius 190 

Phyllopertha horticola 109 

Phyllophaga clypealis 193 

problematica 193 

Phyllotoma vagans 13 

Phyllotreta spp 91 

armoracix 6, 91, 138 

atra 44, 91, 138 

cruciferx 44,91 

nemorum 44, 91, 137, 189 

nigripes 44,91, 138 

undulata 91 

vittata 6 

vittula 44, 126, 187 

Phymatodes lividus 138, 153, 222 

testaceus 153 

Physokermes picex\. 81 

Physopus seinotatus 207 

Phytalus smithi 199 

Phytocoris pabulinus 184 

Phytomyza affinis 51, 53, 164, 165, 215 

nigricornis (see P. affinis). 
Phytonomus (see Hypera). 

Phytophaga destructor 7, 124 

Phytoscaphus formosanus 207 

Piesarthrius marginellus 10 

Pieris monuste 49 

Pigmy mangold beetle (see Atomaria linearis). 

Pileus hyalinatus 10 

Pine bark beetle (see Xylotrechus quadripes). 
bud and gall moths (see Evetria spp.). 

moth (see Gelechia dodecella). 
gall mite (see Eriophyes pini). 
geometrid (see Bupnlus piniarivs). 
needle midge (see Thecodiplosis brachyn- 

tera). 
noctuid (see Panolis griseovariegata). 
procession moths (see Cnethocampa 

spp.). 
shoot moth (see Evetria buoliana). 
spinner (see Dendroiinus pini). 

Pineus orientalis 67 

pini 67 

sibiricus 67 

stTobi 67 

Pink bollworm (see Pectinophora gossypiella). 

Pinnaspis bambusx 32 

bmi 5, 44, 162 

longula 158 

rhombica 30 

Pionea ferrugalis 53,93, 141, 164, 192 

forficalis 53, 138 

Plssodes harcynix 68 

notatus 68 

picex 68 



242 



INSECT INDEX. 



Pissodes pini 68 

piniphilus 68 

Pitchy-legged weevil (see Brachyrhinus 

pkipes). 
Pith moths (see Blastodacna spp.). 

Pityogenes bidentatus 69 

bistridentatus 69 

chalcographus 69 

coniferss 52, 69 

Upperti 74 

pil'.dens 69 

quadridens 69 

trepanatus 74 

PUyokteines curvidens 09 

spinidens 79 

vorontzowi 79 

Pityophthorus exculptus 81 

glabralus 75 

lichtensteini 75 

micrographus 69 

sampsoni 74 

Plantia affinis 190 

Plateros dispallens 212 

Platinglisia noacki 35 

Platyparxa pwciloptera 29 

Platypus biformis 75 

cupulatus 218 

curtus 194 

cyliTidrus 154 

talurse 194 

Plecoptera refleia 195 

Plemeliella abietina 78 

Plocxderus obesiis 193 

ruficornis 143 

Plodia inter punclella 6 

Plum blister mites (see Eriophyes spp.)- 
borer (see (Rhynchites cupreus). 
bud moth (see Olethreutes pruniarm). 
fruit sawfly (see Hoplocampa fulvi- 

cornis). 
leaf sawfly (see Priophorus padi). 
stem piercer (see Magdalis armigera). 
psylla (see Psylla pruni). 
sawfly (see Eriocampoides Umacina). 

Plusia argentifera 216 

chalcites 210 

gamma 6, 44, 216 

nigrisigna 14 

Plutella maculipennis 6, 49 

Podisma alpina 11 

Podontia H-punctata 103 

Pcecilonota rutilans (see Lampra). 

variolosa 181, 222 

Pogonochserus fasciculatus 68 

Poliaspis cycadis 162 

pini 73, 79 

Pollinia pollini 156 

Polychrosis botrana 130, 131 

Polydrusus cervinus 39, 46 

chserodrysius 73 

chrysomela 39 

griseomaculatus 39 

intermedins 46, 73 

lateralis 39 

micans 39 

mollis 39 



Page. 

Polydrusus picus 39 

planifrons 46 

sericeus 6, 39 

undatus 46, 73 

villosulus 73 

viridicollis 6, 39 

Polygraphus aterrimus 52 

grandidava. 75 

himalayensis 75 

longifolia 75 

major 52, 69 

nigra 75 

pini 69 

polygraphus 69 

subopacus 70 

trenchi 75 

Polyocha sacchardla 204 

Polyphylla fullo 10, 39, 46, 73 

Pontania salicis 223 

Pontia rapx 6 

Poplar borers (see Sapcrda spp.)- 

cureulio(see Cryptorhynchus lapathi). 

Porricondyla cercalis 124 

gossypii 89 

Porter's white fly (see Aleurothrixus portcri). 

Porthesia similis 40, 47, 108, 

137, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181. 223 

virguncula 91 

Porthctria dispar 6, 12, 40, 47, 

107, 137, 141, 148, 154, 181, 223 
Potato lady-bird beetle (see Epilachna spp.). 
root mite (see Rhizoglyphus echinopus). 

Praonetha melanura 50, 63 

Prays citri 57 

curtisellus 27 

oleelht,s 155 

Premnotrypes solani 184 

Prionus corpulcntus 153 

Priophorus padi 47, 133, 149, 170, 177, 179 

Prociphilus bumelix 26, 78 

Procodeca adara 208 

Prodenia litura 14, 91, 191, 216, 217 

Promecotheca cumingii 160 

reichei 160 

Prosternon holosericeus 153 

Protodiaspis anomila 9 

Psalis securis 208 

Psallidium maiillosum 44 

Psammcecus trimaculatus 33 

Pseudaonidia [see Aspidiotus (Pscudaonidia)]. 
PseudischnaspislseeAspidiotus (Pseudischnas- 
pis)]. 

Pseudoclavellaria amerinx 182, 223 

Pseudococcus acacix 9 

albizzix 10 

ananassx 1"1 

arecx 121 

aurilanatus 25 

boninsus 206 

brevipes 171 

bromelix 94, 171, 206 

calceolarix 206 

citri.. 59 

cocotis 163 

coffex 63 

dubia 163 



INSECT INDEX. 



243 



Page. 

Psevtdococcus farnesianx 10 

ficus 102 

filamcntosus 10, 59, 130 

glaucus 23,158 

grandis 131 



grassi . 



34 



glaucus 158 

indicus 35 

laurinus 35 

lobulatus 99 

nitidus 10 

pandani 163 

pint "3 

qusesitus 10 

sacchari 206 

saccharifolii 206 

• setosus 102 

solitarius 10 

subterraneus 130 

sicezeyi 10 

texensis 5, 206 

viburni 219 

virgatus 30, 63, 102, 131, 163 

viiis 130 

vovx 139 

Psetidocolaspis indica 54 

Pscudokcrmcs nitcns 131 

Pscudoparlatoria ostriata 163 

parlatorioides 30, 166 

Pseudotargionia glandulosa 9 

Psiloptera fastuosa 212 

viridans 193, 218 

Psyche spp 211 

albjpes 211 

assamica 211 

viciella 197 

Psylla alni 11 

cistellata 143 

mail 16 

pruni 1"2 

pyricola 5 

pyrisuga 167 

Psylliodes attenuata 44, 135 

chrysocephala 44, 49, 188 

napi 49, 188 

Pteleobius kraatzi 96 

vittatus 96 

Pterochlorus exsiccator 39, 152 

PtcTonidea salicis 223 

ribesii 6 

Pterostkhus lepidus 81 

vulgaris 196 

Ptilinusfuscus 181, 222 

pectinicornis 12, 39, 137, 148, 153, 222 

Ptyelus costalis 190, 206 

Pulvinaria aurantii 59 

betulx .... 39, 45, 132, 134, 137, 179, 181, 222 

alni 11 

camelicola 63 

cellulosa 59 

cupanix 131 

ficus 63, 102, 131, 146 

floccifera 158 

iceryi 206 

jacksoni 102 

mammex 30, 63, 102, 146 



Page. 

Pulvinaria plana 35 

sericea 153 

simulans 30 

thex 212 

vinifera 130 

Purple scale of the orange (see Lepidosaphes 
beckii). 

Purpuriscenus wachanrui 181 

Puto antcnnata 73 

Pyralid of the vine (see Polychrosis botrana). 

Pyrausta nubilalis 85, 123, 135, 137 

Pyrilla abcrrans 206 

Pyrodcrcts simplex 88 

Pyrrhidium sanguincum 153 

Pyrrlwcoris apterus 141 

Queensland fruit fly (see Batroccra tryoni). 
Quince borer (see Cossus trisiis). 

Racilia okinaivcnsis 190. 205 

Radish fly (see Anthomyia radicum). 
Rape flea-beetle (see Psylliodes spp). 

seed worm (see Evergcstis extimalis). 
Rarotonga fruit fly (see Dacus rarotongx). 
Red-banded thrips (see Heliothrips rubro- 
cinctus). 
coflee borer (see Zcuzcra coffex). 
gooseberry mite (see Bryobia ribis). 
gum-tree weevil (see Strongylorhinus och- 

raceus). 
-headed fir worm (see Enarmonia rufimi- 

trana). 
-legged ham beetle (see Nccrobia rufipes). 
maggot of cotton (see Porricondyla gos- 

sypii). 
palm weevil (see Phynchophorus ferru- 

gineus). 
plum maggot (see Laspeyresia fune- 

brana). 
spider (see Tctranychus spp.). 
tail moth (see Dasychira pudibunda). 

Rem igia frugalis 208 

Rescliclla picex 81 

Rhabdocnemis obscurus 34, 163, 201 

Rhabdophaga spp 222 

nielsonii 222 

salicipcrda 182, 222 

sal ids 222 

Rhadinoscopus nociturnus 64 

Rhagium mordax 46 

Rhagoletis pardalina 93 

Rhigopsidius tucumanus 183 

Rhirmria perdix 47, 197 

Rhinoceros beetle (see Oryctes rhinoceros). 

Rhinomacer attelaboides 73 

Rhinotia hxmoptera 10 

Rhizococcus intermedius 39 

lobatulatus 10 

pulchellus 39 

totarx 39 

Rhizcecus eloti 63 

falcifer 130, 163, 192 

(?) terrestris 163 

Rhizoglyphus ( Coepophagus) echinopus 5, 

158, 164, 183 

Rhizopertha collaris 17 

dominica 6 

Rhizotrogus xquinoctialis 43 



244 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 

Rhopalopus insubricus 148 

Ehynchites alni 39 

betulx 12, 39, 46 

cceruleus 173 

cupreus 173, 174 

Rhyncolus ater 68 

Rhyncolus cylindricus 68 

elongatus 68 

himalayensis 52, 68 

lignyarius 40, 68 

porcatus 68 

strangulatus 68 

trunconim 40, 68 

Rhynchopfiorus ferrugincus 161 

palmarum 161, 207 

signatkollis (see Rhyncho- 
phorus fcrrugineus). 

Ricania txniata 206 

Rice bug (see Lepocorisa varicornis). 

flea-beetle (see Chxtocnema basalis). 
leaf-beetle (see Hispa senescens). 

hopper (see Tcttigoniella spectra). 
skipper (see Parnara mathias). 
stem borer (see Chilo auricilia; Schoeno- 
bius bipunctiftr). 

Rioxa musx 34, 118 

Ripersiafagi 39 

pal marum 163 

sacchari 206 

Riptortus fuscus 207 

Rose sawfly (seeCaliroaacthiops; Cladiuspecti- 
nicornis). 
scale (see Leucaspis japonica). 

Rosenbergia mcgacephala 103 

Rosy rustic (see Hydrcecia micsea). 

Ru5t-red flour beetle (see Tribolium fcrrugi- 

neum). 
Rutherglen Img (see Nysius vinitor). 
Rye midge (see Lasioptera cerealis). 

stem l)orer (see Ochsenheimcria launUa). 

Sacadodcs pyralis 91 

Sago palm scale (see Diaspis zamix). 

SahlbcrgeUa singularis 50 

Saissctia discnides 131 

mirifica 10 

nigra 63, 94, 102 

olcie 5 

psidii 131, 14C> 

punctilifera 146 

San Jose scale (see Aspidiolcs pcrniciosus). 

Saperda spp 180 

carcMrias 6, 180, ISl, 222 

popiilnea ISO, 181, 182, 222 

scxlaris 23,39, 179, ISO, 181. 220 

Sawfly (see Macrophya punctum-album). 
Saw-toothe;l grain beetle (see Silvanus surinn- 
mcnsis). 

Scale insects (see Coccidfe) 7 

Scapteriscus didactylus 49 

Scclodnota strigicoUis 128 

Schistoccros anobioidcs 193 

Schizaspis lobata 102 

Schizodactylus monstrosus 89, 90. 215 

Schcenobius bipunctifcr 189 

Sciopteron regale 129 

tabaniformis 181 

Scirpophaga auriifua 208 

chysorrhoea 208 



t'age. 

Scirpophaga intacta 208 

monostigma 208 

Scolytochelus ensifer 96 

ScolytocUelus Urschi 96 

multistriatus 27 

Scolytoplatypus darjeelingi 1,54 

himalayensis 79 

Scolytus aceris 148 

amygdali 25, 167 

assimilis 174 

carpini 137 

deodara 52 

intricatus 40, 154 

Ixvis 96 

major 52 

mali 24. 54, 96, 149, 179 

minor 5i 

m.uUistriatus S6 

pruni 24, 170, 174 

pygmxus 96 

ratzeburgi 46 

rugulosus 6, 46, 149 

scnlytus 27,96 

Scopelosoma satclliiia 40 

Scotinophora tarsalis 207 

Seed-corn maggot [see Chortopfiila [Pegomya) 
fusciceps]. 

Sclatnsomus xneus 68, 153 

Sclidosema cxcursaria 10 

lyciaria 10 

Semiothisa liturata 75 

Sercnthia formosana 207 

Serica assamensis 193 

Serropalpus barbatus 67 

Sesamia cretica 85, 196, 203 

nonagrioidcs 208 

Sfsia conopiformis l.')4| 

culiciformis 12 

formicxformis 223 

myopseformis 21. 25 

scolixformis 47 

sphcciformis 12, 27, 47 

vespiformis 154 

Sctenis indosinica 73 

Ixvis 193 

scmiopaca 68 

semivalga 193 

Shallot fly (see Chortophila cilicrura). 
She-oak root-borer (see Stigmodcra lieros). 
Shot-hole borer of tea (see Xyleborus fornica- 

tus). 
Siamese grain beetle [see Lophocateres (Osto- 

ma) pusillus]. 
vSilky oak weevil borer (see ^Estates notabilis). 

Silpfia obscura 43 

Silvanus advcna 212 

surinamensis 5 

Sinoxylon anale 33, 148, 193,218 

crassum 148, 193, 218 

perforans 96, 127, 138, 153 

sexdentatum 127 

sudanicum 100 

Siphonella pumilionis 85 

Sircx gigas 70 

impcrialis 82 

juvcncus 70 

spectrum 70, 82 

Sitodrepa panicea 6 



INSECT INDEX. 



245 



Page. 

Sitona spp 60 

flavfsccns 61 3S, 60, 165 

hispidula 6, 60, 165 

lincata 38, 60, 165 

linnecUus 60 

meliloii 61 

sukifrnns , - - • 61 

Sitolroga cercaMla 6 

Smaller bamboo shot-hole borer (see Binn- 
dcrus minutus). 

Smijnthurus sp 1-t 

Social pear sawfly (see Pamphilius flaviven- 
trix). 

SoUnococcus fagi 39 

muratx 130 , 219 

South Sea guava fruit fly (see Daais psidii). 
Soy bean moth (see Laspeyresia glycmivorella). 

Spcrmophagus pcctoralis 36 

Sphxrococcus! acacise 1" 

Sphxrotryp(S assamensis 193 

globulus 193 

shcalikensis 193 

Sphcnophnrus sordidus (see Cosmopolites). 

Sphcnoptcra atcrrima 52 

gossypii 90 

lafertei 52 

ncglccta 90 

Spilosoma fuscinula 99 

Spinach aphis ( .Vyzus pcrsicx). 

leaf miner (see Pegomya hyoscyami). 
Spined log beetle (see Xenocnema spinipcs 

australiv). 
Spiny citrus white fly (see Aleurocanfhus 
woglumi). 

Spodoptera mauritia 8, 191 , 210, 216 

pccicn 208 

Spruce bark tortricil (see Laspcyresia pac- 
folana). 
borer (see Tdropinuvi castaneum). 
cone moth (see Laspeyrcsia strobilclla). 
gall mitige (see Dasyncnra piccx). 
nest worm (see Laspeyresia tedella). 
wood wasp (see Sirex spectrum). 

Stauropus altcrnus 51,64, 146, 212 

Steganoptycha (see Enarmonia rufimitrana) . 

Stdra.itoma dcpressum 50 

Stcnohofhurus formosanus 205 

Stcnocraniis saccharivora 198 

sacchari 206 

Stcnothrips (?) zehntneri 207 

Stephnnitis pyri 167, 168 

Sternochctus gravis 143, 144 

mangiferse 144, 145 

Stcrnotomis bohemani 10 

imperiaUs 63 

regalis 63 

Stigmodera hcros 97 

StiJpnotia salicis 181, 223 

Stomaphis longirostris 152 

qucrcus 152 

Straw fly (see Chloropstscniopus). 
Strawberry root wee\-il (see Brachyrhinus 
ovatus). 

SIromatiu m barbatu m 33, 212 

longicornc 212 



Page. 

Strongyloccphalus agrcstis 206 

Strongylorhinus ochraccus 98 

Strongylurus thoracicus 52 

Strophosoma capitatn 39, 46 

mclanogramma 39,46 

Suana concolor 30,132,194 

Subcoccinella 24-punctata 14, 43 

Sucking bug (see Ceratopachys variabilis). 
Sugar-cane ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus pcr- 
forans). 
borer (see Metamasius scriccus) . 
moths (see Diatrxa spp.). 
bud moth (see Ereunefis flavistriata). 
frog hopper (see Tomaspis spp.). 
hispid miner (see Hispid walckeri) . 
leafhopper (see PcrkinsieUa sac- 

charicida). 
mealy bug (see Pseudococcus 

tcxcnsis). 
moth borer of India (see Chile 

simplex). 
red spider (see Tctranychus exsic- 
cator). 
Swete-potato stem borer (see Omphisa anas- 
tomosalis). 
weevil (see Cylas formicarius) . 
Swan moth (see Porthcsia similis) . 

Sylepta dcrogata 91, 155 

Symphylctcs neglcctus 10 

nigrovirens 10 

vestigialis 10 

Syngcnaspis parlatorex 81 

Tachardia acacix 10 

na 103 

lacca 103 

Txniotcs scalaris 101 

Txniothrips pyri 5 

Takahashia citricola 59 

japonica 59 

Tanymecus rusticus 207 

Taphrorychus bicolor 40, 170 

lillijrons 40 

Tapinostola musculosa (see Oria). 

Tarachc catena 91 

Targionia [see Aspidiotus {Targionia)]. 
Tarnished plant bug (see Lygus pratensis). 
Tea bag worms (see Psyche spp.). 

Teara contraria 10, ICO 

Tcia anartoides 10, 24, 113, \ 

Teledapus dorcadioidcs 52, <? 

Telicota augias 20 

Tenebrioidcs mauritanicus 

Tephrites [see Dacus (Tephrites)]. 

Termes australis 15 , 59, 99 

Tirmissa nicosa 99 

Termites (see Termitidee) 

Termitidse 7 

Tetigonia albida 206 

ferruginea 206 

viridis 190, 206 

Tetrancura pallida 95 

ulmi 95 

Tetranychus bimaculatus 197 

bioculatus 62, 212 

exsiccator 197 



246 



INSECT INDEX. 



Page. 

Tetranychus telarius 43 

Tetropium castaneum 65, 68 

fuscum • ' 79 

oreinum 52 

Tettigoniella spectra 190 

Tctth formosanus 205 

Thalaina clara 10 

Thamnonowa loauaria 120 

Thecodiplosis hrachyntera 72 

ThliptOccras octoguttata 64 

Three-striped fruit fly (seeDoc«« diversus). 
Thrips (see Thysanoptera.) 

Thrips viinuta 207 

sacchari 207 

serrata 207 

iabaci 5 

Thysanoptera 7 

Timber beetle (see Naeerdes melanura). 

Tinea granella 6, 123 

Tipula oleracea 44 

paludosa 44 

Tischeria complanella 54, 154 

simplonklla 154 

Tobacco stem borer (see Gnorimoschema heli- 
opa). 
white flies (see Alcyrodes spp.). 

Tomaspis lepidior 85, 197, 198 

postica 85, 197, 198 

varia 85, 197, 198 

Tomato wee^'il (see Desiantha nociva) 

Tomicus ( MyelopMlus) minor 69 

piniperda 66,69 

Tonga fruit fly (see Dacus tongensis). 

Tortrix ashwortMna 22 

divulsana 14 

histrionana, 82 

murinana 79 

piceana 70 

podana 27, 40 

viburniana 70 

viridana 54 , 152 

Toxotrypana curvicauda 163 

Trabala rishnu 194 

Trachea brasilinea '. 126 

Tragocephala senaioria 50 

Triakurodes vaporariorum 213 

Tribolium castaneum 33 

confvsum 5, 33 

ferrugineum 6 

Trichetra marginalis 100 

Trichiocampus viminalis 182 

Trichiosoma lucorum 13, 47, 223 

Trichocera hicmalis 219 

Tndactylus flavomaculatus 205 

Trigonidium haani 205 

Trilophidia annulata 205 

Trinophylum cribratum 52 

Triphxna pronuba 216, 218 

Trochilium spp 180 

amnatixforme 180 

apiformis : 180 

Tropidocephala brunneipennis 206 

formosana 206 

saccharivorcUa 206 

Tryphocharia mastersi 98 



Pa;e. 

Trypophlceus alni 12 

Trypopremnon latithorax 184 

Tryialis nasuta 205 

Turnip flower beetle (see Meligethes seneus). 

sawfly (see Athalia spinarum). 
Twig cutter (see Rhynchites cceruleus). 

Uracanthus acutus 24, 166, 179 

bivittata 10 

cryptophagus 59 

simulans 10 

strigosus 10 

triangularis 10 

Vesperus spp 127 

luridis 127 

mauretanicus 127, 157 

strepens 127, 192 

xatarti 127 

Viburnum scale (see Chrysomphalus persese). 
Victoria bean beetle fly (see Zizera labradus). 

white ant (see Tcrmes ausiralis). 
Vine flea-beetle (see Haltica ampelophaga) . 

Vinsonia stellifera 103, 146 

Virachola insocrates 112, 132, 142, 180 

livia 163, 180 

Watercress caddis worm (see Limnophilus 
flavicornis). 

Weevils 8 

West Indian cane fly (see Stenocranus sac- 
charivora). 
sugar-cane borer (see Metama- 

sius hemipterus). 
sugar-cane root borer (see Dia- 

prcpes abbrcviatus). 
sweet-potato weevil (see Eusce- 
pes batatx). 
Wheat bulb fly (see Hylemyia coarctata). 
moth (see Tinea granella). 
plant louse (see Aphis avense). 
stem borer (see Nonagria uniformis). 
White ant (see Coptotermes gestroi). 
Willow curculio (see Cryptorhynchus lapathi). 
gall midge (see Rhabdophaga spp.). 
leaf beetles (see Crepidodera aurata; 
Phyllodecta spp.). 
Winter moth (see Cheimatobia brumata). 

turnip gnat (see Trichocera hicmalis). 

Xenocnema spinipcs australix 195 

Xeris spectrum 70 

Xestobium plumbeum 39, 73 

ryfovillosum 12, 

39,53,137,138,148,153,171 

Xiphidium varipenne 190 

Xiphydrya camclus 13, 40 

prolongata 47 

Xoanodera regularis 103 

Xyleborus andrewesi 193 

bengalensis 193 

cojfese 62 

cryptophagus 181 

dryographus 40, 95, 154 

eurygraphus 75 

fallal 193 

fornicatus 211 

; mprobus - . 154 

major 193 



PLANT INDEX. 



247 



Page. 

Xyleborus monographus 40,%, 154 

morstatti 64 

perforans 193, 202 

scMichii 193 

Xylcchinus pilosus 70 

Xylina ornithopus 176 

soda 96,141,176 

Xylococcus filifer 141 

Xylonites retusus 96 

Xyloterus domesticus 12i 

40,46,137,141,148,149,154 

intermedius 79 

Uneatus 70 

• signaius 40,46,141,148,154 

Xylotrechus gahani 103 

javanicus 63 

quadripes 63, 64 

Tusticus 181 

smei 193, 212 



Page. 

Xylotrechus stebbingi 153 

Xylotrupes dicliotomus 207 

gideon 207 

Yellow box borers (see Phoracantha spp.). 

Zabrus gibbus 126 

Zamacra albofasciaria 150 

Zaratha CTamcTella 50 

Zeuzera coffex 30, 51, 55, 62, 91, 142, 212 

eucalypti If 

pyrina 6, 12, 27, 40, 46, 

48, 96, 138, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181, 223 

Zizera iabradus 37, 165 

Zonabris floralis 1^'^ 

U-punctata 184 

Zophodia convolutella 120, 121 

Zygina circumscripta 206 

maculifrons 190, 206 

subrufa 190, 206 



PLANT INDEX. 



Aberia caffra (Keiapple) 115,140 

Abiesspp.ifii). 26, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 77-79, 103, 196 

balsamea (balsam fir) 69, 70, 78 

excelsa (see Picea excelsa). 

firma "9 

fraseri (She balsam) 78 

mariesii "9 

nordmanniana 67 

pectinata (silver flr) 67, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79 

webbiana 68, 70, 79 

^cada spp 9-11,20,22,27.113 

arabica (gum arable) 9,10 

armata (kangaroo thorn) 9 

asak 9 

baileyana 10 

caffra 10 

calamifolia (broom wattle) 9 

catechu 10, 211 

cyanophylla (blue-leaved wattle) 9 

dealbata (silver wattle) 10 

decurrens (green wattle) 10, 97 

discolor 9. 10 

farnesiana (huisache) 10, 11 

greggii (Texas mimosa) 10 

horrida 10 

juniperina 10 

fcoa (koa) ---- 10 

linearis 9 

linifolia 9 

longifolia (Sydney golden wattle) 9,10 

lophanta (see Albizzia). 

melanoxylon (blackwood acacia) 9 

microbotrya 9 

modesta 10, 211 

mollissima (black wattle) 10, 97 

pendula (weeping myall ) 9,10 

pulchella 9 

pycnantha (golden wattle) 9 

robusta \ 10 

suaveolens 10 



Page. 

Acalypha marginafa 62 

Acer spp. (maple) 17, 

65, 105, 107, 108, 138, 147, 148, 150, 221 

ca mpestre 147 

negundo (box elder) 147 

platanoides (Norway maple) 147 

pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) 147 

Achras [see Sideroiylon (Achras)]. 

Acronychia Isevis (cheesewood) 114 

^sculus spp. (horse-chestnut) 6, 12, 126, 137, 138 

hippocastanum (horse-chestnut) 138 

pavia (red buckeye) 138 

Agathis australis (kauri) 195 

Ak (see Calotropis sp.). 

A Ibizzia sp 211 

lophanta {Acacia) 9 

Alder (see Alnus spp.). 
Alfalfa (see Medicago saliva). 
Algaroba (see Prosopis spp.). 
Alligator pear (see Persea gralissima). 

Allium ascalonicum (shalot) 157, 158 

cepa (onions) 5, 28, 157, 158 

porrum (leek) 28,157 

roseum 158 

sativum (garlic) 28, 157, 158 

sphserocephaluM 158 

Almond (see Aviygdalis communis). 

Mexican (see Terminalia catappa). 
Tropical (see Terminalia spp.). 

Alnus spp. (alder) 11-13, 

65, 107, 108, 138, 150, 151, 221 

glutinosa (black alder) H 

incana 11, 12 

nepalensis 12 

rubra H 

viridis (European green alder) U 

Aloe spp 160 

Amarantus sp. . .'. 42 

Amelanchier spp. (service berry) 20, 65, 184 

A mygdalus spp. ( peach ) 166, 167 



248 



PLANT INDEX. 



Page. 

Amygdalus communis (almond) 56,166,167 

persica (peach) 85, 92, 109, 113, 

114, 115, 117, 129, 166, 167, 177, 179, 214 

persica nucipersica (nectarine).. . 92, 114 

A nacardium occidentale (cashew, wild guava ) . 109 

Ananas sativus (pineapple) US, 171,204 

Angelica sp 52 

Annona spp. (custard apple) 85, 93, 94 

cherimola (cherimoya) 93, 94, 114 

humboldfiana 94, 113 

muricata (soursop) 62, 93, 94, 115 

reticulata (custard apple) 93 

squamosa (sugar apple) 94 

A nthoccphalus cadamba 62 

Apium graveolcns (celery) 52, 53, 215 

Apple (see Malus malus). 

black (see Sidcroxylon [Achras] aus- 

trale). 
custard (see Annona squamosa). 
Kei (see Aberia caffra). 
Malay (see Eugenia malaccenms). 
mammee (see Mammea americana). 
mountain (see Eugenia malacccnsis). 
rose (see Eugenia jamUm). 
star (see ChrysophyUum cainito). 
Apricot {see Prunus armeniaca). 

A raucaria spp 25 

bidwillii 25 

excelsa (Norfolk Island pine) 25 

Arborvitae (see Thuya spp.) 

A rctium sp 52 

Areca catechu (betel nut) 44 

Areca lutescens 44, 153 

Artemisia spp • 52 

vulgaris (mugwort) 123 

Artocarpus integrifolia (jack fruit) 117 

Arundinaria spp. (bamboo) 31,32,33 

hindsii graminse 33 

japonica 33 

Arundo sp. (reed) 123 

Ash (see Fraxinus spp.). 

mountain (see Sorbus spp.). 
white {Scfiizomeria ovata). 
Asparagus (see Asparagus officinalis). 

A sparagus acutifolius 29 

offlcinalis (asparagus). 5, 6, 27-29, 129, 157 

umbellatus 29 

Aspen (see Populus tremula). 

Aster spp 20 

Atriplex spp 41 

hastata - - - 61 

hortensis (orache) 41, 42, 158 

patula 184 

Atropa belladonna (belladonna) 115 

A vena sativa (oats) 122, 124, 125, 120, 155 

A vcrrhoa carambola (carambola) 115 

Avocado (see Persca gratissima). 
Bahama grass (see Cynodon dactylon). 
Balsam fir (see Abies balsamea). 
Bamboo (see also Arundinaria, Bambusa, 
Cephalostackyiim, Dcndrocalamus, Melocan- 

na, Phyllostachys) 31-33, 143 

Bambusa spp. (bamboo) 31, 32, 33 

distorta 33 

fortunei 32 

oliveriarM 33 

tessellata 32 



Page. 

Bambusa tulda 33 

viridis 33 

viridi-striata 33 

vulgaris (feathery bamboo) 33 

Banana (see Musa sapientium). 
Banyan (see Ficus benghalensis). 
Barbary fig (see Opuntia vulgaris). 
Barley (see Hordeum sativum). 
Basswood (see Tilia spp.). 

Bauhinia raccmosa (mountam ebony) 149 

variegata 211 

Bay (see Laurus spp.). 

Beans (see also Phaseolus, Vicia, Glycine) 5, 

6, 35-38, 60, 61, 64, 93, 129, 105, 184 
Bean, broad (see Vicia faba). 
castor (see Ricinus spp.). 

French 38 

haricot (see Phaseolus vulgaris). 
jack (see Canavalia spp.). 
kidney (see Phaseolus vulgaris). 
lima (see Phaseolus lunatus). 

Madagascar 37 

senna (see Cassia spp.). 
soy (see Glycine hispida). 
string (see Phaseolus vulgaris). 

Tonga 37 

Beech (see Fagus spp.). 
Beet (see Beta vulgaris). 

sugar (see Beta vulgaris crassa). 
Berseem (see Trifolium alexandrinum). 
Beta vulgaris (beet).. 5,6,41-44,129,187,197,214,219 

(mangel-wurzel) 41, 42 

(mangolds) 41,42 

crassa (sugar beets) 41, 42, 43, 197 

cicla (Swiss chard) 42 

Betel nut (see Areca catechu). 

Betula spp. (birch) 6, 45- 

47, 107, 108, 138, 150, 151, 152, 177, 221 

alba 45, 46 

odorata 45, 46 

papyri/era 45 

pubescens 45 

verrucosa 45 

Birch (see Betula spp.). 

Black apple (see Sidcroxylon [Achras] australe). 
sorrel (see Bubus spp.). 

Blackthorn 105, 107, 111 

Bombax malabaricum (silk cotton) 194 

Books 15 

Box (see Buxus spp.). 

Bramble 177 

Brassica spp 48-50, 187 

arvensis (charlock) 92 

campestris (rutabaga) 193, 218 

napus (rape) 49, 91, 135, 187, 188, 218 

oleracea acephala (collard) 48 

(kale) 48,140,197 

botrytis (cauliflower) 6, 48, 52 

capitata (cabbage) 5, 6, 

48,49,50,61,64,91,184, 
187, 188, 214, 218, 219 

caulo-rapa (kohl-rabi) 140 

rapa (turnip) 6, 197, 218, 219 

Brazil cherry (see Eugenia braziliensis) . 

Bromeliacese 202 

Broom corn (Holcus sorghum). 
Brussels sprouts (see Brassica oleracea). 



PLANT INDEX, 



249 



Page. 

Bryobia dioica (bryony).- 92 

Buckey6 (see Aesculus spp.). 
Buckthorn (see Rhamnus spp.). 
Bull-oak (see Casuarina spp.). 

Bunch cherry 108 

Bushes 110 

Butternut (see Juglans cinerea). 
Buttouwood (see Platanus spp.). 

Butt/rospermum parkii 116 

Bums spp. (box) 5, 48 

Cabbage (see Brassicae oleracea capitata). 
Cabuyao (see Eugenia malaccensis). 
Cacao (see Theobroma cacao). 

Cajanus indicus (pigeon pea, tur) 36,37 

Calamagrotis lanceolata 124 

Calamus spp. (rattan) ISS 

Calophyllum inophyllum (round kamani) 115 

Calotropis sp 117 

Camellia thea (see Thea sinensis). 

Canavalia spp. (Jack bean) 37 

indica 85 

Cane 131 

sugar (see Saccharum officinale). 

Cannabis saliva (hemp) 123, 135 

Canteloupe (see Cucumis melo). 

Caoutchouc (see also rubber) 50 

Cape weed 215 

Capparis pedunculosus 56 

Toxburghi 56 

Capsicum sp. (pepper) 115 

Carica papaya (papaya, pawpaw)... So, 115, 163,201 

quercifoUa 115, 163 

Carissa arduina (Natal plum) 115 

diffusa 211 

Carpinus betulus 106, 107, 108, 137 

Carrots (see Daucus carota). 

Carum petroselinum (parsley) 164 

Caryota urens (wme palm) 201 

Cashew (see Anacardium occidentale). 
Cassava (see ^fanihot utilissima). 

Cassia spp. (senna bean) 85 

auriculata 211 

Castanea spp. (chestnut) 38, 53, 54, 105 

vesca 54 

vulgaris 54, 152 

Castilloa elastica ( Panama rubber) 163 

Castor bean (see Ricinus spp.). 

Casuarina spp. (She-oak) 97 

Catalpa (see Catalpa spp.). 

Catalpa spp. (Catalpa) 5,51 

Cauliflower (see Brassica oleracea botrytis). 
Cayenne cherry (see Eugenia uni flora). 
Ceara rubber (see Manihot glaziovii). 
Cedar (see Cedrw« spp., Chamaecyparis spp.). 
red (see Juniperus spp.). 
white (see Cedrus spp.). 

Cedrela toona 218 

Cedrus spp 52 

sp. (white cedar) 52 

deodara 52 

Ceiha spp. (silk cotton) .50 

bombaxi (kapok) 194 

Celery (see Apium graveolens). 

Cephalostachyiim pergracile (bamboo) 31, 33 



Cestrum sp. (Chinese inkberry) 115 

nocturnum (night-blooming jessa- 
mine) 56 

Chamxcy pari s spp. (cedar) 94 

nutkaensis 94 

obtusa 94 

pisifera 94 

Chard (see Beta lulgaris cicla). 

Swi.ss (see Beta vulgaris cicla). 
Charlock (.see Brassica arvensis). 
Cheesewood (see Acronychia laevis). 

Chenopodiaceae 42 

Chenopodi um spp. (goo.sefoot) 41,42 

Cherimoya (see Annona cherimola). 
Cherry (see Prunus spp.) 

JcTUsalem (see Solanum capsicastrum) . 
sour (see Prunus cera.ms). 
Surinam (see Eugenia uniflora). 
Chestnut (see Castanea spp.) 
Chicory (see Cichorium intybus). 
China berry (see Melia azedarach). 
Chinese inkberry (see Cestrum sp.) 
orange (see Citrus japonica). 
plum (see Noronhia emarginata). 
Chocolate ((see Theobroma spp.). 

Chry.santhem u m spp 215 

Chrysobalanus spp 116 

ellipticus. .' 115, 116, 139 

icaco (Cocoa plum, jicaco) 109, 

115, 139 

Chrysophyllum cainito (Star apple) 115 

Cichorium intybus (chicory) 54 

Cinchona spp. (quinine) 55, 62, 211 

Cinchona ledgcriana 55, 62 

Cineraria spp 215 

CitruUus citrullus (watermelon) 220 

Citrus spp .5, 55-60, 97, 114, 117, 162, 191, 212 

aurantium or sinensis (orange) 5, 15, 

55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 85, 
97, 113,114,115,117,200 
decumana (see Citrus grandis). 

grandis (grapefruit) 55, 60, 115 

(pomelo) 57 

(shaddock) 117, 11 8 

japonica (kumquat) 55, 60, 115 

aurantifolia (lime)... 55,57,59,60,114,117,200 

limonia (lemon) 5,55,57,59,60,115,117 

medica acida 59 

nobilis deliciosa (msLTidarm orange)... 57, 
58,60,115 

(tangerine) 58, .59 

trifoliata (see Poncirus). 
Clover (see Trifolium spp.). 

Egyptian (.see Trifolium alexandrinum). 
Cobnut (see Corylus spp.). 

Cobs 108 

Coccoloba uvifera (sea-grajie) 109 

Cocoa plum (see Chrysobalanus icaco). 
Coconut palm (see Cocos nucifera). 

Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) 5, 61, 109, 

159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 201, 202 

Cotfea sp 50, 56, 59, 61-64, 113, 116, 211 

arabica (.Vrabian coffee) 61,62,63,64,115 

liherica ( Liberian coffee) 61, 62, 03, 109 



250 



PLANT INDEX. 



Coffea robusta 62 

stenophylla 64 

Coffee (see Coffea spp.)- 

Cola (see Sterculia acuminata). 

Collard (see Brassica oleracea acephala). 

Conifers 6,64-84,170,210 

Convallaria majalis (Lily-of-the-Valley) 28 

Conyza squarrosa 123 

Corn (see Zea mays). 

broom (see Holcus .sorghum). 
Guinea (see Holcus sorghum). 
Indian (see Zea mays). 
Kafir (see Holcus sorghum). 

Cornus spp. (dogwoods) 95 

sanguinea 95 

sericea 95 

Corylus spp. (filberts) 108,133 

(hazelnut) . 38, 107, 108, 133-135, 151, 175 

avellana 45, 133, 134 

colurna 134 

tubulosa 133 

Cosmos spp 215 

Cowpea (see Vigna unguiculata). 
Cotton (see Go.'isypium spp.). 

silk (see Bombai malabaricum). 
(see Ceiba spp.). 
Cottonwood (see Populus spp.). 
Cratxgus spp. (see Mespilus spp.). 

Crotalaria spp 37, 165 

Crucifers 6, 91, 92, 188, 218,219 

Cucumber (see Cucumis sativus). 

Cucumis spp. (melons) 5, 92, 93 

(sweet melons) 92 

melo (canteloupe, muskmelon; 51, 150 

sativus (cucumber) 42, 92, 114 

(gherkins) 93,129 

Cucurbita spp. (gourds) 92, 122 

maxima (squash) 93 

pepo (pumpkin) 92 

ovifera (marrow) 92 

Cueurbitace^ 92, 93, 117, 183, 220 

Cupressus spp. (cypress) 94 

funebris 94 

glauca 94 

lambertiana 61, 94 

macrocarpa (Monterey cypress) ... 91 

pyramidalis 94 

sempervirens 94 

Currant (see Ribes spp.). 
Custard apple (see Annona spp.). 

Cycas revoluta (sago palm) 5, 1.59, 1152, 193, 201 

Cydonia japonica 186 

oblonga (quince) 17, 19, 114, 115, 186, 187 

Cynodon dactylon ( Bermuda grass) 200 

Cypress(see Chamxcyparis spp., Cupres.%us spp.). 
Lambert's (see Cupressus lambert- 
iana). 

Cytisus laburnum 36 

Daffodil (see Narcissus spp.). 

Dahlia spp 85, 215 

Dalbergia sissoo (sissu) 195 

Dammara spp. (see Agathis australis). 

Dandelion (see Taraxacum officinale). 

Date (see Ph'xnii dactylifera). 

Daucus carota (carrot) 51, 214, 215 



Dendrocalavius giganteus (bamboo) 33 

hamiltoni 33 

strictus 31, 33 

Deodar (see Cedrus deodara) . 

Diospyros spp. (persimmon) 170 

ebenum 170 

kaki (Japanese persimmon).. 113,115,170 

Dodonea viscosa 211 

Dogwood (see Cornus spp.). 

Dolichos spp 36 

Drugs 84 

Dry food products 84 

Durantha spp 62 

Durra (see Holcus sorghum). 

Ebony, mountain (see Bauhinia racemosa). 

Eggplant (see Solanum melongena). 

Elengi tree (see Mimusops elengi). 

Elm (see Utmus spp.). 

cork (see Ulmus sp.). 
Emmer (see Triticum spp.). 

Epilobium spp 127 

Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) 85, 112, 114, 115, 142 

Erythrina lithosperma (coral tree) 62 

Eucalyptus spp 15,20,97-100 

amygdalina (peppermint gum) ... 98 

capitellata 99 

corymbosa (bloodwood) 99 

diversicolor (karri) 99 

dumosa 98 

globulus (blue gum) 98, 99 

gracilis 99 

hxmastoma 98, 99 

incrassata 99 

leucoiylon 99 

melUodora (honej'-scented gum). 98,99 

miniati 98 

oleosa 98 

patens 98 

piperita (peppermint stringy- 
bark) 99 

polyanthemos 99 

resinifera 99 

robusta (swamp mahogany) 99 

rostrata (red gum) 98, 99 

siderophloia (broad-leaved iron- 
bark) 99 

sieberiana 99 

stuartiana (apple-scented gum).. 97,98 

tessellaris 99 

uncinata 98, 99 

t'i77?iwa?(s (manna gum) 97,98,99 

Eugenia spp 100, 113 

braziliensis 100, 115 

jambos (rose-apple) 100, 115 

malacccnsis (Cal)uyao, Malay apple, 

mountain apple) 57, 100, 115, 117 

uniflora ( Surinam cherry) 100, 115, 116 

Euxolus sp 42 

Evergreen trees (see also Conifers) 131 

Evonymus europaeus (spindle tree) 108, 138 

Excrement, human 157 

spp. (beech) 6, 38-40, 

46, 65, 107, 108, 138, 150, 151, 180, 221 

cliffortioides 39 

fusca 39 



PLANT INDEX, 



251 



Page. 

Fagus menziesii 39 

sylvatica (European beech) 39,40 

Ferns 197 

Ficus spp. (fig, rubber) 100-103, 172,192 

altissima 103 

australis 101 

hengh'ilensis ( banyan) 100, 102 

bergmanniana 103 

carica (fip.) 5, 100, 101, 102, 103, 115 

caudati folia 102 

comosa 103 

cordifolia 103 

cunia 103 

elastica (Assam rubber) 29,100,102,103 

glomerata (cluster fig) 102,103 

indica 102, 103 

infccforia 102, 103 

laccifera 103 

macTophylla (Moreton Bay fig) 101, 102 

nervosa 103 

nota 102 

obtusifolia 103 

orbicularis 102 

palmata 103 

religiosa (peepul tree) 102,103 

retusa 102 

roiburghii 103 

rubigi nosa 103 

rumphii 103 

scandens 102 

tjakela 103 

walkeriana 102 

Fig (see Ficus carica). 

Barbary (see Opuntia vulgaris) 185 

Filbert (see Corylus spp.). 

Firmiana colorata 62 

Fir (see Abies spp.). 

balsam ( see Abies balsamea). 
Douglas (see Pseudotsugi taiifolii). 
silver( see Abies pectinata). 
white (see Abies pectinata). 
Flax (see Linum usitatissirmim). 

Flour 122 

Forests 104-108, 127 

Fragaria spp. (strawberry) 65,129,196, 197 

Fraxinus sp-p. (ash), 25,27,65,138,151,180,221 

excelsior 26 

ornus 25 

oxyphylla 26 

viridis 26 

French beans 37 

Fruits 93, 105, 106, 108-118, 119, 129, 172, 174 

cultivated 116, 172 

deciduous 108, 114 

stone 110 

Funtumia spp 50.195 

elastica (silk rubber, ire) 195 

Furniture 15 

Galega officinalis (Goat's rue) 60 

Garlic (see Allium sativum). 

Geranium spp 15,215 

Gherkins (see Cucumis sitivus). 

Glycine hispidz 196 

Gooseberry (see Ribes spp.). 

Goosefoot (see Chcnopodium spp.). 

Gossypium spp. (cotton) 59, 62, 84, 86-91, 191 



Page. 



Gourd (see Cucurbita spp.). 

Grains 7, 122-126, 189, 190, 193,213, 

Granadilla (see Passiflora quadrangular is). 
Graminaceae (see "Grains" and -'Grasses"). 
Grape (see FtVisspp.). 
Grapefruit (see Citrus grandis). 

Grass 61, 109, 122-126, 193, 197, 199, 203, 206, 

Bahama (see Cynodon dnctylon). 

Greenhouse plants 

Grevillea sp 

robusta (silky oak) 194, 

Guava (see Psidium spp.). 

strawberry (see Psidium cattleianum). 
wild (see Anacardium occidentale) . 

Guaiacum officinale 

Guinea corn (see Holcus sorghum). 
Gum (see Eucalyptus spp.). 

Hard woods 

Hawthorn (see Jl/esp!7K« spp.). 
Hazel (see Corylus spp.). 

Helianthus spp. (sunflower) 85, 

Hemp (see Cannabis sativa). 

sann (see Crotalaria sp.). 
Hemlock spruce (see Tsuga spp.). 
Henbane (see Hyoscyamus niger). 

Heracleum spp 

Herbs 66. 

Herpephyllum caffrum (KaflSr plum) 

Hevea brasiliensis (Para rubber) 62, 164, 

Hibiscus esculentus (okra) 50, 86, 

Holcus sorghum (durra) 95, 195, 196, 

(Guinea corn) 

(Kafir) 140, 

(sorghum, broom corn) 

48,95,189,195,196,203, 
Honeysuckle (see Lonicera spp.). 
Hops (see Hamulus lupulus). 

Hordeum vulgare (barley) 

122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 
Hornbeam (see Carpinus betulus). 
Horse-chestnut (see .^sculus spp.). 
Horse-radish (see Radicula armoracia). 

Humulus lupulus (hops) 

91, 123, 129, 135-137, 

Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) 

Ipomcea batatas (sweet potato) 200, 209, 

Ire (see Funtumia elastica). 

Iris spp 139, 

Jaboticaba (see Myrciaria .spp.). 
Japanese plum (see Prunus salicina). 
Jerusalem cherry (see Solanum cipsicastrum). 
Jicaco (see Chrysobalanus icaco). 

Jobo amarillo {Spondias sp.) 

Jobo de la India (Spondias mangifera'!) 

Juglans spp. (walnuts) 

.53, 105, 133, 134, 151, 180, 219, 220, 

cinerea (butternut) 219, 

nigra (black walnut) 

regia (English walnut) 45, 

Jimiper (see Juniperus spp.). 

Juniperus spp 67, 139, 

canadensis 

cedrus 

chinensis 

communis 139, 

drupaeea 



56 



66 



215 



52 
109 
115 
192 
155 
203 
200 
195 
36, 



5, 
214 
42 

210 



113 
113 
38, 
221 

220 
220 
220 

140 
139 
139 
139 
140 
139 



252 



PLANT INDEX. 



Page. 

Junipcrus cxcelsa 139 

fatidissima 139 

macrocarpa . .: 139 

oxycedrus 139 

phoenicea 139 

recurva 139 

sabina 139 

sphserica 139 

torulosa 139 

virginiana 139 

Kafir (see Holcus sorghum). 
Kaffir plum (see Herpephyllum caffrum). 
Kale (see Brassica oleracea acephaJa). 
Kamani, round (see Calophyllum inophyl- 
lum). 
winged (see Terminalia catappa). 
Kauri {%ee. Agathis australis). 
Kei, apple (see Aberia caffra). 
Kickxia spp. (see Funtumia spp.). 
Kohl-rabi (see Brassica oleracea caulorapa). 
Kola (see Sterculia acuminata). 
Kumquat (see Citrus japonica). 

Kurrimia zeylanica 5(5 

Lactuca spp. (lettuce) 140, 141, 214, 215 

Lambsquarter ( Chenopodium or Airiplei) — 41 
Larch (see iarii spp.). 

Larix spp. (Larch) 64, 

65, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 83, 84, 108, 140 

decidua (europaea) 70,82,83,140 

europxa (see Larix decidua). 

Lathyrus spp 36 

Laurus spp. (hay) 35 

camphora (camphor) 35 

canariensis 35 

drymifolia (see Persea persea). 

indicus 35 

nobilis (sweet hay) 35 

Leather 5 

Leek (see Allium porrum). 

Legumes 165 

Lemna spp ,,.. 220 

Lemon (see Citrus limonia). 

Lens esculenta (lentil) 36, 165 

Lentil (See Lens esculenta). 

Leptospermum spp : 97 

Lettuce (see Lactuca spp.). 

Ligusticum spp 52 

lAjustrum imlgare (privet) 89 

Lilies 183 

Lily of the Valley (see ConvaUaria majalis). 
Lime (see Citrus aurantifolia: Tilia spp.). 

sweet (see Citrus aurantifolia). 
Linden (see Tilia spp.). 

Linum spp 104 

usitatissimum (flax) 103, 104 

Lippia citriodora (lemon verbena) 56 

Livistona humulis (palm) 162 

Loganberry (see Rubus spp.). 

Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle) 129, 177 

Loquat (see Eriobofrya japonica). 

Lotus spp 36 

Lucerne (see Medicago sativa). 

I^ycopersicum esculentum (tomato) 62, 

93,95,115,216,217 

Madagascar beans 37 

Mahogany (see Swietenia mahogani). 



Maize (see Zea mays). 

Malay apple (ses Eugenia malaccensis) . 

Malus malus (apftle) 6, 15-24, 85, 

105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 115, 129, 167, 173, 174, 175, 180 

Mammea americana (mammee apple) 115, 

118, 142 
Mammee apple (see Mammea americana). 
Mandarin (see Citrus nobilis). 
Mangel-wurzel (.see Beta vulgaris). 
Mango (see Mangifera indica). 

Mangifera indica (mango) 5, 

50, 109, 113, 114, 115, 117, 142-147, 158, 200 
Mangold (see Beta vulgaris). 

Manihot glaziovii (Ceara rubber) 51 , 192 

utilissima (cassava, tapioca) 51 

Maple (see Acer spp.). 

Marigold 215 

Marrow (see Cucurbita pepo ovifera). 

Medicago sativa (alfalfa) 6, 13-15, 61 

(lucerne) 14, 60, 61, 129 

falcata 13 

Medlar (see Mespilus spp.). 

Melaleuca sp 97 

Melia azedarach (Chinabcrry) 54,55,62,84 

Melilotus officinalis (melilotns) 61 

Melocanna bambusioides (bamboo) 31,33 

Melons (see Cucumis spp.). 

Mespilus spp. (hawthorn) 5, 

17, 106, 107, 111, 132, 13.3, 175, 177 

(white thorn) 105, 121, 169 

coccinea 132 

germanica (medlar) 17, 115, 132 

heterophylla 132 

monogyna 132 

oxyacantha 132 

pyracantha 132 

Mesquite (see Prosopis spp.). 

Mexican almond (see Terminalia catappa). 

umbrella tree (see Terminalia 
catappa). 
Millet (see Panicum miliaceum). 

Mimusops elengi (elengi ) 115 

Mock orange (see Murraya exotica). 

Morus sp. (mulberry) 56, 150 

indica 150 

Moth (see Phaseolus aconitifolius) 37 

Mountain apple (see Eugenia malaccensis). 
ash (see Sorbus spp.). 
ebony (see Bauhinia racemosa). 
Mulberry (see Morus spp.). 
Mung (see Phaseolus jrumg). 

Murraya exotica (mock orange) 115 

Musa spp. (banana, plantain) 33, 115, 172 

paradisiaca 33 

sapitntium (banana) 33, 

.34,85, lOy, 114, 118,201,202,204 
Muskmelon (see Cucumis vielo). 
Mustard (see Sinapis spp.). 

Myrciaria spp. (jaboticaba) 56 

Myrtus spp 56 

Narcissus spp 150 

Nasturtium (see Tropxolum spp.). 
Natal plum (see Carissa arduina). 
Nectarine (see Amygdalis persica nusipersica). 

Nephelium lappaceum 50 

Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 4] , 

59,95.198.207,213-216,217 



PLANT INDEX. 



253 



Page. 

Noronhia cmarginata (Chinese plum) 115 

Nettle, stinging l'^-5 

Nursery stock H^ 

Nuts 17, 108, 219 

Oak (see Quercus spp. ) 5 

cork .- I'^l 

silky (see Grevillea robusta). 
Oats (see Avena saliva). 
Okra (see Hibiscus cscuUntus). 

Olea spp 2r., 27, 127, 1.55-lo7, 212 

chrysophylla 156 

europsea (olive) 155, 156 

Jragrans (see Osmanthus). 

verrucosa 156 

Olive (sec Olea spp.)- 
Onion (see Allium cepa). 

Onobrychis saliva (sainfoin) 66 

Ononis spp •'1 

viscosa 61 

Opuniia spp. (prickly pear) 185, 186 

tuna 115, 185, 186 

vulgaris (Barbary tig) 115, 185, 186 

Orache (see Atriplex hortensis). 
Orange (see Citrus aurantium). 

mandarin (see Citrus nobilis). 
mock (see Murraya exotica). 

Orchard trees (see also fruits) 110,112 

Orchids 5, 158, 159, IS.^, 202 

Oreodoxa regia (royal palm) 159, 192, 201 

Orobus tuberosus 165 

Oryza saliva (rice) 122, 123, 189-191, 203, 207 

Osmanthus fragans 156 

Palm 59, 159-163, 188, 204, 212, 217 

coconut (see Cocos nucijera). 
date (see Phanix dactylifera). 
royal (see Oreodoxa regia). 
sago (see Cycas rcvolula). 
toddy (see Phanix sylvestris). 
wine (see Caryota urens). 

Pandanus sp 115, 20-1 

odoratissimus (screw pine) 163 

Panicum sp 122 

miliaceum (millet). 85, 122, 123. 126, 149, 203 

sanguinale 123 

Papaya (see Carica papaya). 
Para phim (see Spondias spp.). 

rubber (see Hevea brasilicnsis). 
Parsley (see Carum petroselinum). 
Parsnips (see Pa.stinaca saliva). 

Passiflora sp. (passion fruit) 116 

quadrangularis (granadilla) 85, 

115,117,118,126 
Passion fruit (see Pas-vflora sp.). 

Pastinaca saliva (parsnips) 52,164,183,215 

Pawpaw (see Carica papaya). 
Pea (see Pisum sativum). 

field 165 

pigeon (see Cajanus ivdicus). 
Peach (see A mygdalis persica). 
Pear (see Pyrus communis).^ 

alligator (see Avocado spp.). 
prickly (see Opuntia tuna). 

Pennisetum spp 189 

Peppers, Spanish 183 

Persea americana 30 

caroUnensis (red bay) 30 



Page. 

Persea qratissima (avocado) 6, 

29,30,56,62,109,115,200 

persea (Laurus drymifolia) 30 

pittieri 30 

Persimmon (see Diospyros spp.). 

.Japanese (see Diospyros kaki). 

Phascolus aconilifolius (moth ) 37 

lunatus (lima bean) 35, 37 

mungo (mung) 37 

radiatus 36 

vulgaris (bean) 35-38,60,01,115 

(haricot) 38 

(kidney beau) 38 

Phleum pratense (timothy) 122, 126,213 

Phanix dactylifera (dale palm). . 94, 1.59, 161, 162, 163 

sylvestris (toddy palm) 1.59,161,217 ' 

Pholinia spp 62 

Phyllostachys spi). (bamboo) 31,32 

bambusoides 32 

Phylocalyx sp - 113 

Picea spp. (spruce) 64, 65, 66, 

67, 68, 69, 70, 79-82, 103, 108, 129, 196 

( Siberian spruce) 69 

alba, (white spruce) 81, 108 

excelsa (Norway spruce) . 67, 68, 69, 70, 79, 80, 81 

morinda '. 68,69, 70, 81, 82 

ornorica 81 

orientalis 67 

pungens (Colorado spruce) 81 

sitchensis (Sitka spruce) 80, 81 

Pine (see Pinus spp.). 

Aleppo (see Pinus halepensis). 
Murray (see Pinus frenela). 
Siberian stone (see Pinus cembra). 
Scotch (see Pinus silvestris). 
"Weymouth (see Pinus strobus). 
Pineapple (see A nanas sativus). 

Pinus spp. (pine) 45, 

64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70-77, 108, 129, 150, 170 

austriaca (Austrian pine) 69,73,74 

cembra (Swiss stone pine) 67, 69, 73 

densiflora (Japanese red pine) 73 

exceUa 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75 

filifolia "3 

frenela (Murray pine) 64 

gerardiana 69, 73, 74, 75 

halepensis ( Aleppo pine) 72, 74 

khasya '<'4 

laricio (Austrian pine) 72, 73, 76 

laricio nigricans 72 

longifolia 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 211 

maritima (cluster pine) 69 

montana (Swiss mountain pine). 67, 70, 72, 74 

mughus "0 

pinea (stone pine) 69, 76 

pina.^ter (cluster pine ) 69, 73. 75, 76 

pumilio "3 

resinosa (red pine ) "2 

nlvestris (Scotch pine) 65, 

66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 7.5, 221 

strobus (white pine, Weymouth pine). 65, 

67, 69, 72, 75 

thunbergii (Japanese black pine) 73 

Pistachio (see Pistacia spp.). 

Pistacia spp. (pistachio) 157, 171 

lentiscus 171 



254 



PLANT INDEX. 



Page. 

Pistacia terebinthus 171 

vera (pistachio) 171 

Pisum sativum (pea) Ts 

6, 36, 37, 60, 164, 165, 196, 197, 214, 215 
Plane tree (see Plafanus spp.)- 

Plantago lanceolata 1S4 

Plantain (see Musa spp.; Plantago spp.). 

Platanus spp. (buttonwood, sycamore) 171 

orientalis (oriental plane) 171 

Plum (see Prunus spp.). 

Japanese (see Prunua salicina). 
Kafir (see Herpcphyllvm caffrum). 
Natal (see Carissa arduina). 
Para (see Spondias spp.). 

Polygonum spp 41 

Pomegranate (see Punka granatum). 
Pomelo (see Citrus grandis). 

Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange) 59 

Poplar (see Populus spp.). 

Populus spp. (poplar) 12, 

106, 107, 108, 138, 180-183, 221 

alba (white poplar) 181, 182, 221, 222 

balsamifera (balsam poplar) 181 

canadensis 180 

ciliata ISl 

dilatata 181 

euphratica 180, 181 

laurifolia 181, 221 

moniUftra 181 

nigra (black poplar) 180, 181 

tremula (aspen) 29, 150, 180, 181 

virginiana 181 

Portulaca oleracea (purslane) 42, 186 

Potato (see Solanum tuberosum). 

sweet (see Ipomcea batatas). 
Prickly pear (see Opuntia spp.). 
Privet (see Ligustrum vulgare). 

Prosopis spp. (mesquite, algaroba) 148 

spicigera 148 

Prune (see Prunus spp.). 

Prunus spp 172-180 

(cherry) 17, 

20, 21,53, 109, 113, 129, 169, 
172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180 

(plum) 5,17,20,21, 

56, 105, 109, 111, 114, 166, 169, 172, 
173,174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 190 

(prune) 172,17.5 

(sloe) 17, 175 

armeniaca (apricot) 5. 

21, 24, 25, 114, 115, 166, 167, 172, 178, 179 

avium (sweet cherry) 178 

cerasus (sour cherry) 115, 178, 179, 180 

chamsecerasus (ground cherry) 172 

domestica (pliun) 45, 172, 178, 179 

insititia (damson plum) 172, 178 

laurocerasus (cherry laurel) 178 

padus (European bird cherry) 172, 178 

pseudocerasus 178 

salicina (Japanese plum) 113, 180 

spinosa (blackthorn) 172, 178, 179 

Pseudotsuga spp 64 

mucronata '69 

taxifolia (Douglas fir) 64, 65 

Psidium spp. (guava) 85, 

109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, lis, 131, 132, 200 



Page. 
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry.guava). .. 115,132 

guajava (guava) 109,113,115,131,132 

pomiferum 131 

Pumpkin (see Cucurbita pepo). 

Punica granatum (pomegranate) 112, 180 

Purslane (see Portulaca oleracea) 186 

Pyrus communis (pear) 5, 7, 17, 

IS, 19, 24, 105, 111 , 113, 115, 129, 1G7-170, 174, 177 

Quercus spp. (oak) 5, 12, 17, 27, 38,. 53, 

105, 106,107, 108, 110, 121, 126, 
127,129,133, 138, 150-155, 221 

(cork oak) 151 

branti 153 

castaneifolia 153 

cerris 152, 153 

coccifera 1.52, 153 

dilatata 153, 154 

griffithii 153 

ilex (holly oak) 152, 153 

ilex ballota 153 

incana 153, 154 

lamellosa 154 

lusitanica 152 

macedonica 152, 153 

montana (chestnut oak) 152 

nigra 152 

palustris 1.52, 153 

pedunculafa 1.52, 153 

prinus 153 

pubescens 152, 153 

roftwr (English oak) 152,153,154 

semicar pifolia 1.53 

sessiliflora 127,152, 153 

suber (cork oak) 152, 153 

toza 153 

Quince (see Cydonia oblonga) . 
Quinine (see Cinchona spp.). 

Radicula armoracia (horseradish) 91,138 

Radish (see Raphanus saiivus). 
Rape (see Brassica napus). 

Raphanus raphanistrum (white charlock) 187 

sativus (radish) 19, 187, 188 

Raspberry (see Rubus spp.). 
Rattan (see CatoT/iMsspp.). 

Reseda spp 91 

Rhamnusspv- (buckthorn) 48,107,108,138 

alaternus 48 

frangula 48 

Rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb) 91, 189 

Rhodondendron spp 129 

Rhubarb (see Rheum rhaponticum). 

Ribes spp 118-121 

(currant) 93, 118, 119, 120, 121 

(gooseberry). 93, 118,119, 120 

(red currant) 121 

alpinum (Alpine currant) 118 

nigrum (black currant, -^ ar. Baldwin).. 118 
Black 

Dutch).. 118 
Black Na- 
ples).... 118 
Lee's Pro- 
lific) 118 

rubrum (red currant) 118 

sanguineum 121 



PLANT INDEX. 



255 



Page. 

Rice (see Oryza saliva) 189 

Ricinus spp. (castor bean) 85 

Roripa nasturtium (watercress) 220 

Rosa spp. (rose) o, 106, 107, 

109,113,121,127,129, 
150, 169,191,192,200 

(tea rose) 151, 192 

arvensis 191 

canina (dog rose) 191 

Ixvigata (Cherokee rose) 192 

Rose (see Rosa spp.). 

apple (see Eugenia jambos). 

Rothra tincloria 211 

Rowan tree (see Sorbus spp.). 

Rubber 192 

Assam (see Ficus elastica). 
Ceara (see Manihol glaziovii). 
India (see Ficus elastica). 
Panama (see Castilloa elastica). 
Para rubber (see Hcvca brasiliensis) . 
silk (see Funtuviia elastica). 

Rubus spp 47,121 

(blackberry) 47,188 

(loganberry) 47 

(raspberry) 47, 61, 188, 197 

Rumei spp. (sorrel) 52,135 

Rutabaga (see Brassica campestris). 
Rye (see Secale cereale). 

Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) 5, 6, 

34, 123, 160, 161, 189, 191, 197-208 
Sago palm (see Cycas rcvolufa). 

Sainfoin (see Onobrychis sativa) 66 

Sal (see Shorea spp.). 

Salacia reticulata 56 

Saliz spp. (sallow) Ill 

(willow) 6, 12, 107, 

108, 111, 12.S, 13.H, 151, 180, 221-223 

alba (white willow) 222, 223 

babylonica 222 

caprea (goat willow) 222, 223 

elega ns 222 

fragilis (brittle willow) 222, 223 

purpurea (purple osier) 221, 222, 223 

triandra 222, 223 

viminalis (osier willow) 221, 222 

viridis 222 

Sallow (see Salii spp.). 

Salsola spp 41 

Sann hemp (see Crotalaria). 

Sapodilla [see Sideroxylon (Achras) sapota]. 

Sarcocephalus esculentus 116 

Santalum album (sandalwood) 62 

Schinus dependens 56 

molle (California pepper tree) 56 

Schizomeria ovata (white ash) 114 

Secale cereale (rye) 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 187, 193 

Sedges 203 

Senna bean 85 

Service berry (see Amelanchier sp.). 

Sesamia spp 92 

Setaria spp 187 

Shaddock (see Citrus grandis). 
Shallot (see Allium spp.). 
She-oak (see Casuarina spp.). 

Shorea spp 193, 194 

Tobusta 193, 194 



Page. 

Shorea talura 193, 194 

Shrubs 105, 131 , 172,211 

Sideroxylon (Acliras) australe (black apple) . 114, 118 
sapota (sapodilla). 114, 115, 194 
Silk cotton (see Bombax malabaricum.: Ceiba 
spp.). 
rubber (see Funtumia elastica). 
Silky oak (see Grcvillea robustn \ 

Sinapis spp. (mustard) 92 

Sissu (see Dalbergia sissoo). 
Sloe (see Prunus spp.). 

SolanaceEC 56, 92, 183, 217 

Solanum spp 183 

capsicastru m (Jerusalem cherry) 115 

melongena (eggplant)... 86,9.5,122,216,217 

tuberosum (potato) 5y61, 

135, 183-185, 214, 217 

Solidago spp. (goldenrod) 104 

Sorbus spp. (mountain ash) 20, 108, 138, 149, 177 

Sorghum (see Holcus sorghum). 
Sorrel (see Rumei spp.). 
Sour cherry (see Prunvi cerasus). 
Som' sop (see Annona spp.). 
Soy bean (see Glyzine hispida). 
Spelt (see Triticum sativum). 
Spinach (see Spinacia oleracea). 

Spinacia oleracea (spinach) 5, 42, 196 

Spindle tree (see Evonymus europxus). 

Spondias spp. (Para plum) 113, 164 

sp. (jobo amarillo) 113 

mangifera (?) (jobo de la India) 113 

Spruce (see Picea spp.). 

Douglas (see Pseudotsuga taxifolia). 
hemlock (see Tsvga sp-p.). 
Siberian (see Picea spp.). 
white (see Picea alba). 
Squash (see Cucurbita maxima). 
Star apple (see Chrysophyllum cainito). 

Sterculia acuminata (kola) 109, 140 

Straw 1 26 

Strawberry (see Fragaria spp.). 
Succory (see Cichorium intybus). 
Sugar beet (see Beta vulgaris crassa). 
Sugar cane (see Saccharum officinarum). 
Simflower (see Helianthus spp.). 
Siu'inam cherry (see Eugenia uniflora). 
Sweet pot,ito (see Ipomcea batataa). 

Sirietenia maiajani (mahogany) 62, 142 

Sycamore (see Platanus spp.). 

Syringa spp 27 

Tamarack (see Conifers). 
Tamarind (see Tamarindus indicus). 

Tamarindus indicus (tamarind) 210 

Tamarisk (see ramorij- spp.). 

Tamarix spp. (tamarisk) 211 

gallica 211 

mannifcra 211 

Tange-i.ne (see Citrus nobilis delici').'<a). 
Tapioca (see Manihot utilissima). 

Taraxa:iim offi:inale (dande ion) 1-35, 215 

Taits spp. (yew) 223 

Tea (see Thea .sinensis). 
rose (see Rosa sp.). 
Teak (see Tectona grandis). , 
Tectona grandis (teak) 212 



256 



PLANT INDEX. 



Terminalia spp 21S 

bellerica 218 

catappa (winged kamani, tropical 

almond) 109, 115, 218 

chebula 115, 218 

tomentosa 218 

Thea sinensis (tea) 59, 62, 162, 211, 212 

viridis 212 

Theobroma spp 50,55 

cacao (cacao) 50, 62, 

85,109,115,116,195,211 

Thevetia neriifnlia 115 

Thistle 41 

Thorns 1 11 

Thorn, white 169 

Thuya spp. (arborvitse) 25 

africana 25 

nccidentalis 25 

Tilifi spp. (linden, lime, basswood) 105, 

107, 108, 138, 141, 142, 150, 176, 221 

cordata (small-leived linden) 141 

europxa 141 

grandiflora 141 

parvifolia 14, 141 

Timbers ' 15,193, 213 

Timothy (see Phleum pratense). 
Tobacco (see Nicoliana tabacum). 
Tomato (see Lycopersieum esculentum). 

Tonga beans 37 

Toon (see Cedrela toona). 

Trifolium spp. (clover) 6, 60, 61, 184, 214, 220 

aleiandrinum (Egyptian clover, 

berseem) 44 

pratense 165 

Triticum spp. (emmer) 122, 220 

repens 124 

sativum (spe'.l ) 1 22. 124, 220 

sativum (wheat) 5, 

122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 187, 220 

Tropxolum spp. (nasturtium) 215 

Tropical almond (see Terminalia catappa). 

Tsuga spp. (hemlock) 64, 135 



Page. 

Tulipa spp. (tulip) 183 

Tuna (see Opuntia spp.) 185 

Tur (see Cajanus indicus) 37 

Turnip (see Brassica rapa). 

Ulmus spp. (elm) 55, 

95, 96, 105, 106, 107, 108, 127, 138, 176, 221 

sp. (cork elm) 96 

campesfris (English elm) 95, 96 

montana 96 

Umbrella tree (see Melia azedarach). 

Mexican (see Terminatia cat- 
appa). 

Vaccinium spp. (whortleberry) 20 

Vachellia farncsiana (see Acacia famesiana). 

Viburnum spp 5, 219 

Viburnum tinus 219 

Vicia spp 36 

faba (broad bean) 35, 36 

sepum 36 

Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas) 36, 37, 38, 91 

Vines (see F/Z/sspp.). 

Vitis spp. (grape, vine) 5, 6, 15, 24,109, 127-131, 

150, 191 

xstivalis (bunch grape) 127 

arizonica (canon grape) 127 

carinthiaca 127 

vesuviana 127 

vini/era (grape) 115, 127, 130, 131 

Walnut (see Juglans spp.). 
Watercress (see Roripa nasturtium). 
Watermelon (see Citrullus citrullus). 
Wattle, black (see Acacia mollissima). 
Wheat (see Triticum sativum). 
White ash (see Schizomeria ovata). 
Whitethorn (see Mespihis spp.). 

Whortleberry ( Vaccinium spp. ) 20 

Wild fruits 112, 116 

Willow (see Salix spp.). 

Yams 122 

Yew (see Taxus spp.). 

Zea mays (corn, maize) 6,84, 

85, 122, 123, 135, 142, 1S9, 197, 200, 203, 208, 214 



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